Pub Date : 2022-08-30DOI: 10.1109/JMMCT.2022.3202913
Sethupathy Subramanian;Sujata Bhowmick
The finite element method is one of the widely employed numerical techniques in electrical engineering for the study of electric and magnetic fields. When applied to the moving conductor problems, the finite element method is known to have numerical oscillations in the solution. To resolve this, the upwinding techniques, which are developed for the transport equation are borrowed and directly employed for the magnetic induction equation. In this work, an alternative weighted residual formulation is explored for the simulation of the linear moving conductor problems. The formulation is parameter-free and the stability of the formulation is analytically studied for the 1D version of the moving conductor problem. Then the rate of convergence and the accuracy are illustrated with the help of several test cases in 1D as well as 2D. Subsequently, the stability of the formulation is demonstrated with a 3D moving conductor simulation.
{"title":"A Stable Weighted Residual Finite Element Formulation for the Simulation of Linear Moving Conductor Problems","authors":"Sethupathy Subramanian;Sujata Bhowmick","doi":"10.1109/JMMCT.2022.3202913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMMCT.2022.3202913","url":null,"abstract":"The finite element method is one of the widely employed numerical techniques in electrical engineering for the study of electric and magnetic fields. When applied to the moving conductor problems, the finite element method is known to have numerical oscillations in the solution. To resolve this, the upwinding techniques, which are developed for the transport equation are borrowed and directly employed for the magnetic induction equation. In this work, an alternative weighted residual formulation is explored for the simulation of the linear moving conductor problems. The formulation is parameter-free and the stability of the formulation is analytically studied for the 1D version of the moving conductor problem. Then the rate of convergence and the accuracy are illustrated with the help of several test cases in 1D as well as 2D. Subsequently, the stability of the formulation is demonstrated with a 3D moving conductor simulation.","PeriodicalId":52176,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal on Multiscale and Multiphysics Computational Techniques","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49950267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-30DOI: 10.1109/JMMCT.2022.3202990
Anand Kumar;Jogesh Chandra Dash;Debdeep Sarkar
In this paper, MATLAB based computational approaches for the design and analysis of time-varying capacitor- loaded transmission lines using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) technique and the Simulink design environment are presented. The FDTD formulation for multiple lumped capacitors loaded in series on a transmission line is discussed and extended to include time variation of capacitance. The design methodology for the same is also discussed using MATLAB's Simulink using the RF Blockset Library. The developed FDTD formulation and the Simulink method are then used to design a mixer with time-varying capacitors loaded transmission line.
{"title":"Computational Techniques for Design and Analysis of Time-Varying Capacitor Loaded Transmission Lines Using FDTD and Simulink","authors":"Anand Kumar;Jogesh Chandra Dash;Debdeep Sarkar","doi":"10.1109/JMMCT.2022.3202990","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMMCT.2022.3202990","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, MATLAB based computational approaches for the design and analysis of time-varying capacitor- loaded transmission lines using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) technique and the Simulink design environment are presented. The FDTD formulation for multiple lumped capacitors loaded in series on a transmission line is discussed and extended to include time variation of capacitance. The design methodology for the same is also discussed using MATLAB's Simulink using the RF Blockset Library. The developed FDTD formulation and the Simulink method are then used to design a mixer with time-varying capacitors loaded transmission line.","PeriodicalId":52176,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal on Multiscale and Multiphysics Computational Techniques","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49950268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-19DOI: 10.1109/JMMCT.2022.3200019
Sleimane Nasser El Dine;Xavier Mininger;Caroline Nore
This paper deals with a thermal-fluid-magnetic analysis based on the 3D finite element method to study the cooling efficiency inside a ferrofluid-based transformer. This cooling approach is first tested, both experimentally and numerically, on an axisymmetric coil. After cross-validation of the numerical and experimental results, a 400/230V transformer with a non-axisymmetric ferromagnetic core is modeled. The device is immersed in a steel tank filled with cobalt ferrite nanoparticles-based Midel vegetable oil. The time evolution of the temperature is recorded whether the Helmholtz magnetic force is activated or not. A decrease in the local temperature of the coil sensors by about 10 K is observed when the impact of the magnetic force is considered. Numerical results prove the beneficial effect of thermomagnetic convection on transformer cooling.
