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Supporting Healthy Brain and Behavioral Development During Infancy 在婴儿期支持健康的大脑和行为发展
IF 3.8 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-02-23 DOI: 10.1177/23727322211068172
L. Scott, N. Brito
Much of infant development occurs in the home and in the context of caregiving support. Babies learn through their everyday interactions with parents—from watching, listening, communicating, cuddling, and playing with them. Foundations for cognitive skills such as attention, perception, learning, and language are all built in the brain during the first year of life. Socioemotional development, including the ability to self-regulate behaviors and emotions, also begins during infancy. Recent advances have allowed researchers to answer questions about the developing brain and how it is impacted by experience and environmental systems, including parental sensitivity and consistency, the home environment, socio-cultural factors, community support systems, and public policies. Giving parents the opportunity to support healthy infant development through paid parental leave programs that are accessible, flexible, and equitable, will positively impact early trajectories of brain and behavioral development.
婴儿的大部分发育都发生在家庭和护理支持的背景下。婴儿通过与父母的日常互动学习——从观看、倾听、交流、拥抱到与父母玩耍。认知技能的基础,如注意力、感知、学习和语言,都是在生命的第一年建立在大脑中的。社会运动发展,包括自我调节行为和情绪的能力,也始于婴儿期。最近的进展使研究人员能够回答有关大脑发育的问题,以及大脑如何受到经验和环境系统的影响,包括父母的敏感性和一致性、家庭环境、社会文化因素、社区支持系统和公共政策。通过可获得、灵活和公平的带薪育儿假计划,让父母有机会支持婴儿的健康发展,这将对大脑和行为发展的早期轨迹产生积极影响。
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引用次数: 1
Emerging Adults’ Awareness and Perceptions of Mental Health Problems and Services in Nigeria 尼日利亚新生成人对心理健康问题和服务的认识和看法
IF 3.8 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-02-23 DOI: 10.1177/23727322211068028
P. Ajike, Esther Abimbola Ariyo, A. M. Ariyo, Kikelomo Adubi
Despite the high prevalence of psychiatric disorders among Nigerian youths, mental health care access and usage in this population is extremely low. This review examines emerging adults’ awareness and perceptions of mental health problems and services in Nigeria. Specifically, we (1) provide background information about mental health perception, services, and challenges in Nigeria; (2) describe the current state of mental health among emerging adult population in Nigeria; (3) discuss risk factors among emerging adults in Nigeria; (4) document emerging adults’ perception of mental health problems and services in Nigeria, and potential explanations for this trend. We conclude with a discussion of practices and policies. In a nation like Nigeria, where mental health services are scarce and health gaps and disparities abound, the value of mental health awareness and realistic health policies cannot be overstated.
尽管尼日利亚青年中精神疾病的发病率很高,但这一人群获得和使用精神保健服务的机会极低。本综述审查了尼日利亚新生成人对精神卫生问题和服务的认识和看法。具体而言,我们(1)提供有关尼日利亚心理健康认知、服务和挑战的背景信息;(2)描述尼日利亚新兴成年人口的心理健康现状;(3)探讨尼日利亚新兴成人的危险因素;(4)记录尼日利亚新兴成人对心理健康问题和服务的看法,以及对这一趋势的可能解释。最后,我们将讨论实践和政策。在尼日利亚这样的国家,精神卫生服务稀缺,卫生差距和差距比比皆是,意识到精神卫生和现实的卫生政策的价值怎么强调都不为过。
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引用次数: 1
From the Womb into the World: Protecting the Fetal Brain from Maternal Stress During Pregnancy 从女性走向世界:保护胎儿大脑免受孕期母体压力
IF 3.8 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-02-23 DOI: 10.1177/23727322211068024
Marion I. van den Heuvel
No other period in a child's life matches the speed of brain development than the first nine months in the womb. Rapid growth goes hand in hand with enormous potential, but also with great vulnerability. This policy-focused review focuses on maternal mental health as a key factor for fetal brain development. Already during pregnancy, the fetal brain wires differently when exposed to maternal stress, and children prenatally exposed to stress have a higher risk of developing neurodevelopmental disorders. Maternal prenatal stress is preventable, treatable, and tractable by policy. Research-based, policy recommends: (1) screening for maternal mental health issues throughout pregnancy, (2) encourage talking about prenatal mental health, (3) evidence-based interventions for pregnant women with mental health issues, (4) avoiding stress-inducing communication towards pregnant women, and (5) stimulating positive postnatal parenting. Investing in healthy pregnancies will improve fetal brain growth, and, ultimately lead to a healthier next generation.
