Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences最新文献

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Developmental Neuroscience Informs Policy Related to Migrant and Refugee Children's Mental Health 发展神经科学为移民和难民儿童心理健康相关政策提供信息

Q1 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH

Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences

Pub Date : 2023-10-01 DOI: 10.1177/23727322231193964

Sahana Kribakaran, Emily M. Cohodes, Dylan G. Gee

Migrant and refugee children commonly experience traumatic events and stressful conditions along their migration journeys. Migration-related trauma can have persisting effects on children's mental health. Developmental neuroscience suggests neural mechanisms that connect these experiences to mental health conditions such as post-traumatic stress disorder. This research review, focused on migrant families emigrating from Mexico, Central America, and Haiti and bound for the United States, first overviews the nature of trauma exposure faced by migrant families and next delineates potential neurobiological mechanisms underlying the effects of migration-related trauma on youth mental health. Finally, detailed policy recommendations relate to (1) providing mental health care, (2) addressing chronic stressors in the context of daily life, and (3) preventing migration-related trauma.

移民和难民儿童在其移民旅程中通常会经历创伤事件和压力状况。与移徙有关的创伤可能对儿童的心理健康产生持续影响。发育神经科学提出了将这些经历与精神健康状况(如创伤后应激障碍)联系起来的神经机制。本研究综述聚焦于从墨西哥、中美洲和海地移民到美国的移民家庭，首先概述了移民家庭面临的创伤暴露的性质，然后描述了移民相关创伤对青少年心理健康影响的潜在神经生物学机制。最后，详细的政策建议涉及(1)提供精神卫生保健，(2)解决日常生活中的慢性压力源，以及(3)预防与移民相关的创伤。

引用次数: 1

Sleep, Poverty, and Biological Stress: Mitigating Sleep Health Disparities in Early Childhood 睡眠、贫穷和生理压力:减轻幼儿期睡眠健康差异

Q1 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH

Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences

Pub Date : 2023-10-01 DOI: 10.1177/23727322231199942

Amanda R. Tarullo, Arcadia R. Ewell, Michelle M. Garrison

In the first years of life, poverty increases the risk of sleep problems such as late bedtimes and frequent night awakenings. In turn, children with sleep problems are more likely to go on to have poor physical and mental health outcomes as adults. The development of sleep and biological stress systems is connected, so that sleep problems can lead to abnormal function of the stress hormone cortisol and contribute to enduring socioeconomic health disparities. Sleep also is critical to brain and cognitive development. Sleep practices such as inconsistent bedtime and absence of a bedtime routine are more common in families experiencing poverty and stress. To address early childhood sleep problems, there is an urgent need for policies that help low-income families to access behavioral sleep interventions; provide families with affordable healthcare, housing, and nutrition; and adjust childcare and school practices to support healthy sleep.

在生命的最初几年，贫穷会增加睡眠问题的风险，比如晚睡和频繁的夜间醒来。反过来，有睡眠问题的儿童更有可能在成年后出现身体和精神健康状况不佳的情况。睡眠和生物应激系统的发展是相互关联的，因此睡眠问题可能导致应激激素皮质醇的功能异常，并导致持久的社会经济健康差距。睡眠对大脑和认知能力的发展也至关重要。睡眠习惯，如不一致的就寝时间和缺乏就寝时间，在经历贫困和压力的家庭中更为常见。为了解决儿童早期睡眠问题，迫切需要制定政策，帮助低收入家庭获得行为睡眠干预;为家庭提供负担得起的医疗保健、住房和营养;调整儿童保育和学校实践，以支持健康的睡眠。

引用次数: 0

Promoting Gender-Affirming Care: Challenging Conflation and Embracing Complexity 促进性别确认护理:挑战合并，拥抱复杂性

Q1 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH

Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences

Pub Date : 2023-10-01 DOI: 10.1177/23727322231197148

Melvin L. Rouse

Anti-LGBTQ legislation and policies that restrict access to gender-affirming care for gender-diverse youth have been on the rise. These policies, particularly policies that restrict gender-affirming care for trans and gender-diverse youth, are often based on a narrow interpretation of data and oversimplification of the concepts of sex and gender. Quantitative and qualitative public health data show that queer and gender-diverse youth face significant mental health risks, so they need care and treatment options that address their distinct needs. Recognizing the complexities of sex and gender, inclusive policies should support gender-affirming care for gender-diverse youth. Restrictive legislation and policies based on oversimplified understandings of sex and gender perpetuate discrimination and harm. Policy recommendations include ensuring access to gender-affirming care, providing comprehensive LGBTQ-inclusive education and training for healthcare providers, and ensuring protection against discrimination.