{"title":"Heat Transfer in a Ferrofluid-Based Transformer: Multiphysics Modeling Using the Finite Element Method","authors":"Sleimane Nasser El Dine;Xavier Mininger;Caroline Nore","doi":"10.1109/JMMCT.2022.3200019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMMCT.2022.3200019","url":null,"abstract":"This paper deals with a thermal-fluid-magnetic analysis based on the 3D finite element method to study the cooling efficiency inside a ferrofluid-based transformer. This cooling approach is first tested, both experimentally and numerically, on an axisymmetric coil. After cross-validation of the numerical and experimental results, a 400/230V transformer with a non-axisymmetric ferromagnetic core is modeled. The device is immersed in a steel tank filled with cobalt ferrite nanoparticles-based Midel vegetable oil. The time evolution of the temperature is recorded whether the Helmholtz magnetic force is activated or not. A decrease in the local temperature of the coil sensors by about 10 K is observed when the impact of the magnetic force is considered. Numerical results prove the beneficial effect of thermomagnetic convection on transformer cooling.","PeriodicalId":52176,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal on Multiscale and Multiphysics Computational Techniques","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49950101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-17DOI: 10.1109/JMMCT.2022.3199612
Abdel M. A. Alsnayyan;Leo Kempel;Shanker Balasubramaniam
The eigenfunctions of the Laplace-Beltrami operator (LBO), or manifold harmonic basis (MHB), have many applications in mathematical physics, differential geometry, machine learning, and topological data analysis. MHB allows us to associate a frequency spectrum to a function on a manifold, analogous to the Fourier decomposition. This insight can be used to build a framework for analysis. The purpose of this paper is to review and illustrate such possibilities for computational electromagnetics as well as chart a potential path forward. To this end, we introduce three features of MHB: (a) enrichment for analysis of multiply connected domains, (b) local enrichment (L-MHB) and (c) hierarchical MHB (H-MHB) for reuse of data from coarser to fine geometry discretizations. Several results highlighting the efficacy of these methods are presented.
{"title":"Manifold Harmonics and Their Application to Computational Electromagnetics","authors":"Abdel M. A. Alsnayyan;Leo Kempel;Shanker Balasubramaniam","doi":"10.1109/JMMCT.2022.3199612","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMMCT.2022.3199612","url":null,"abstract":"The eigenfunctions of the Laplace-Beltrami operator (LBO), or manifold harmonic basis (MHB), have many applications in mathematical physics, differential geometry, machine learning, and topological data analysis. MHB allows us to associate a frequency spectrum to a function on a manifold, analogous to the Fourier decomposition. This insight can be used to build a framework for analysis. The purpose of this paper is to review and illustrate such possibilities for computational electromagnetics as well as chart a potential path forward. To this end, we introduce three features of MHB: (a) enrichment for analysis of multiply connected domains, (b) local enrichment (L-MHB) and (c) hierarchical MHB (H-MHB) for reuse of data from coarser to fine geometry discretizations. Several results highlighting the efficacy of these methods are presented.","PeriodicalId":52176,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal on Multiscale and Multiphysics Computational Techniques","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49950113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-16DOI: 10.1109/JMMCT.2022.3198750
Pieter Decleer;Dries Vande Ginste
A new modeling formalism to compute the time-dependent behavior of combined electromagnetic (EM) and quantum mechanical (QM) systems is proposed. The method is geared towards highly multiscale geometries, which is vital for the future design of nanoelectronic devices. The advocated multiphysics modeling formalism leverages the alternating-direction hybrid implicit-explicit (ADHIE) finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method for the EM fields and is combined with a novel ADHIE method for the EM potentials. Additionally, we tackle the QM problem using a new split real and imaginary part formulation that includes higher-order spatial differences and arbitrary time-dependent EM potentials. The validity of the proposed formalism is theoretically discussed by deriving its stability condition and calculating the numerical dispersion relation. Furthermore, the applicability of our modeling approach is proven through several numerical experiments, including a single-particle Maxwell-Schrödinger (MS) system as well as a many-particle Maxwell-Kohn-Sham (MKS) system within the time-dependent density-functional theory (TDDFT) framework. These experiments confirm that the novel ADHIE method drastically decreases the computation time while retaining the accuracy, leading to efficient and accurate simulations of light-matter interactions in multiscale nanoelectronic devices.