孩子在子宫里的头九个月是大脑发育速度最快的时期。快速增长伴随着巨大的潜力,但也伴随着巨大的脆弱性。这项以政策为重点的审查侧重于母亲心理健康作为胎儿大脑发育的关键因素。在怀孕期间,胎儿的大脑在暴露于母亲的压力下会产生不同的反应,而产前暴露于压力下的孩子患神经发育障碍的风险更高。产妇产前压力可以通过政策预防、治疗和处理。以研究为基础的政策建议:(1)在整个怀孕期间筛查孕产妇心理健康问题;(2)鼓励谈论产前心理健康;(3)对有心理健康问题的孕妇采取循证干预措施;(4)避免对孕妇进行导致压力的沟通;(5)鼓励积极的产后育儿。投资于健康的怀孕将促进胎儿的大脑发育,并最终带来更健康的下一代。
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引用次数: 4
Building Equitable Access and Inclusion for Children Growing up in the Digital age 为在数字时代成长的儿童建立公平的获取和包容
IF 3.8 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-02-23 DOI: 10.1177/23727322211068388
Rachel F. Barr
Beginning during infancy, digital media are a pervasive part of family life, affecting opportunities to learn and time in family relationships. Research showing the potentially negative impacts of media on very young children led to recommendations of restricted media usage. Other research has examined how educational media can promote child outcomes and well-being. However, stark issues of digital inequity remain. Many families experience underconnectivity, with both income and geography limiting access to adequate bandwidth. Finally, cracks in the democratic structure of the Internet are emerging. Software engineers and social scientists revealed that algorithms determine children's media content and exploitative features manipulate the duration of media exposure. The article evaluates media usage for very young children. Based on this risk–benefit analysis, the article proposes a policy to increase the inclusiveness and safety of the digital space for all young children.
从婴儿时期开始,数字媒体就成为家庭生活中无处不在的一部分,影响了学习的机会和家庭关系的时间。研究表明,媒体对非常年幼的儿童可能产生负面影响,因此建议限制媒体的使用。其他研究考察了教育媒体如何促进儿童的发展和福祉。然而,数字不平等的严峻问题依然存在。由于收入和地理位置限制,许多家庭的网络连接不足。最后,互联网的民主结构出现了裂痕。软件工程师和社会科学家透露,算法决定了儿童的媒体内容,而剥削性特征操纵了媒体曝光的持续时间。这篇文章评估了幼儿使用媒体的情况。基于这种风险-收益分析,本文提出了一项政策,以增加所有幼儿数字空间的包容性和安全性。
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引用次数: 4
Neural Sociometrics: Toward Early Screening of Infant Psychosocial and Brain Health to Improve Lifelong Mental Well-Being 神经社会计量学:早期筛选婴儿社会心理和大脑健康以改善终身心理健康
IF 3.8 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-02-23 DOI: 10.1177/23727322211068020
V. Leong
Infant development depends on warm, responsive social interactions that richly stimulate the senses, acting through multiple pathways to orchestrate healthy maturation of the neonatal brain, mind, and body. Conversely, adverse early experiences seed vulnerabilities for poor cognition and emotional instability. Although we routinely measure many aspects of infant physical health (hearing, weight), no clinical tools currently exist to measure early psychosocial health and brain development. Here, neural sociometrics (real-time multi-sensor imaging of adult–infant social interactive behavior and neurophysiology) is discussed as one possible precision measurement framework. Early psychosocial health screening, paired with precision therapeutics, could fundamentally alter a child's development trajectory toward lifelong mental well-being and productivity. Further, population-level measurements of social brain health could forecast mental capital growth (and deficits) for entire communities and generations. This article calls for the prioritized development of early scalable diagnostic instruments to reveal the status of infant mental wellbeing and brain health.
