Pub Date : 2024-03-07DOI: 10.1109/JMMCT.2024.3397464
Jinghan Xu;Shengguo Xia;Hongdan Yang;Lixue Chen
The electrical contact between the armature and rail (A/R) in a railgun is acknowledged as a dynamic sliding interface, exhibiting properties distinct from bulk. This paper employs a 3-D finite element method (FEM) for coupled mechanical and electromagnetic analysis and proposes boundary conditions for dynamic sliding contact to investigate current distribution on the A/R interface. Results show that contact pressure and area have similar trends as the driving current, which confines current distributed areas. The current distributions on stationary and sliding interfaces reveal different patterns but the distributed areas both locate within the contact areas. In the case of the stationary scenario, the current concentrates at the trailing edge when the current increases and diffuses to the leading edge when the current declines. However, due to the velocity skin effect (VSE), the current fails to diffuse into the interior during all stages. Besides, comparative calculations with constant contact indicate that forced shifts of current occur when the contact is dynamic, dominating the current distributions of the A/R interface. Moreover, the influence of the VSE on forced shifts of current is notable, with significant current variations observed near the trailing edge, whereas those around the leading edge are less pronounced.
{"title":"Coupled Mechanical and Electromagnetic Analysis of Current on Armature and Rail Interface With Dynamic Contact","authors":"Jinghan Xu;Shengguo Xia;Hongdan Yang;Lixue Chen","doi":"10.1109/JMMCT.2024.3397464","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMMCT.2024.3397464","url":null,"abstract":"The electrical contact between the armature and rail (A/R) in a railgun is acknowledged as a dynamic sliding interface, exhibiting properties distinct from bulk. This paper employs a 3-D finite element method (FEM) for coupled mechanical and electromagnetic analysis and proposes boundary conditions for dynamic sliding contact to investigate current distribution on the A/R interface. Results show that contact pressure and area have similar trends as the driving current, which confines current distributed areas. The current distributions on stationary and sliding interfaces reveal different patterns but the distributed areas both locate within the contact areas. In the case of the stationary scenario, the current concentrates at the trailing edge when the current increases and diffuses to the leading edge when the current declines. However, due to the velocity skin effect (VSE), the current fails to diffuse into the interior during all stages. Besides, comparative calculations with constant contact indicate that forced shifts of current occur when the contact is dynamic, dominating the current distributions of the A/R interface. Moreover, the influence of the VSE on forced shifts of current is notable, with significant current variations observed near the trailing edge, whereas those around the leading edge are less pronounced.","PeriodicalId":52176,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal on Multiscale and Multiphysics Computational Techniques","volume":"9 ","pages":"198-207"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141292551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-06DOI: 10.1109/JMMCT.2024.3396801
Chandan Roy;Ke Wu
Mutual-coupling effects are of utmost importance in the development of high-frequency circuits and systems. However, it is a common practice to ignore those couplings when establishing equivalent circuit models. Neglecting these couplings leads to inaccurate circuit modelling. Therefore, it becomes imperative to account for mutual couplings in the development of accurate equivalent circuit models. This work presents a holistic process for synthesizing the equivalent circuit model of an electromagnetic (EM) field structure that incorporates mutual couplings of varying orders. The proposed high-order framework begins by developing equivalent circuit models for each individual transmission line discontinuity within the target circuit. Subsequently, the mutual couplings of different orders are extracted in a step-by-step manner. Throughout this process, full-wave EM simulations are deployed, along with a circuit parameter extraction method that utilizes de-embedded circuit responses. By combining these techniques, a comprehensive and accurate equivalent circuit model is generated, enabling a detailed analysis of the target field model structure, and facilitating a deeper understanding of its electrical and magnetic behavior and performance. This paper utilizes a three-step microstrip discontinuity structure and a third-order parallel coupled microstrip filter as examples for theoretical and experimental demonstration of the proposed technique.
