Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences最新文献

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Child Communication Research and Practice: Collaborative Roles for Behavior Analysts and Speech-Language Pathologists 儿童沟通研究与实践：行为分析师与言语病理学家的合作角色

IF 3.8 Q1 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH

Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences

Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/23727322221144652

Justin D. Lane, Jennifer A. Brown

Young children's social communication is key to their development and well-being. Naturalistic interventions can promote social communication in young children. Anyone concerned about children's social communication—families, professionals, planning teams, referral sources, funders, and policymakers—should understand the complementary roles of behavior analysts (BCBAs) and speech-language pathologists (SLPs), who both utilize naturalistic interventions. Resistance to collaboration may be rooted in broader conversations about differing theories of language development. BCBAs and SLPs likely have similar overarching goals and expectations, but collaboration has been unfortunately rare, due to field-specific training and recommendations. BCBAs and SLPs who adopt a unified theory of practice will place children, families, and educators at the center of all decisions. An interdisciplinary model rooted in research about naturalistic interventions, collaboration, and equitable practices that incorporates feedback from providers and researchers in each field, could address challenges. This model highlights (a) understanding key tenets from each respective field, (b) developing interdisciplinary teams, (c) measuring and evaluating collaborative planning, and (d) promoting mutual respect and equity. Children benefit when professionals collaborate.

幼儿的社会交往是他们发展和幸福的关键。自然主义干预可以促进幼儿的社会交流。任何关心儿童社会沟通的人——家庭、专业人士、规划团队、转介来源、资助者和政策制定者——都应该理解行为分析师（BCBA）和言语语言病理学家（SLP）的互补作用，他们都使用自然主义干预。对合作的抵制可能源于关于不同语言发展理论的更广泛的对话。BCBA和SLP可能有类似的总体目标和期望，但不幸的是，由于具体领域的培训和建议，合作很少。采用统一实践理论的BCBA和SLP将把儿童、家庭和教育工作者置于所有决策的中心。一个植根于自然干预、合作和公平实践研究的跨学科模式，结合了每个领域的提供者和研究人员的反馈，可以应对挑战。该模型强调（a）理解每个领域的关键原则，（b）发展跨学科团队，（c）衡量和评估合作规划，以及（d）促进相互尊重和公平。专业人士合作，儿童受益。

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引用次数: 0

How Can We Move Advanced Methodology into Practice More Effectively? 我们如何才能更有效地将先进的方法论付诸实践？

IF 3.8 Q1 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH

Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences

Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/23727322221144649

J. Pek, Daniel J. Bauer

Methodology serves an essential role in advancing psychological science. However, meta-science research points to a leaky translational pipeline in which substantive research often fails to utilize recommended methodological practices. Various explanations for this problem include valuing the development of methods over methodology (making tools over using tools), incentives for methodological research, incentives for promoting pedagogy in methodology, an insufficient number of quantitative methodologists in the discipline, and scarcity of resources for substantive researchers seeking more advanced methodological training. Policy makers might consider several recommendations that could mitigate extant leaks in the translational pipeline.

方法论在推动心理科学的发展中起着至关重要的作用。然而，元科学研究指出了一个漏洞的转化管道，其中实质性研究往往不能利用推荐的方法实践。对这个问题的各种解释包括重视方法的发展而不是方法论(制造工具而不是使用工具)，方法论研究的动机，促进方法论教学的动机，该学科中定量方法学家的数量不足，以及寻求更先进的方法论培训的实质性研究人员资源匮乏。政策制定者可能会考虑一些建议，这些建议可以减轻翻译管道中现有的泄漏。

引用次数: 0

Connecting Research, Policy, and Practice in Colleges and Universities: An Internal Researcher/Practitioner Model 连接高校的研究、政策和实践:一个内部研究者/实践者模型

IF 3.8 Q1 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH

Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences

Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/23727322221147321

D. Robertson, Martha Pelaez

Behavior analysis often operates at the level of individual behavior depending on reinforcement contingencies. Here, a behavior analytic perspective addresses the challenge of connecting research to organizations’ policy and practice in order to improve performance regarding the organizations’ strategic objectives. In colleges and universities, three potentially overlapping approaches are plausible: (a) applying published scholarly research literature, (b) contracting external vendors of predictive analytics, and (c) integrating internal researchers/practitioners. This article discusses a model that emphasizes the third approach—internal researcher/practitioners—and that focuses on fundamental concepts related to contingencies (consequences) and rule-governed behavior. The model's use is illustrated in a case study: Florida International University, a large, public, metropolitan, Research I university, located in Miami, Florida. The application of the model appears to relate to significant and rapid improvement in the university's targeted performance metrics (e.g., student success as measured by variables such as students’ retention and on-time graduation).

