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All Americans are Not Perceived as “True” Americans: Implications for Policy 并非所有美国人都被视为“真正的”美国人:对政策的启示
IF 3.8 Q1 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/2372732220984806
Sahana Mukherjee, M. J. Perez
The United States is a nation of immigrants with significant ethnic and racial diversity. Yet, American identity is associated with European-Americans and their cultural values, defining ethnic minorities as less American. Experiences of identity denial are associated with negative mental and physical health outcomes, as well as lower political and civic engagement. Perceptions of prototypical American-ness link to a wide range of social policy about language, affirmative action, and redistribution. A cultural psychological perspective analyzes the contexts that promote exclusive conceptions of American identity, and it focuses on individual people who make up these contexts. Policies that recognize minority-group cultures and acknowledge the historical injustices against them can promote inclusive conceptions of American identity.
美国是一个移民国家,具有显著的种族和种族多样性。然而,美国人的身份认同与欧洲裔美国人及其文化价值观有关,将少数族裔定义为不那么美国化。否认身份的经历与消极的身心健康结果以及较低的政治和公民参与度有关。对典型美国人的看法与关于语言、平权行动和再分配的广泛社会政策有关。文化心理学视角分析了促进美国身份认同的独特概念的语境,并将重点放在构成这些语境的个人身上。承认少数群体文化并承认历史上对他们的不公正的政策可以促进对美国身份的包容性观念。
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引用次数: 3
Promoting Gender Equality by Supporting Men’s Emotional Flexibility 通过支持男性的情感灵活性促进性别平等
IF 3.8 Q1 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/2372732220984491
A. Croft, Ciara Atkinson, Alexis M. May
Progress toward gender equality has slowed or stalled in recent years, primarily because gender stereotypes and roles are changing more quickly for women than men. Women are increasingly free to behave more like men, whereas a similar freedom for men (to behave more like women) has been slower to emerge. Expectations governing men remain rigid: They are discouraged from showing weakness/vulnerability and encouraged to assert masculinity by demonstrating strength/toughness. These expectations undermine men’s emotional flexibility, which not only harms their physical health and well-being but also systematically impedes gender equality efforts. We summarize both the direct and indirect consequences of men’s relative emotional inflexibility, as well as cultural and psychological barriers to men’s emotional flexibility development. We then provide empirically based policy recommendations for cultivating emotional flexibility in men, which could in turn foster their physical and mental health, undermine traditional gender stereotypes, and promote broader gender equality in the United States.
近年来,性别平等的进展放缓或停滞,主要是因为女性的性别刻板印象和角色变化比男性更快。女性越来越自由地表现得更像男性,而男性的类似自由(表现得更象女性)出现的速度较慢。对男性的期望仍然很严格:他们不鼓励表现出软弱/脆弱,并鼓励他们通过表现出力量/韧性来彰显男子气概。这些期望削弱了男性的情感灵活性,这不仅损害了他们的身体健康和福祉,而且系统性地阻碍了性别平等的努力。我们总结了男性相对情绪不灵活的直接和间接后果,以及影响男性情绪灵活性发展的文化和心理障碍。然后,我们提供了基于经验的政策建议,以培养男性的情感灵活性,这反过来可以促进他们的身心健康,破坏传统的性别刻板印象,并促进美国更广泛的性别平等。
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引用次数: 3
Boosting the Sustainable Representation of Women in STEM With Evidence-Based Policy Initiatives 通过循证政策举措提高妇女在STEM中的可持续代表性
IF 3.8 Q1 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/2372732220980092
C. Moss‐Racusin, Evava S. Pietri, Jojanneke Van der Toorn, L. Ashburn-Nardo
Women are missing from Science, Technology, Education, and Mathematics (STEM) fields, undermining intellectual inclusivity, meritocracy goals, national competitiveness, and high-quality advances. Solutions require not only hiring more women, but boosting their sustainable representation (i.e., their lasting, substantial presence and valued engagement). Evidence-based policies can shift organizational culture, enabling women’s full and durable participation. The present review presents (1) numerous causes of women’s underrepresentation in STEM and (2) evidence-based interventions to tackling these causes. Specific policy initiatives (derived from the scientific evidence) would promote the sustainable representation of women in STEM.