{"title":"Equivalent Circuit Model Development Accounting for Mutual-Coupling Effects","authors":"Chandan Roy;Ke Wu","doi":"10.1109/JMMCT.2024.3396801","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMMCT.2024.3396801","url":null,"abstract":"Mutual-coupling effects are of utmost importance in the development of high-frequency circuits and systems. However, it is a common practice to ignore those couplings when establishing equivalent circuit models. Neglecting these couplings leads to inaccurate circuit modelling. Therefore, it becomes imperative to account for mutual couplings in the development of accurate equivalent circuit models. This work presents a holistic process for synthesizing the equivalent circuit model of an electromagnetic (EM) field structure that incorporates mutual couplings of varying orders. The proposed high-order framework begins by developing equivalent circuit models for each individual transmission line discontinuity within the target circuit. Subsequently, the mutual couplings of different orders are extracted in a step-by-step manner. Throughout this process, full-wave EM simulations are deployed, along with a circuit parameter extraction method that utilizes de-embedded circuit responses. By combining these techniques, a comprehensive and accurate equivalent circuit model is generated, enabling a detailed analysis of the target field model structure, and facilitating a deeper understanding of its electrical and magnetic behavior and performance. This paper utilizes a three-step microstrip discontinuity structure and a third-order parallel coupled microstrip filter as examples for theoretical and experimental demonstration of the proposed technique.","PeriodicalId":52176,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal on Multiscale and Multiphysics Computational Techniques","volume":"9 ","pages":"166-178"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140919115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-06DOI: 10.1109/JMMCT.2024.3396823
Jonas Bundschuh;Yvonne Späck-Leigsnering;Herbert De Gersem
In conventional finite element simulations, foil windings with a thin foil and many turns require many mesh elements. This renders models quickly computationally infeasible. With the use of homogenization approaches, the finite element mesh does not need to resolve the small-scale structure of the foil winding domain. Present homogenization approaches take resistive and inductive effects into account. With an increase of the operation frequency of foil windings, however, capacitive effects between adjacent turns in the foil winding become relevant. This paper presents an extension to the standard foil winding model that covers the capacitive behavior of foil windings.
{"title":"Considering Capacitive Effects in Foil Winding Homogenization","authors":"Jonas Bundschuh;Yvonne Späck-Leigsnering;Herbert De Gersem","doi":"10.1109/JMMCT.2024.3396823","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMMCT.2024.3396823","url":null,"abstract":"In conventional finite element simulations, foil windings with a thin foil and many turns require many mesh elements. This renders models quickly computationally infeasible. With the use of homogenization approaches, the finite element mesh does not need to resolve the small-scale structure of the foil winding domain. Present homogenization approaches take resistive and inductive effects into account. With an increase of the operation frequency of foil windings, however, capacitive effects between adjacent turns in the foil winding become relevant. This paper presents an extension to the standard foil winding model that covers the capacitive behavior of foil windings.","PeriodicalId":52176,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal on Multiscale and Multiphysics Computational Techniques","volume":"9 ","pages":"179-187"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10520880","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141084804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-04DOI: 10.1109/JMMCT.2024.3372619
Huan Huan Zhang;Zheng Lang Jia;Peng Fei Zhang;Ying Liu;Li Jun Jiang;Da Zhi Ding
A electromagnetic-circuital-thermal-mechanical mu- ltiphysics numerical method is proposed for the simulation of microwave circuits. The discontinuous Galerkin time-domain (DGTD) method is adopted for electromagnetic simulation. The time-domain finite element method (FEM) is utilized for thermal simulation. The circuit equation is applied for circuit simulation. The mechanical simulation is also carried out by FEM method. A flexible and unified multiphysics field coupling mechanism is constructed to cover various electromagnetic, circuital, thermal and mechanical multiphysics coupling scenarios. Finally, three numerical examples emulating outer space environment, intense electromagnetic pulse (EMP) injection and high power microwave (HPM) illumination are utilized to demonstrate the accuracy, efficiency, and capability of the proposed method. The proposed method provides a versatile and powerful tool for the design and analysis of microwave circuits characterized by intertwined electromagnetic, circuital, thermal and stress behaviors.