行为分析通常在个体行为层面进行，依赖于强化随因性。在这里，行为分析的视角解决了将研究与组织的政策和实践联系起来的挑战，以提高组织战略目标的绩效。在学院和大学中，有三种可能重叠的方法是可行的:(a)应用已发表的学术研究文献，(b)与预测分析的外部供应商签订合同，以及(c)整合内部研究人员/从业者。本文讨论了一个强调第三种方法(内部研究者/实践者)的模型，该模型侧重于与偶然性(后果)和规则支配行为相关的基本概念。该模型的使用在一个案例研究中得到了说明:佛罗里达国际大学，一所位于佛罗里达州迈阿密的大型公立都市研究型大学。该模型的应用似乎与大学目标绩效指标(例如，由学生留校率和准时毕业等变量衡量的学生成功)的显著和快速改善有关。

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引用次数: 0

Biofeedback Has Therapeutic Effects on Asthma, Although Additional Research Is Needed to Document Specificity 生物反馈对哮喘有治疗作用，尽管还需要更多的研究来证明其特异性

IF 3.8 Q1 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH

Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences

Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/23727322221145306

P. Lehrer, Gali Moritz

Asthma is a common disorder leading to significant disability and healthcare cost throughout the world. Although medical treatment is usually highly effective in controlling it, asthma medicines often have high costs and attendant side effects. Biofeedback is an inexpensive noninvasive alternative with minimal side effects. This paper reviews evidence for two validated biofeedback treatments for treating asthma, heart rate variability biofeedback (HRVB), and muscle relaxation with surface electromyographic biofeedback. In multiple studies, although most of them are of modest size, both methods have clinically meaningful results, often allowing decreases in the use of steroid medication. Further research is needed to prove which specific components of HRVB are responsible for clinical effects, and to determine asthma populations that can best benefit from these methods. Despite demonstrated effectiveness, few insurance schemes reimburse for biofeedback, and national guidelines consider it only as worthy of further investigation. Funding for the requisite large-scale clinical trials remains lacking, creating a limbo-like status quo for these useful methods.

哮喘是一种常见的疾病，在世界范围内导致严重的残疾和医疗保健费用。虽然医学治疗通常在控制哮喘方面非常有效，但哮喘药物往往价格高昂，并伴有副作用。生物反馈是一种廉价、无创、副作用小的替代方法。本文综述了两种有效的生物反馈治疗哮喘的证据，心率变异性生物反馈(HRVB)和表面肌电生物反馈肌肉放松。在多项研究中，尽管大多数研究的规模不大，但这两种方法都有临床意义的结果，通常可以减少类固醇药物的使用。需要进一步的研究来证明HRVB的哪些特定成分对临床效果负责，并确定最能从这些方法中受益的哮喘人群。尽管证明了生物反馈的有效性，但很少有保险计划报销生物反馈，国家指南只认为它值得进一步调查。必要的大规模临床试验的资金仍然缺乏，这使得这些有用的方法处于不稳定的状态。

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引用次数: 0

Family-Based Psychosocial Interventions for Severe Mental Illness: Social Barriers and Policy Implications 严重精神疾病的家庭心理社会干预：社会障碍与政策启示

IF 3.8 Q1 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH

Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences

Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/23727322221128251

Franchesca S. Kuhney, D. Miklowitz, J. Schiffman, V. Mittal

Severe mental illnesses (SMI) such as schizophrenia, major depressive disorder, and bipolar disorder are prevalent, debilitating, and chronic conditions that come with significant costs to families, public health systems, and communities. Research indicates that emotional qualities within the family environment of the person with SMI (e.g., whether members are highly supportive, critical, or emotionally overinvolved) can either protect against or increase the risk for psychiatric relapse. Dovetailing this work is research indicating that family-based psychosocial interventions, which can increase family functioning through psychoeducation and skill building, can promote positive outcomes for individuals with SMI. Unfortunately, social barriers such as financial strain, inaccessibility of specialized care, stigma, and social marginalization may impede a patient's or family's ability to initiate and/or continue family services. We propose that improving treatment engagement requires a combination of state and federal policy initiatives supporting community resources, integrated health care, and partnerships with national organizations.