反对lgbtq的立法和政策一直在增加，这些立法和政策限制了性别多元化青年获得性别肯定护理的机会。这些政策，特别是限制对跨性别青年和性别多样化青年的性别肯定护理的政策，往往是基于对数据的狭隘解释和对性和性别概念的过度简化。定量和定性的公共卫生数据表明，酷儿和性别多样化的青年面临着重大的心理健康风险，因此他们需要满足其独特需求的护理和治疗方案。认识到性和社会性别的复杂性，包容性政策应支持对性别多样化青年的性别肯定关怀。基于对性和性别的过分简化的理解的限制性立法和政策使歧视和伤害永久化。政策建议包括确保获得性别肯定护理，为医疗保健提供者提供全面的包容lgbtq的教育和培训，并确保不受歧视。

引用次数: 0

Nicotine as an Environmental Toxin: Implications for Children's Health 尼古丁作为环境毒素:对儿童健康的影响

Q1 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH

Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences

Pub Date : 2023-10-01 DOI: 10.1177/23727322231190588

Lisa M. Gatzke-Kopp, Danielle R. Rice

Despite significant declines in population smoking rates and effective policies to ban smoking in public places, environmental exposure to nicotine remains prevalent among children. Environmental smoke exposure affects children's respiratory, immune, and metabolic health but is also implicated in children's cognitive and behavioral development. Nicotine's chemical properties mimic naturally occurring chemicals in the brain. When nicotine is present during brain development (prenatally through the first five years of life), it alters developmental processes that affect systems involved in cognitive control, impulsivity, and sensitivity to rewarding substances, increasing risks for obesity. Because nicotine is the specific toxin underlying these outcomes, vaping is unlikely to be a safer alternative. Given the rise in vaping among young adults generally, and pregnant women specifically, this exposure represents a public health concern that warrants additional attention. Policies including modernized public health messaging and routine screening could reduce children's inadvertent exposure.

尽管人口吸烟率显著下降，公共场所禁烟政策也行之有效，但儿童在环境中接触尼古丁的情况仍然普遍存在。环境烟雾暴露会影响儿童的呼吸、免疫和代谢健康，但也与儿童的认知和行为发育有关。尼古丁的化学性质类似于大脑中自然产生的化学物质。当尼古丁出现在大脑发育过程中(产前到5岁)，它会改变发育过程，影响认知控制系统、冲动和对奖励物质的敏感性，增加肥胖的风险。因为尼古丁是导致这些结果的特定毒素，所以电子烟不太可能是一种更安全的选择。考虑到年轻人，尤其是孕妇吸电子烟的人数普遍上升，这种接触代表了一个值得进一步关注的公共卫生问题。包括现代化公共卫生信息和常规筛查在内的政策可以减少儿童无意中的接触。

引用次数: 0

Testosterone, Sex, and Sport 睾丸素，性和运动

Q1 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH

Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences

Pub Date : 2023-10-01 DOI: 10.1177/23727322231197583

Kathleen V. Casto, Justin M. Carré

Recent policies banning or limiting the participation of transgender and intersex women from the women's category of sport have called upon the science of testosterone to justify exclusion and define eligibility criteria. Scientific evidence supports a male advantage in sport, substantial sex differences in circulating testosterone, permanent effects on physiology from its long-term exposure, and a dose-dependent sporting advantage to its exogenous use. Yet, evidence connecting these findings has major gaps. Notably, no direct evidence shows that transgender and intersex women have a systematic sport advantage or that testosterone is the causal link. A brief review covers the relevant societal context, the science of testosterone, and the existing data used to support policies of exclusion. Key complexities, gaps in knowledge, and related ethical concerns all point to the need for more rigorous research.