{"title":"Electromagnetic-Circuital-Thermal-Mechanical Multiphysics Numerical Simulation Method for Microwave Circuits","authors":"Huan Huan Zhang;Zheng Lang Jia;Peng Fei Zhang;Ying Liu;Li Jun Jiang;Da Zhi Ding","doi":"10.1109/JMMCT.2024.3372619","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMMCT.2024.3372619","url":null,"abstract":"A electromagnetic-circuital-thermal-mechanical mu- ltiphysics numerical method is proposed for the simulation of microwave circuits. The discontinuous Galerkin time-domain (DGTD) method is adopted for electromagnetic simulation. The time-domain finite element method (FEM) is utilized for thermal simulation. The circuit equation is applied for circuit simulation. The mechanical simulation is also carried out by FEM method. A flexible and unified multiphysics field coupling mechanism is constructed to cover various electromagnetic, circuital, thermal and mechanical multiphysics coupling scenarios. Finally, three numerical examples emulating outer space environment, intense electromagnetic pulse (EMP) injection and high power microwave (HPM) illumination are utilized to demonstrate the accuracy, efficiency, and capability of the proposed method. The proposed method provides a versatile and powerful tool for the design and analysis of microwave circuits characterized by intertwined electromagnetic, circuital, thermal and stress behaviors.","PeriodicalId":52176,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal on Multiscale and Multiphysics Computational Techniques","volume":"9 ","pages":"129-141"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140161236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-29DOI: 10.1109/JMMCT.2024.3370729
Wei E. I. Sha;Zhihao Lan;Menglin L. N. Chen;Yongpin P. Chen;Sheng Sun
Angular momenta of electromagnetic waves are important both in concepts and applications. In this work, we systematically discuss two types of angular momenta, i.e., spin angular momentum and orbital angular momentum in various cases, e.g., with source and without source, in classical and quantum forms. Numerical results demonstrating how to extract the topological charge of a classical vortex beam by spectral method are also presented.
{"title":"Spin and Orbital Angular Momenta of Electromagnetic Waves: From Classical to Quantum Forms","authors":"Wei E. I. Sha;Zhihao Lan;Menglin L. N. Chen;Yongpin P. Chen;Sheng Sun","doi":"10.1109/JMMCT.2024.3370729","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JMMCT.2024.3370729","url":null,"abstract":"Angular momenta of electromagnetic waves are important both in concepts and applications. In this work, we systematically discuss two types of angular momenta, i.e., spin angular momentum and orbital angular momentum in various cases, e.g., with source and without source, in classical and quantum forms. Numerical results demonstrating how to extract the topological charge of a classical vortex beam by spectral method are also presented.","PeriodicalId":52176,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal on Multiscale and Multiphysics Computational Techniques","volume":"9 ","pages":"113-117"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10453653","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140080926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-20DOI: 10.1109/JMMCT.2024.3367604
Blaise Ravelo;Hongyu Du;Glauco Fontgalland;Fayu Wan
This article considers an electro-thermo-geometrical Multiphysics analysis of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) resonance problem solution by using bandpass (BP) type negative group delay (NGD) equalization method. The rectangular cavity electric model based on EMC frequency domain S-parameter analysis is introduced. The unfamiliar BP-NGD function is specified in order to size the lumped electrical components of the suitable RLC-network based topology. The BP-NGD equalization principle is described including the Multiphysics synoptic analysis by means of electro- thermo-geometrical approach of the problem. The BP-NGD equalization methodology is proposed. The feasibility study of the EMC resonance equalization method is validated by considering a proof-of-concept constituted by 232.9×28×3.8 cm-size rectangular cavity. The BP-NGD active circuit is designed as equalizer by using RLC-series network. The EMC solution is verified by the BP-NGD POC specified by −4 ns NGD value at 0.644 MHz center frequency stating resonance effect reduction with 1-dB flatness. Furthermore, time-domain signal integrity (SI) analysis confirms the EMC cavity resonance resolution by showing output delay, over/under shoot reduction and also input-output cross correlation improvement from 89% to 99%.