精神分裂症、重性抑郁障碍和双相情感障碍等严重精神疾病（SMI）是一种普遍的、使人衰弱的慢性疾病，给家庭、公共卫生系统和社区带来了巨大的成本。研究表明，SMI患者家庭环境中的情绪素质（例如，成员是否高度支持、挑剔或情绪过度）可以预防或增加精神病复发的风险。支持这项工作的研究表明，基于家庭的心理社会干预可以通过心理教育和技能培养来提高家庭功能，可以促进SMI患者的积极结果。不幸的是，经济压力、无法获得专业护理、污名化和社会边缘化等社会障碍可能会阻碍患者或家人开始和/或继续提供家庭服务的能力。我们建议，提高治疗参与度需要州和联邦政策举措的结合，支持社区资源、综合医疗保健以及与国家组织的伙伴关系。

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引用次数: 0

Psychology Meets Biology in COVID-19: What We Know and Why It Matters for Public Health. 心理学与生物学在COVID-19中的相遇:我们所知道的以及为什么它对公共卫生很重要。

IF 3.8 Q1 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH

Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences

Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/23727322221145308

Emily J Jones, Kieran Ayling, Cameron R Wiley, Adam W A Geraghty, Amy L Greer, Julianne Holt-Lunstad, Aric A Prather, Hannah M C Schreier, Roxane Cohen Silver, Rodlescia S Sneed, Anna L Marsland, Sarah D Pressman, Kavita Vedhara

Psychosocial factors are related to immune, viral, and vaccination outcomes. Yet, this knowledge has been poorly represented in public health initiatives during the COVID-19 pandemic. This review provides an overview of biopsychosocial links relevant to COVID-19 outcomes by describing seminal evidence about these associations known prepandemic as well as contemporary research conducted during the pandemic. This focuses on the negative impact of the pandemic on psychosocial health and how this in turn has likely consequences for critically relevant viral and vaccination outcomes. We end by looking forward, highlighting the potential of psychosocial interventions that could be leveraged to support all people in navigating a postpandemic world and how a biopsychosocial approach to health could be incorporated into public health responses to future pandemics.

心理社会因素与免疫、病毒和疫苗接种结果有关。然而，在2019冠状病毒病大流行期间，这方面的知识在公共卫生行动中没有得到充分体现。本综述概述了与COVID-19结果相关的生物心理社会联系，描述了大流行前已知的这些关联的重要证据以及大流行期间进行的当代研究。重点关注大流行对社会心理健康的负面影响，以及这反过来如何可能对至关重要的病毒和疫苗接种结果产生影响。最后，我们展望未来，强调社会心理干预的潜力，可用于支持所有人应对大流行后的世界，以及如何将生物心理社会卫生方法纳入未来大流行的公共卫生应对措施。

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引用次数: 1

Waking Up to the Importance of Sleep: Opportunities for Policy Makers 觉醒到睡眠的重要性:政策制定者的机会

IF 3.8 Q1 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH

Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences

Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/23727322221144651

A. Prather

Insufficient sleep is associated with an increased risk for a range of negative physical and mental health outcomes. Causes of insufficient sleep involve many factors, and the consequences are not evenly distributed across populations. Indeed, stark sleep disparities disadvantage racial and ethnic minorities and those low in socioeconomic status, who are more readily affected by poor sleep than their White and high socioeconomic status comparators. Sleep is situated in the context of a socioecological model that recognizes societal, community, and individual factors that shape poor sleep and drive sleep-related outcomes. Policy opportunities address each level of the presented model and addressing these barriers should promote better sleep for those affected and potentially reduce sleep disparities.

睡眠不足会增加一系列负面身心健康后果的风险。睡眠不足的原因涉及许多因素，其后果在人群中分布不均匀。事实上，明显的睡眠差距对少数种族和少数民族以及社会经济地位低的人不利，他们比白人和社会经济地位高的人更容易受到睡眠不足的影响。睡眠是在一个社会生态模型的背景下进行的，该模型认识到影响睡眠不良并导致睡眠相关结果的社会、社区和个人因素。政策机会解决了所提出模型的各个层面，解决这些障碍应该能促进受影响者更好的睡眠，并有可能减少睡眠差距。

引用次数: 0

Recommendations for the Use of Behavioral Economic Demand as an Abuse Liability Assessment for Drug Scheduling 使用行为经济需求作为药物计划滥用责任评估的建议

IF 3.8 Q1 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH

Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences

Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/23727322221150197

Mikhail N. Koffarnus

Before being marketed in the United States, novel drugs must undergo evaluation for abuse liability. Drugs with higher abuse liability are assigned a schedule associated with stricter regulatory controls. Behavioral economic demand techniques hold great potential for use as an abuse liability assessment in the scheduling of novel drugs. Advantages of demand analyses include (1) quantitative abuse liability results that allow for relative comparisons and ranking among drugs by abuse liability, (2) the ability to collect analogous measures of abuse liability in both preclinical and human clinical models, and (3) minimal extra work to add demand analyses to those analyses that are already recommended in Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidance. Challenges primarily arise with the standardization of experimental protocols for such assessments, but these challenges may be resolvable with directed work to compare different methodological techniques. If successful, incorporation of these methods could help avoid scheduling errors that are costly to society.