科学、技术、教育和数学(STEM)领域缺少女性,这削弱了智力包容性、精英管理目标、国家竞争力和高质量进步。解决方案不仅需要雇佣更多的女性,还需要提高她们的可持续代表性(即她们持久、大量的存在和有价值的参与)。循证政策可以改变组织文化,使妇女能够充分和持久地参与。本综述介绍了(1)女性在STEM中代表性不足的众多原因,以及(2)解决这些原因的循证干预措施。具体的政策举措(源自科学证据)将促进妇女在STEM中的可持续代表性。
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引用次数: 10
Changing Students’ Beliefs About Learning Can Unveil Their Potential 改变学生的学习观念可以发掘他们的潜力
IF 3.8 Q1 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/2372732220984173
Paul A. O’Keefe, Hae Yeon Lee, Patricia Chen
Too often, students fall short of their potential. Although structural and cognitive factors can contribute to this underperformance, how students subjectively construe themselves and their educational contexts can also play significant roles. Social-psychological interventions can increase student motivation, resilience, and achievement by altering these construals. To provide general recommendations for their implementation, we focus on interventions that address common student concerns, which stem from maladaptive beliefs that (a) intelligence cannot be improved; (b) some academic topics are uninteresting and personally irrelevant; (c) learning is an unplanned, passive activity; and (d) others think that “people like me” do not have the potential for success. These interventions tend to be relatively brief, easily implemented, highly scalable, and low in cost, time, and labor. Through a partnership of psychological scientists and practitioners, these carefully contextualized, theory-driven interventions can help students achieve their potential.
学生往往达不到他们的潜力。尽管结构和认知因素会导致这种表现不佳,但学生如何主观地理解自己和他们的教育环境也会发挥重要作用。社会心理干预可以通过改变这些解释来提高学生的动机、韧性和成就感。为了为其实施提供一般性建议,我们重点关注解决学生常见问题的干预措施,这些问题源于不适应的信念,即(a)智力无法提高;(b) 有些学术话题没有意思,与个人无关;(c) 学习是一种无计划的、被动的活动;(d)其他人认为“像我这样的人”没有成功的潜力。这些干预措施往往相对简短、易于实施、可扩展性强、成本、时间和劳动力低。通过心理科学家和从业者的合作,这些精心情境化、理论驱动的干预措施可以帮助学生发挥他们的潜力。
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引用次数: 5
What We Bring With Us: Investing in Latinx Students Means Investing in Families 我们带来的:投资拉丁裔学生意味着投资家庭
IF 3.8 Q1 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/2372732220983855
Rebecca Covarrubias
The educational landscape of the United States has shifted as more low-income, first-generation Latinx students enroll in 4-year universities. Despite this, many underlying structures and practices of these institutions still reflect the cultural norms of culturally dominant groups (e.g., White, upper-to-middle-class, continuing-generation), privileging individualism. This overlooks the cultural values of low-income, first-generation Latinx students, who often prioritize interdependent connections and obligations. When universities do not recognize familial obligations, students must decide between helping family or doing well in school—which complicates their capacity to succeed academically. To graduate diverse future leaders and build a diverse workforce, educators and policymakers must consider that investing in students means investing in their families, too. Concrete examples, from small interventions to large-scale policy changes, illustrate meaningful investment strategies.
随着越来越多的低收入、第一代拉丁裔学生进入四年制大学,美国的教育格局发生了变化。尽管如此,这些机构的许多基本结构和实践仍然反映了文化主导群体(例如白人、中上层阶级、连续一代)的文化规范,赋予个人主义特权。这忽略了低收入、第一代拉丁裔学生的文化价值观,他们往往优先考虑相互依存的关系和义务。当大学不承认家庭义务时,学生必须在帮助家庭和在学校表现良好之间做出决定,这会使他们在学业上取得成功的能力变得复杂。为了培养多样化的未来领导者,培养多样化的劳动力,教育工作者和政策制定者必须考虑到,投资于学生也意味着投资于他们的家庭。从小型干预到大规模政策变化的具体例子说明了有意义的投资战略。
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引用次数: 7
Harnessing Visible Representation to Mitigate Bias 利用可见的代表性来减轻偏见
IF 3.8 Q1 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/2372732220984800
Jessica Shropshire, Kerri L. Johnson
Numerous attempts to improve diversity by way of changing the hearts of decision makers have fallen short of the desired outcome. One underappreciated factor that contributes to bias resides not in decision makers’ hearts, but instead in their minds. People possess images, or mental representations, for specific roles and professions. Which mental image or representation springs spontaneously to mind depends on the current status quo within a field. Whether or not an individual or groups’ appearance matches visual stereotypes results in perceptually mediated preferences and prejudices, both of which harbor pernicious assumptions about who belongs in a professional setting and why. Leveraging these scientific insights can enact change. Shifting visible exemplars can change people’s mental representations and their heart’s evaluative reactions to others.