{"title":"Electro-Geometrical Sensitivity Analysis of Electromagnetic Cavity BP-NGD Equalization","authors":"Blaise Ravelo;Hongyu Du;Glauco Fontgalland;Fayu Wan","doi":"10.1109/JMMCT.2024.3367604","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMMCT.2024.3367604","url":null,"abstract":"This article considers an electro-thermo-geometrical Multiphysics analysis of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) resonance problem solution by using bandpass (BP) type negative group delay (NGD) equalization method. The rectangular cavity electric model based on EMC frequency domain S-parameter analysis is introduced. The unfamiliar BP-NGD function is specified in order to size the lumped electrical components of the suitable RLC-network based topology. The BP-NGD equalization principle is described including the Multiphysics synoptic analysis by means of electro- thermo-geometrical approach of the problem. The BP-NGD equalization methodology is proposed. The feasibility study of the EMC resonance equalization method is validated by considering a proof-of-concept constituted by 232.9×28×3.8 cm-size rectangular cavity. The BP-NGD active circuit is designed as equalizer by using RLC-series network. The EMC solution is verified by the BP-NGD POC specified by −4 ns NGD value at 0.644 MHz center frequency stating resonance effect reduction with 1-dB flatness. Furthermore, time-domain signal integrity (SI) analysis confirms the EMC cavity resonance resolution by showing output delay, over/under shoot reduction and also input-output cross correlation improvement from 89% to 99%.","PeriodicalId":52176,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal on Multiscale and Multiphysics Computational Techniques","volume":"9 ","pages":"118-128"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140123315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-08DOI: 10.1109/JMMCT.2024.3364084
Johan Helsing;Shidong Jiang;Anders Karlsson
This work concerns the design of perfectly conducting objects that are invisible to an incident transverse magnetic plane wave. The object in question is a finite planar waveguide with a finite periodic array of barriers. By optimizing this array, the amplitude of the scattered field is reduced to less than $10^{-9}$ times the amplitude of the incident plane wave everywhere outside the waveguide. To accurately evaluate such minute amplitudes, we employ a recently developed boundary integral equation technique, adapted for objects whose boundaries have endpoints, corners, and branch points.
{"title":"Design of Perfectly Conducting Objects That Are Invisible to an Incident Plane Wave","authors":"Johan Helsing;Shidong Jiang;Anders Karlsson","doi":"10.1109/JMMCT.2024.3364084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMMCT.2024.3364084","url":null,"abstract":"This work concerns the design of perfectly conducting objects that are invisible to an incident transverse magnetic plane wave. The object in question is a finite planar waveguide with a finite periodic array of barriers. By optimizing this array, the amplitude of the scattered field is reduced to less than \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$10^{-9}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 times the amplitude of the incident plane wave everywhere outside the waveguide. To accurately evaluate such minute amplitudes, we employ a recently developed boundary integral equation technique, adapted for objects whose boundaries have endpoints, corners, and branch points.","PeriodicalId":52176,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal on Multiscale and Multiphysics Computational Techniques","volume":"9 ","pages":"104-112"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140014805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-25DOI: 10.1109/JMMCT.2024.3358327
Yang Su;Yu Mao Wu
The iterative physical optics (IPO) method is a valuable technique for analyzing coupled scattering problems. In contrast to the fast physical optics (FPO) method, this article proposes an iterative physical optics method based on quadratic quadrilateral patches (QIPO). Specifically, quadratic patches in the QIPO method offer higher-order accuracy in calculating normal vectors which greatly benefits the accuracy of the iterative induction current. Then, a lit-shadow judgment criterion is introduced, and a general iteration formulation for proposed method is presented. Additionally, new amplitude and phase function expressions suitable for the QIPO method are proposed to accurately compute the far-field results. It is also verified for the case of discretization with quadratic triangular patches (QTIPO). To address numerical singularities, the QIPO method considers a linear phase function, where closed-form solution are provided. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the treatment in handling singular cases. The accuracy of the QIPO method is validated through comparisons with existing results. Finally, numerical examples confirm that the proposed method reduces the number of patches, minimizes the computational cost of induced current iteration, and accurately calculates far-field results.