{"title":"A Hybrid EM/QM Framework Based on the ADHIE-FDTD Method for the Modeling of Nanowires","authors":"Pieter Decleer;Dries Vande Ginste","doi":"10.1109/JMMCT.2022.3198750","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMMCT.2022.3198750","url":null,"abstract":"A new modeling formalism to compute the time-dependent behavior of combined electromagnetic (EM) and quantum mechanical (QM) systems is proposed. The method is geared towards highly multiscale geometries, which is vital for the future design of nanoelectronic devices. The advocated multiphysics modeling formalism leverages the alternating-direction hybrid implicit-explicit (ADHIE) finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method for the EM fields and is combined with a novel ADHIE method for the EM potentials. Additionally, we tackle the QM problem using a new split real and imaginary part formulation that includes higher-order spatial differences and arbitrary time-dependent EM potentials. The validity of the proposed formalism is theoretically discussed by deriving its stability condition and calculating the numerical dispersion relation. Furthermore, the applicability of our modeling approach is proven through several numerical experiments, including a single-particle Maxwell-Schrödinger (MS) system as well as a many-particle Maxwell-Kohn-Sham (MKS) system within the time-dependent density-functional theory (TDDFT) framework. These experiments confirm that the novel ADHIE method drastically decreases the computation time while retaining the accuracy, leading to efficient and accurate simulations of light-matter interactions in multiscale nanoelectronic devices.","PeriodicalId":52176,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal on Multiscale and Multiphysics Computational Techniques","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49950265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-29DOI: 10.1109/JMMCT.2022.3194934
Tianrui Qiao;Jun Zhang;Qingsha S. Cheng
In this paper, an automatic design method allowing efficient design of substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) directional coupler with any given power ratio between 3 dB and 20 dB has been proposed. Due to excessive electromagnetic (EM) simulation time of SIW structure, the space mapping technique is exploited to accelerate the design process. An EM-simulation based dielectric rectangular waveguide (RWG) model acts as the surrogate to reduce the simulation time. A two-stage optimization scheme including a differential evolution (DE) algorithm and a Nelder-Mead (NM) simplex algorithm is used to obtain initial surrogate design. Suitable objective functions are proposed for surrogate optimization and for parameter extraction procedure of space mapping technique. Our proposed method is verified with an X band SIW directional coupler with four different power ratio designs, which are 3 dB, 10 dB, 15 dB and 20 dB. The experimental results confirm the effectiveness and efficiency of the method.
{"title":"Space-Mapping Based Automatic Design of SIW-Based Directional Coupler With Arbitrary Power Ratio","authors":"Tianrui Qiao;Jun Zhang;Qingsha S. Cheng","doi":"10.1109/JMMCT.2022.3194934","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMMCT.2022.3194934","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, an automatic design method allowing efficient design of substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) directional coupler with any given power ratio between 3 dB and 20 dB has been proposed. Due to excessive electromagnetic (EM) simulation time of SIW structure, the space mapping technique is exploited to accelerate the design process. An EM-simulation based dielectric rectangular waveguide (RWG) model acts as the surrogate to reduce the simulation time. A two-stage optimization scheme including a differential evolution (DE) algorithm and a Nelder-Mead (NM) simplex algorithm is used to obtain initial surrogate design. Suitable objective functions are proposed for surrogate optimization and for parameter extraction procedure of space mapping technique. Our proposed method is verified with an X band SIW directional coupler with four different power ratio designs, which are 3 dB, 10 dB, 15 dB and 20 dB. The experimental results confirm the effectiveness and efficiency of the method.","PeriodicalId":52176,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal on Multiscale and Multiphysics Computational Techniques","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49950342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-22DOI: 10.1109/JMMCT.2022.3193051
Jinjie Liu;Jason Cornelius;Moysey Brio
The finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is a very popular numerical method used to solve Maxwell's equations in various types of materials, including those with nonlinear properties. When solving the nonlinear constitutive equation that models Kerr media, Newton's iterative method is accurate but computationally expensive, while the conventional explicit non-iterative method is less expensive but not very accurate. In this work, we propose a new explicit non-iterative algorithm to solve the Kerr nonlinear constitutive equation that achieves a quadratic convergence rate. This method attains a similar accuracy to Newton's method but does with a significant reduction in computational cost. To demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of our method, we provide several numerical examples, including the simulations of four-wave mixing and soliton propagation in one and two dimensions.