通过改变决策者的心来改善多样性的许多尝试都没有达到预期的结果。造成偏见的一个未被充分认识的因素不在于决策者的内心,而在于他们的思想。对于特定的角色和职业,人们拥有图像或心理表征。哪一种心理意象或表象会自发地出现在脑海中,取决于某一领域的现状。无论个人或群体的外表是否符合视觉刻板印象,都会导致感知介导的偏好和偏见,这两者都包含了关于谁属于专业环境以及为什么属于专业环境的有害假设。利用这些科学见解可以实施变革。改变可见的例子可以改变人们的心理表征和他们内心对他人的评价反应。
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引用次数: 2
The Devil We Know: Legal Precedent and the Preservation of Injustice 《我们知道的魔鬼:法律先例和维护不公正》
IF 3.8 Q1 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/2372732220980757
Erin P. Hennes, Layla Dang
A hallmark feature of the common law tradition is reliance on past decisions, or precedent, to resolve legal ambiguity and ensure consistency across similar cases. Yet the intent of precedent—to safeguard equity—may be undermined by nonconscious psychological processes. The behavioral and brain sciences show that decision-making can be contaminated by a human proclivity (endemic among both judges and laypeople) to justify and legitimize extant societal arrangements. Examples from case law and empirical legal studies illustrate how precedent may impede social justice in ways that are predictable from psychological theory. Highlighted in particular are barriers to justice disproportionately encountered by members of historically disadvantaged groups. The article closes with a discussion of opportunities for institutional reform and a call for continued scholarship examining the prevalence and impact of status-quo-maintaining biases in the legal system.
普通法传统的一个标志性特征是依赖过去的决定或先例来解决法律歧义,并确保类似案件的一致性。然而,先例的意图——保护公平——可能会被非意识的心理过程所破坏。行为科学和脑科学表明,决策可能会受到人类倾向的污染(法官和非专业人士中普遍存在),即为现有的社会安排辩护并使其合法化。判例法和实证法律研究的例子说明了先例如何以心理学理论可以预测的方式阻碍社会正义。特别突出的是,历史上处于不利地位的群体成员在伸张正义方面遇到了不成比例的障碍。文章最后讨论了机构改革的机会,并呼吁继续研究法律体系中维持现状偏见的普遍性和影响。
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引用次数: 0
Missing Pieces in the Discussion on Climate Change and Risk: Intersectionality and Compounded Vulnerability 气候变化与风险讨论中缺失的部分:交叉性和复合脆弱性
IF 3.8 Q1 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/2372732220982628
H. S. Versey
Assessing the impact of climate change requires analyzing humans generally, as well as identifying unique and elevated risks among subgroups. Incorporating intersectional approaches (e.g., those focused on issues of poverty, place, and race) into public policy may highlight how communities and individuals with fewer resources experience compounded vulnerability to climate-related risks. An intersectional framework yields implications for research and policy in two ways, both broadly and specifically for marginalized groups. First, climate change research and policy would benefit from a more active articulation of intersectionality in its models of adaptation and vulnerability by recognizing groups at high risk for negative outcomes, including distress and displacement. Second, as psychologists document mental health outcomes associated with climate change, engaging in cross-disciplinary discussions will strengthen strategies aimed at reducing mental health disparities.