在美国上市之前，新药必须经过滥用责任评估。滥用风险较高的药物被分配了一个与更严格的监管控制相关的时间表。行为经济需求技术在新药调度中作为滥用责任评估具有巨大的潜力。需求分析的优点包括：（1）定量的滥用责任结果，允许按滥用责任对药物进行相对比较和排名；（2）能够在临床前和人类临床模型中收集类似的滥用责任衡量标准，以及（3）将需求分析添加到食品和药物管理局（FDA）指南中已经推荐的分析中的额外工作最少。挑战主要出现在此类评估的实验方案的标准化方面，但这些挑战可以通过比较不同方法技术的直接工作来解决。如果成功，这些方法的结合可以帮助避免对社会造成代价的日程安排错误。

引用次数: 0

Young Adult Mental Health Beyond the COVID-19 Era: Can Enlightened Policy Promote Long-Term Change? 超越 COVID-19 时代的青少年心理健康：开明政策能否促进长期变革？

IF 3.4 Q1 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH

Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences

Pub Date : 2023-03-01 Epub Date: 2023-03-15 DOI: 10.1177/23727322221150199

June Gruber, Stephen P Hinshaw, Lee Anna Clark, Jonathan Rottenberg, Mitchell J Prinstein

The status of mental health for adolescents and young adults has aptly been termed a "crisis" across research, clinical, and policy quarters. Arguably, the status quo provision of mental health services for adolescents and young adults is neither acceptable nor salvageable in its current form. Instead, only a wholesale policy transformation of mental health sciences can address crises of this scope. Pandemic-related impacts on mental health, particularly among young adults, have clearly exposed the need for the mental healthcare field to develop a set of transformative priorities to achieve long overdue, systemic changes: (1) frequent mental health tracking, (2) increased access to mental health care, (3) working with and within communities, (4) collaboration across disciplines and stakeholders, (5) prevention-focused emphasis, (6) use of dimensional descriptions over categorical pronouncements, and (7) addressing systemic inequities. The pandemic required changes in mental healthcare that can and should be the beginning of long-needed reform, calling upon all mental health care disciplines to embrace innovation and relinquish outdated traditions.

青少年心理健康的现状被研究、临床和政策部门恰当地称为 "危机"。可以说，目前为青少年提供心理健康服务的现状既不可接受，也无法挽救。相反，只有对心理健康科学进行全面的政策改革，才能解决如此严重的危机。大流行病对心理健康的影响，尤其是对青壮年心理健康的影响，清楚地揭示了心理保健领域需要制定一套变革性的优先事项，以实现早该实现的系统性变革：(1) 频繁的心理健康跟踪，(2) 增加获得心理保健服务的机会，(3) 与社区合作并在社区内开展工作，(4) 跨学科和利益相关者之间的合作，(5) 以预防为重点，(6) 使用维度描述而不是分类声明，(7) 解决系统性的不公平问题。大流行病要求心理保健领域做出改变，这可以也应该成为长期需要的改革的开端，呼吁所有心理保健学科拥抱创新，放弃过时的传统。

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引用次数: 0

Data Exclusion in Policy Survey and Questionnaire Data: Aberrant Responses and Missingness 政策调查与问卷数据的数据排除:异常反应与缺失

IF 3.8 Q1 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH

Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences

Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/23727322221144650

Maxwell R. Hong, Matthew F. Carter, Casey Kim, Ying Cheng

Data preprocessing is an integral step prior to analyzing data in psychological science, with implications for its potentially guiding policy. This article reports how psychological researchers address data preprocessing or quality concerns, with a focus on aberrant responses and missing data in self-report measures. 240 articles were sampled from four journals: Psychological Science, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Developmental Psychology, and Abnormal Psychology from 2012 to 2018. Nearly half of the studies did not report any missing data treatment (111/240; 46.25%), and if they did, the most common approach was listwise deletion (71/240; 29.6%). Studies that remove data due to missingness removed, on average, 12% of the sample. Likewise, most studies do not report any aberrant responses (194/240; 80%), but if they did, they classified 4% of the sample as suspect. Most studies are either not transparent enough about their data preprocessing steps or may be leveraging suboptimal procedures. Recommendations can improve transparency and data quality.

在心理科学中，数据预处理是分析数据之前不可或缺的一步，对其潜在的指导政策具有影响。本文报告了心理学研究者如何处理数据预处理或质量问题，重点关注自我报告测量中的异常反应和缺失数据。从2012年至2018年，从《心理科学》、《人格与社会心理学》、《发展心理学》和《变态心理学》四种期刊中抽取了240篇文章。近一半的研究没有报告任何缺失的数据处理(111/240;46.25%)，如果有，最常见的方法是按列表删除(71/240;29.6%)。由于缺失而删除数据的研究平均删除了12%的样本。同样，大多数研究没有报告任何异常反应(1994 /240;80%)，但如果他们这样做了，他们将4%的样本归类为可疑样本。大多数研究要么对其数据预处理步骤不够透明，要么可能利用了次优程序。建议可以提高透明度和数据质量。

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