{"title":"A Fast Iterative Physical Optics Method With Quadratic Amplitude and Phase Integral Terms","authors":"Yang Su;Yu Mao Wu","doi":"10.1109/JMMCT.2024.3358327","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMMCT.2024.3358327","url":null,"abstract":"The iterative physical optics (IPO) method is a valuable technique for analyzing coupled scattering problems. In contrast to the fast physical optics (FPO) method, this article proposes an iterative physical optics method based on quadratic quadrilateral patches (QIPO). Specifically, quadratic patches in the QIPO method offer higher-order accuracy in calculating normal vectors which greatly benefits the accuracy of the iterative induction current. Then, a lit-shadow judgment criterion is introduced, and a general iteration formulation for proposed method is presented. Additionally, new amplitude and phase function expressions suitable for the QIPO method are proposed to accurately compute the far-field results. It is also verified for the case of discretization with quadratic triangular patches (QTIPO). To address numerical singularities, the QIPO method considers a linear phase function, where closed-form solution are provided. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the treatment in handling singular cases. The accuracy of the QIPO method is validated through comparisons with existing results. Finally, numerical examples confirm that the proposed method reduces the number of patches, minimizes the computational cost of induced current iteration, and accurately calculates far-field results.","PeriodicalId":52176,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal on Multiscale and Multiphysics Computational Techniques","volume":"9 ","pages":"92-103"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139727579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-23DOI: 10.1109/JMMCT.2024.3355976
Zhonggen Wang;Chenwei Li;Yufa Sun;Wenyan Nie;Xuejun Zhang;Pan Wang
The hyper basis functions (HBF)-based MoM has been proven to be an efficient numerical method to analyze broadband electromagnetic scattering problems. However, this method costs a lot of time to reconstruct the impedance matrix and reduced matrix at each frequency point. In order to solve the above problem, a novel method combining HBF-based MoM and compressive sensing (CS) has been proposed in this paper. The proposed method first applies the characteristic modes (CM) derived at the highest frequency point as the HBF for solving the scattering problems at lower frequency points, and performs sparse transform of the induced currents as the sparse basis for the CS framework. Then the measurement matrix is constructed using the method of uniformly extracting the impedance matrix by rows to obtain stable calculation results. Finally, according to the prior condition that a few CM are sufficient to characterize the surface currents approximately, the recovery algorithm is simplified least square method to reconstruct the current coefficients. Numerical simulation results show that it can significantly improve the efficiency of solving broadband electromagnetic problems compared with HBF-based MoM.