评估气候变化的影响需要对人类进行总体分析,并在不同的群体中确定独特的和较高的风险。将交叉方法(例如,关注贫困、地方和种族问题的方法)纳入公共政策可能会突出资源较少的社区和个人如何更加容易受到气候相关风险的影响。交叉框架在两方面对研究和政策产生影响,对边缘群体既有广泛的影响,也有具体的影响。首先,气候变化研究和政策将受益于更积极地将适应和脆弱性模型的交叉性结合起来,认识到面临包括痛苦和流离失所在内的负面结果的高风险群体。其次,随着心理学家记录与气候变化相关的心理健康结果,参与跨学科讨论将加强旨在减少心理健康差距的战略。
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引用次数: 19
Moving Beyond Implicit Bias Training: Policy Insights for Increasing Organizational Diversity 超越内隐偏见训练:提高组织多样性的政策见解
IF 3.8 Q1 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/2372732220983840
I. Onyeador, S. Hudson, Neil A. Lewis
Many organizations are working to address diversity, equity, and inclusion. Organizations frequently use implicit bias to explain disparities and marshal implicit bias training as a solution. Implicit bias is difficult to change and trainings do not yield more diversity in organizations, so organizations should move beyond implicit bias trainings in their diversity, equity, and inclusion efforts. Organizations should (a) use trainings to educate members of their organizations about bias and about organizational efforts to address diversity, equity, and inclusion; (b) prepare for, rather than accommodate, defensive responses from dominant group members; and (c) implement structures that foster organizational responsibility for diversity, equity, and inclusion goals; opportunities for high-quality intergroup contact; affinity groups for underrepresented people; welcoming and inclusive messaging; and processes that bypass interpersonal bias. Although no simple, one-size-fits-all solutions address organizational diversity, organizational leaders have many tools they can use to design more effective diversity strategies.
许多组织正在努力解决多样性、公平性和包容性问题。组织经常使用隐性偏见来解释差异,并将隐性偏见培训作为解决方案。隐性偏见很难改变,培训也不会在组织中产生更多的多样性,因此组织在多样性、公平性和包容性方面应该超越隐性偏见培训。组织应(a)利用培训来教育其组织成员关于偏见和组织努力解决多样性、公平性和包容性的问题;(b) 为占主导地位的群体成员的防御反应做好准备,而不是适应这种反应;以及(c)实施促进组织对多样性、公平性和包容性目标的责任的结构;高质量团队间接触的机会;代表性不足人群的亲和团体;欢迎和包容的信息;以及绕过人际偏见的过程。尽管没有简单的、一刀切的解决方案来解决组织多样性问题,但组织领导者有许多工具可以用来设计更有效的多样性战略。
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引用次数: 64
Racial Inequality in Academia: Systemic Origins, Modern Challenges, and Policy Recommendations 学术界的种族不平等:系统起源、现代挑战和政策建议
IF 3.8 Q1 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2021-02-11 DOI: 10.1177/2372732220984183
Cydney H. Dupree, C. M. Boykin
In an ideal world, academia serves society; it provides quality education to future leaders and informs public policy—and it does so by including a diverse array of scholars. However, research and recent protest movements show that academia is subject to race-based inequities that hamper the recruitment and retention of scholars of color, reducing scientific impact. This article provides critical systemic context for racism in academia before reviewing research on psychological, interpersonal, and structural challenges to reducing racial inequality. Policy challenges include (a) the cultivation of harmful stereotypes, (b) the education of racially ignorant future leaders, and (c) the dedication of resources to science that informs only a few, rather than many. Finally, recommendations specify critical features of hiring, retention, transparency, and incentives that can diversify academia, create a more welcoming environment to scholars of color, and maximize the potential for innovative and impactful science.
在理想的世界里,学术为社会服务;它为未来的领导人提供高质量的教育,并为公共政策提供信息——它通过包括各种各样的学者来做到这一点。然而,研究和最近的抗议运动表明,学术界存在基于种族的不平等现象,阻碍了有色人种学者的招聘和留用,降低了科学影响。本文为学术界的种族主义提供了关键的系统背景,然后回顾了减少种族不平等的心理、人际和结构挑战的研究。政策挑战包括(a)培养有害的陈规定型观念,(b)教育种族无知的未来领导人,以及(c)将资源投入科学,只为少数人而不是许多人提供信息。最后,建议规定了招聘、保留、透明度和激励的关键特征,这些特征可以使学术界多样化,为有色人种学者创造一个更受欢迎的环境,并最大限度地发挥创新和有影响力的科学的潜力。
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引用次数: 28
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