婴儿的发育依赖于温暖的、反应灵敏的社会互动,这些互动充分刺激了感官,通过多种途径协调新生儿大脑、精神和身体的健康成熟。相反,不良的早期经历会导致认知能力差和情绪不稳定。虽然我们经常测量婴儿身体健康的许多方面(听力、体重),但目前还没有临床工具来测量早期社会心理健康和大脑发育。这里,神经社会计量学(实时多传感器成像成人-婴儿的社会互动行为和神经生理学)被讨论作为一个可能的精确测量框架。早期的社会心理健康筛查,加上精确的治疗,可以从根本上改变儿童走向终身精神健康和生产力的发展轨迹。此外,社会大脑健康的人口水平测量可以预测整个社区和几代人的精神资本增长(和赤字)。本文呼吁优先发展早期可扩展的诊断仪器,以揭示婴儿心理健康和大脑健康状况。
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引用次数: 2
Infant Sleep as a Cornerstone for Cognitive Development 婴儿睡眠是认知发展的基石
IF 3.8 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-02-23 DOI: 10.1177/23727322211068006
Sabine Seehagen
During infancy, humans typically spend most of their time asleep. It is intuitively plausible that this state is important for development and well-being. But there has been a surprising dearth of knowledge regarding the causal role of sleep for specific cognitive processes during this period. Recent experimental evidence has revealed a causal role of sleep for early memory processes. By supporting the consolidation and further processing of recently acquired memories, sleep shapes emerging knowledge networks. In addition, infants’ sleep patterns likely shape their learning environment by influencing caregiver sleep and behavior. Based on recent research, recommendations for policy and practice include (a) allowing individualized sleep schedules in child care settings, (b) providing easily accessible information on sleep and sleep promotion to caregivers, (c) integrating findings from sleep research in the training of early childhood educators, and (d) providing flexible parental leave arrangements that promote sufficient sleep in infants and caregivers.
在婴儿时期,人类通常大部分时间都在睡觉。从直觉上看,这种状态对发展和福祉很重要。但令人惊讶的是,在这一时期,人们对睡眠对特定认知过程的因果作用知之甚少。最近的实验证据揭示了睡眠对早期记忆过程的因果作用。睡眠通过支持最近获得的记忆的巩固和进一步处理,塑造了新兴的知识网络。此外,婴儿的睡眠模式可能通过影响照顾者的睡眠和行为来塑造他们的学习环境。根据最近的研究,政策和实践建议包括:(a)允许在儿童保育环境中制定个性化的睡眠时间表,(b)向照顾者提供易于获取的睡眠和睡眠促进信息,(c)将睡眠研究结果纳入幼儿教育者的培训中,以及(d)提供灵活的育儿假安排,促进婴儿和照顾者的充足睡眠。
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引用次数: 1
Discrimination and Health: Fostering Better Health for Black American Youth 歧视与健康:促进美国黑人青年更好的健康
IF 3.8 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-02-23 DOI: 10.1177/23727322211073796
Cherita A. Clendinen, Darlene A. Kertes
The Black Lives Matter movement has heightened US cultural awareness of the disproportionate burden of racial discrimination for Black Americans. With a special emphasis on Black youth, this review describes the health consequences of discrimination, including depression, anxiety, suicide, stress biology, immune system dysfunction, and cellular aging. However, as evidence documents, ethnic-racial socialization (ERS) reduces the mental, academic, and physical impacts of racial discrimination. A specific policy recommendation would integrate ERS into intervention efforts to reduce the health burden of discrimination on minority youth.
“黑人的命也是命”运动提高了美国文化对美国黑人不成比例的种族歧视负担的认识。这篇综述特别强调黑人青年,描述了歧视对健康的影响,包括抑郁、焦虑、自杀、压力生物学、免疫系统功能障碍和细胞衰老。然而,作为证据文件,种族社会化(ERS)减少了种族歧视对心理、学术和身体的影响。一项具体的政策建议将把ERS纳入干预工作,以减轻歧视对少数群体青年的健康负担。
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引用次数: 4
Weight-Based Disparities in Youth Mental Health: Scope, Social Underpinnings, and Policy Implications 青少年心理健康中基于体重的差异:范围、社会基础和政策意义
IF 3.8 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-02-23 DOI: 10.1177/23727322211068018
L. Lessard, Samantha E. Lawrence
Weight-based disparities in mental health impair the well-being of youth with overweight and obesity, who comprise a growing majority of young people in the United States. This review summarizes research regarding the extent of weight-based disparities in youth mental health and describes the social underpinnings of these disparities across contexts. Youth with high weight face frequent stigmatization (e.g., bullying, victimization, negative judgment), particularly in the school setting. Weight-based disparities in youth mental health emerge not because of high body weight itself, but because of the stigma associated with having high body weight. As such, policy actions need to address weight stigma. Empirical evidence can inform sound policies to reduce the stigma experienced by youth with high weight in order to support equitable mental health outcomes for youth with diverse body sizes.