{"title":"Fast Analysis of Broadband Electromagnetic Scattering Problems by Combining Hyper Basis Functions-Based MoM With Compressive Sensing","authors":"Zhonggen Wang;Chenwei Li;Yufa Sun;Wenyan Nie;Xuejun Zhang;Pan Wang","doi":"10.1109/JMMCT.2024.3355976","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMMCT.2024.3355976","url":null,"abstract":"The hyper basis functions (HBF)-based MoM has been proven to be an efficient numerical method to analyze broadband electromagnetic scattering problems. However, this method costs a lot of time to reconstruct the impedance matrix and reduced matrix at each frequency point. In order to solve the above problem, a novel method combining HBF-based MoM and compressive sensing (CS) has been proposed in this paper. The proposed method first applies the characteristic modes (CM) derived at the highest frequency point as the HBF for solving the scattering problems at lower frequency points, and performs sparse transform of the induced currents as the sparse basis for the CS framework. Then the measurement matrix is constructed using the method of uniformly extracting the impedance matrix by rows to obtain stable calculation results. Finally, according to the prior condition that a few CM are sufficient to characterize the surface currents approximately, the recovery algorithm is simplified least square method to reconstruct the current coefficients. Numerical simulation results show that it can significantly improve the efficiency of solving broadband electromagnetic problems compared with HBF-based MoM.","PeriodicalId":52176,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal on Multiscale and Multiphysics Computational Techniques","volume":"9 ","pages":"84-91"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139710586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-16DOI: 10.1109/JMMCT.2024.3354489
Qazi Mashaal Khan;Dan Kuylenstierna
This research delves into losses of X-band cavity resonators manufactured using additive manufacturing-selective laser melting (AM-SLM) compared to the standard subtractive manufacturing milling technology. Measured losses are benchmarked in terms of resonator (quality) $Q$ -factor. The measured data is further modelled using the Groiss and one-ball Huray models taking into account the implications of surface roughness and electrical conductivity. The unloaded $Q$ -factor is derived from frequency-dependent scattering ( $S$ ) parameters obtained from measurements and full-wave simulations. Surface roughness was found to impact the $Q$ -factor significantly and the resonant frequency marginally. Cavities based on AM-SLM technology exhibit higher roughness compared to milling and lowers the $Q$ -factor. A fusion of both manufacturing methods by milling AM-SLM cavity walls demonstrates an augmented $Q$ -factor compared to a directly printed cavity. In the study it was also found that the Groiss model tends to overestimate the $Q$ -factor owing to AM-SLM's rougher surface, while the one-ball Huray model furnishes precise projections by establishing a link between surface roughness and powder particles. Electrical conductivity's influence on $Q$ -factor was also investigated, showing negligible impact with increased surface roughness. Further, side walls of the AM-SLM cavity were more susceptible to surface roughness, compared to the cavity front walls due to higher surface current density. This study underscores the significance of analyzing surface roughness and electrical conductivity in AM-SLM cavity resonators and highlights the suitability of the one-ball Huray model for accurate $Q$ -factor prediction of microwave structures with rough surfaces.
{"title":"Analysis of Q-Factor for AM-SLM Cavity Based Resonators Using Surface Roughness Models","authors":"Qazi Mashaal Khan;Dan Kuylenstierna","doi":"10.1109/JMMCT.2024.3354489","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMMCT.2024.3354489","url":null,"abstract":"This research delves into losses of X-band cavity resonators manufactured using additive manufacturing-selective laser melting (AM-SLM) compared to the standard subtractive manufacturing milling technology. Measured losses are benchmarked in terms of resonator (quality) \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$Q$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000-factor. The measured data is further modelled using the Groiss and one-ball Huray models taking into account the implications of surface roughness and electrical conductivity. The unloaded \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$Q$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000-factor is derived from frequency-dependent scattering (\u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$S$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000) parameters obtained from measurements and full-wave simulations. Surface roughness was found to impact the \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$Q$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000-factor significantly and the resonant frequency marginally. Cavities based on AM-SLM technology exhibit higher roughness compared to milling and lowers the \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$Q$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000-factor. A fusion of both manufacturing methods by milling AM-SLM cavity walls demonstrates an augmented \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$Q$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000-factor compared to a directly printed cavity. In the study it was also found that the Groiss model tends to overestimate the \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$Q$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000-factor owing to AM-SLM's rougher surface, while the one-ball Huray model furnishes precise projections by establishing a link between surface roughness and powder particles. Electrical conductivity's influence on \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$Q$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000-factor was also investigated, showing negligible impact with increased surface roughness. Further, side walls of the AM-SLM cavity were more susceptible to surface roughness, compared to the cavity front walls due to higher surface current density. This study underscores the significance of analyzing surface roughness and electrical conductivity in AM-SLM cavity resonators and highlights the suitability of the one-ball Huray model for accurate \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$Q$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000-factor prediction of microwave structures with rough surfaces.","PeriodicalId":52176,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal on Multiscale and Multiphysics Computational Techniques","volume":"9 ","pages":"75-83"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139654885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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