{"title":"FDTD Method With Explicit Non-Iterative and Second Order Treatment for Kerr Nonlinearities","authors":"Jinjie Liu;Jason Cornelius;Moysey Brio","doi":"10.1109/JMMCT.2022.3193051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMMCT.2022.3193051","url":null,"abstract":"The finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is a very popular numerical method used to solve Maxwell's equations in various types of materials, including those with nonlinear properties. When solving the nonlinear constitutive equation that models Kerr media, Newton's iterative method is accurate but computationally expensive, while the conventional explicit non-iterative method is less expensive but not very accurate. In this work, we propose a new explicit non-iterative algorithm to solve the Kerr nonlinear constitutive equation that achieves a quadratic convergence rate. This method attains a similar accuracy to Newton's method but does with a significant reduction in computational cost. To demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of our method, we provide several numerical examples, including the simulations of four-wave mixing and soliton propagation in one and two dimensions.","PeriodicalId":52176,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal on Multiscale and Multiphysics Computational Techniques","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49950341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-15DOI: 10.1109/JMMCT.2022.3190789
Fahimeh Sepehripour;Martijn C. van Beurden;Bastiaan P. de Hon
We propose a five-term recurrence relation for the direct computation of the modal Green function (MGF) arising in the electric field integral equations (EFIE), when solving the scattering of PEC bodies of revolution. It is shown that, by considering it as an infinite penta-diagonal matrix, the proposed five-term recurrence relation can be solved in a stable manner in $O(M)$ steps for $M$ modes with high and controllable accuracy. By evaluating the performance of the proposed five-term recurrence relation for several scatterers of different geometries, we show that the proposed approach enables an accurate computation with a simple algorithm.
{"title":"Direct Computation of the PEC Body of Revolution Modal Green Function for the Electric Field Integral Equation","authors":"Fahimeh Sepehripour;Martijn C. van Beurden;Bastiaan P. de Hon","doi":"10.1109/JMMCT.2022.3190789","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMMCT.2022.3190789","url":null,"abstract":"We propose a five-term recurrence relation for the direct computation of the modal Green function (MGF) arising in the electric field integral equations (EFIE), when solving the scattering of PEC bodies of revolution. It is shown that, by considering it as an infinite penta-diagonal matrix, the proposed five-term recurrence relation can be solved in a stable manner in \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$O(M)$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 steps for \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$M$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 modes with high and controllable accuracy. By evaluating the performance of the proposed five-term recurrence relation for several scatterers of different geometries, we show that the proposed approach enables an accurate computation with a simple algorithm.","PeriodicalId":52176,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal on Multiscale and Multiphysics Computational Techniques","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49950340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-11DOI: 10.1109/JMMCT.2022.3189229
Ihsan Erdin;Ramachandra Achar
A global analysis technique is proposed to calculate the effectiveness of decoupling capacitors on practical power delivery networks (PDN). The proposed method is based on separation of a PDN into its power transmission lines (PTL) and non-PTL sections. The PTL section consists of circuit components with the highest impact on the impedance of the specified power pin, including the pin itself, the nearest capacitor and segments of PTL on both sides of the capacitor. The rest of the PDN makes up the non-PTL section which could be composed of planar shapes, PTLs or a mixture of both. The non-PTL section is characterized as a distributed circuit, preferably using an electromagnetic (EM) simulator. The effectiveness of the capacitor is measured by the self-impedance of the pin which depends on the distance between them. The pin impedance is cast in a transcendental equation in the PTL section including the impedance of the non-PTL section. The optimal placement of the capacitor is calculated using an iterative approach. With the proposed method, the use of an EM simulation at each step of the iteration is eliminated, significantly speeding up the computation process. The proposed method is validated on real-life design cases.