基于体重的心理健康差异损害了超重和肥胖青年的福祉,他们在美国年轻人中占越来越大的比例。本综述总结了有关青少年心理健康体重差异程度的研究,并描述了这些差异在不同背景下的社会基础。体重高的青少年经常面临污名化(例如,欺凌、受害、负面评价),特别是在学校环境中。青少年心理健康方面的体重差异并不是因为高体重本身,而是因为与高体重相关的耻辱感。因此,政策行动需要解决体重歧视问题。经验证据可以为合理的政策提供信息,以减少高体重青年所经历的耻辱感,从而支持不同体型青年获得公平的心理健康结果。
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引用次数: 2
Resilience: Within-Group Variations in the Impact of Racial Discrimination on Black Youth's Mental Health 弹性:种族歧视对黑人青年心理健康影响的群体内差异
IF 3.8 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-02-23 DOI: 10.1177/23727322211068015
Isabelle M Elisha, Rayven-Nikkita Collins
Growing national concern about the increase in Black youth's suicide rates has led to calls for closer examinations of disparities in young people's mental health outcomes and their underlying causes, including differences in access to healthcare and willingness to use mental health services, and systemic inequities. The present research brief answers this call through a critical analysis of racial discrimination and other adverse mechanisms that perpetuate negative mental health outcomes for Black youth. Our approach draws from principles of developmental psychology and intersectional theory. We begin by arguing for a biopsychosocial consideration of the effects of discrimination on Black youth's development. Then, we review the multilevel impact of racism on mental health outcomes. Although examining global patterns for Black youth as a group has value, our paper will instead focus on within-group differences and the intersecting social factors that shape them. Finally, we end with research-based proposals for policies that prioritize Black youth's well-being.
全国对黑人青年自杀率上升的日益担忧,导致人们呼吁更密切地检查年轻人心理健康结果的差异及其根本原因,包括获得医疗保健和使用心理健康服务意愿的差异,以及系统性不平等。本研究通过对种族歧视和其他使黑人青年的负面心理健康结果长期存在的不利机制的批判性分析,简要回应了这一呼吁。我们的方法借鉴了发展心理学和交叉理论的原理。我们首先主张从生物心理学角度考虑歧视对黑人青年发展的影响。然后,我们回顾了种族主义对心理健康结果的多层面影响。尽管研究黑人青年作为一个群体的全球模式有价值,但我们的论文将转而关注群体内部的差异以及塑造他们的交叉社会因素。最后,我们以研究为基础,提出了优先考虑黑人青年福祉的政策建议。
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引用次数: 1
A Case for Early Language and Behavior Screening: Implications for Policy and Child Development 早期语言和行为筛查的案例:对政策和儿童发展的影响
IF 3.8 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-02-23 DOI: 10.1177/23727322211068886
A. Kaiser, Jason C. Chow, Jennifer E. Cunningham
Early language skills and prosocial behavior contribute to positive outcomes across the lifespan. Screening has improved the identification and early intervention (EI) for children with hearing loss, autism spectrum disorders, and genetically based disabilities. However, many children with significant functional impairments in language and behavior are not identified before school entry. These children have missed a critical window for EI that might have prevented or mitigated persistent developmental language impairment and challenging behaviors. The critical need for early identification of children with delays in both language and social-emotional development by proposing a preventive, universal screening approach. This approach to early screening aims to reduce the number of children on a trajectory of academic failure and social difficulties as a result of these early developmental delays.
早期的语言技能和亲社会行为有助于一生的积极结果。筛查改善了对听力损失、自闭症谱系障碍和遗传性残疾儿童的识别和早期干预(EI)。然而,许多在语言和行为方面有明显功能障碍的儿童在入学前并没有被发现。这些孩子错过了一个关键的情商窗口期,这个窗口期本可以预防或减轻持续性发育性语言障碍和挑战性行为。迫切需要通过提出一种预防性的、普遍的筛查方法来早期识别语言和社会情感发展迟缓的儿童。这种早期筛查的方法旨在减少由于这些早期发育迟缓而导致学业失败和社交困难的儿童数量。
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引用次数: 13
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Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences
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