{"title":"An Effective Global Approach for Assessment of Decoupling Capacitors on Mixed Planar and Transmission Line PDNs","authors":"Ihsan Erdin;Ramachandra Achar","doi":"10.1109/JMMCT.2022.3189229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMMCT.2022.3189229","url":null,"abstract":"A global analysis technique is proposed to calculate the effectiveness of decoupling capacitors on practical power delivery networks (PDN). The proposed method is based on separation of a PDN into its power transmission lines (PTL) and non-PTL sections. The PTL section consists of circuit components with the highest impact on the impedance of the specified power pin, including the pin itself, the nearest capacitor and segments of PTL on both sides of the capacitor. The rest of the PDN makes up the non-PTL section which could be composed of planar shapes, PTLs or a mixture of both. The non-PTL section is characterized as a distributed circuit, preferably using an electromagnetic (EM) simulator. The effectiveness of the capacitor is measured by the self-impedance of the pin which depends on the distance between them. The pin impedance is cast in a transcendental equation in the PTL section including the impedance of the non-PTL section. The optimal placement of the capacitor is calculated using an iterative approach. With the proposed method, the use of an EM simulation at each step of the iteration is eliminated, significantly speeding up the computation process. The proposed method is validated on real-life design cases.","PeriodicalId":52176,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal on Multiscale and Multiphysics Computational Techniques","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49950339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-28DOI: 10.1109/JMMCT.2022.3187022
Shakirudeen O. Lasisi;Trevor M. Benson;Mark T. Greenaway;Gabriele Gradoni;Kristof Cools
We demonstrate how the coupling of a full-wave time-domain boundary element method (BEM) solver with a circuit solver can be used to model 1) the generation of high frequency oscillations in resonant tunneling diode (RTD) oscillators, and 2) the mutual coupling and synchronization of non-identical RTDs with significant differences in frequencies to achieve coherent power combination. Numerical simulations show a combined output power of up to 3.7 times a single oscillator in synchronized devices. The non-differential conductance of the RTD is modeled as a lumped component with a non-linear current-voltage relationship. The lumped element is coupled to the radiating structure using a finite-gap model in a consistent and discretisation independent manner. The resulting circuit equations are solved simultaneously and consistently with time-domain electric field integral equations that model the transient scattering of electromagnetic (EM) fields from conducting surfaces that make up the device. This paper introduces three novel elements: (i) the application of a mesh independent feed line to the modelling of feed lines of RTD devices, (ii) the coupling of the radiating system to a strongly non-linear component with negative differential resistance, and (iii) the verification of this model with circuit models where applicable and against the experimental observation of synchronisation when two RTDs are placed in close proximity. These three elements provide a methodology that create the capacity to model RTD sources and related technology.
{"title":"Modeling of Resonant Tunneling Diode Oscillators Based on the Time-Domain Boundary Element Method","authors":"Shakirudeen O. Lasisi;Trevor M. Benson;Mark T. Greenaway;Gabriele Gradoni;Kristof Cools","doi":"10.1109/JMMCT.2022.3187022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMMCT.2022.3187022","url":null,"abstract":"We demonstrate how the coupling of a full-wave time-domain boundary element method (BEM) solver with a circuit solver can be used to model 1) the generation of high frequency oscillations in resonant tunneling diode (RTD) oscillators, and 2) the mutual coupling and synchronization of non-identical RTDs with significant differences in frequencies to achieve coherent power combination. Numerical simulations show a combined output power of up to 3.7 times a single oscillator in synchronized devices. The non-differential conductance of the RTD is modeled as a lumped component with a non-linear current-voltage relationship. The lumped element is coupled to the radiating structure using a finite-gap model in a consistent and discretisation independent manner. The resulting circuit equations are solved simultaneously and consistently with time-domain electric field integral equations that model the transient scattering of electromagnetic (EM) fields from conducting surfaces that make up the device. This paper introduces three novel elements: (i) the application of a mesh independent feed line to the modelling of feed lines of RTD devices, (ii) the coupling of the radiating system to a strongly non-linear component with negative differential resistance, and (iii) the verification of this model with circuit models where applicable and against the experimental observation of synchronisation when two RTDs are placed in close proximity. These three elements provide a methodology that create the capacity to model RTD sources and related technology.","PeriodicalId":52176,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal on Multiscale and Multiphysics Computational Techniques","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49950337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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