最近的政策禁止或限制跨性别和双性女性参加女子体育项目，这需要睾丸激素科学来证明排除和确定资格标准是合理的。科学证据支持男性在运动中具有优势，循环睾酮存在显著的性别差异，长期接触睾酮对生理产生永久性影响，外源性使用睾酮具有剂量依赖性的运动优势。然而，与这些发现相关的证据存在重大差距。值得注意的是，没有直接证据表明变性人和双性人女性在运动方面有系统性的优势，也没有证据表明睾酮是因果关系。简要回顾了相关的社会背景、睾酮科学以及用于支持排斥政策的现有数据。关键的复杂性、知识的差距以及相关的伦理问题都表明需要进行更严格的研究。

引用次数: 0

Risk for Cannabis Use Disorder in People Who Use Cannabis to Cope with Internalizing Disorders: Implications for Policy and Practice 使用大麻应对内化障碍的人群中大麻使用障碍的风险:对政策和实践的影响

Q1 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH

Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences

Pub Date : 2023-10-01 DOI: 10.1177/23727322231195273

Brandon S. Schermitzler, Thomas J. Preston, Richard J. Macatee

The prevalence of Cannabis Use Disorder (CUD) is increasing in the United States, likely related to increasing cultural and legal acceptance of cannabis. While most cannabis users will not develop a CUD, certain behaviors may increase risk. For example, smoking to cope with anxiety or depressive disorders is associated with higher rates of cannabis use. Users who smoke to cope with these internalizing disorders (anxiety, depression) increase the addictive potential of cannabis. Systems that potentially maintain problematic use in people with internalizing disorders include the reward processing and the stress responsivity systems. Both exhibit neurobiological changes after chronic heavy cannabis use and are affected across internalizing disorders. The shared importance of these systems may warrant several recommendations for policy and practice. Some reexamine cannabis-related policy, invest in local communities, and improve cannabis education.

在美国，大麻使用障碍(CUD)的患病率正在上升，这可能与大麻在文化和法律上的接受度不断提高有关。虽然大多数大麻使用者不会患上CUD，但某些行为可能会增加风险。例如，为应对焦虑或抑郁症而吸烟与大麻使用率较高有关。为了应对这些内在障碍(焦虑、抑郁)而吸烟的使用者增加了大麻上瘾的可能性。在内化障碍患者中潜在维持有问题使用的系统包括奖励处理系统和压力反应系统。两者在长期大量使用大麻后都表现出神经生物学变化，并受到内化障碍的影响。鉴于这些系统的共同重要性，可能需要对政策和实践提出若干建议。一些国家重新审视大麻相关政策，投资当地社区，并改善大麻教育。

引用次数: 0

Contributions of Biobehavioral Sciences to the Study and Prevention of Firearm Violence: Perceived Threat, Cognitive Control, and Firearm Culture 生物行为科学对研究和预防枪支暴力的贡献:感知威胁、认知控制和枪支文化

Q1 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH

Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences

Pub Date : 2023-10-01 DOI: 10.1177/23727322231196498

Edelyn Verona, Melanie Bozzay, Craig J. Bryan

The study and prevention of firearm violence are clearly in the realm of psychology, yet the potential contributions of the biobehavioral sciences to the study of firearm violence are underexplored. Most biobehavioral research has identified individual-level vulnerabilities for violence more broadly, with less focus on how biological risk manifests in the context of firearm culture in particular. Reviewing the literature leads to two main insights: first, the nature of firearm acquisition in the United States (easy access, self-protection motives, and exaggerated perceptions of threat) can itself trigger biobehavioral processes (e.g., threat disruptions in cognitive control) representing a risk for firearm violence. Second, cutting-edge research using digital and biological phenotyping represents a potentially useful approach for tracking and forecasting the momentary risk of firearm violence among high-risk firearm carriers. Policy recommendations informed by the reviewed research can help improve prevention and intervention efforts.

枪支暴力的研究和预防显然属于心理学领域，但生物行为科学对枪支暴力研究的潜在贡献尚未得到充分探索。大多数生物行为研究已经更广泛地确定了个人层面的暴力脆弱性，而较少关注生物风险在枪支文化背景下的表现。回顾文献可以得出两个主要见解:首先，美国枪支获取的性质(容易获取，自我保护动机和夸大的威胁感知)本身可以触发生物行为过程(例如，认知控制中的威胁中断)，这代表了枪支暴力的风险。其次，使用数字和生物表型的前沿研究代表了一种潜在的有用方法，可以跟踪和预测高风险枪支携带者的枪支暴力瞬间风险。经审查的研究提供的政策建议有助于改进预防和干预工作。

引用次数: 0

The Intersection of Racism and Neuroscience Technology: A Cautionary Tale for the Criminal Legal System 种族主义与神经科学技术的交集:刑事法律体系的警世故事

Q1 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH

Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences

Pub Date : 2023-10-01 DOI: 10.1177/23727322231196299

Emily R. Perkins, Daniel E. Bradford, Edelyn Verona, Roy H. Hamilton, Keanan J. Joyner

Neuroscience evidence is appealing as a means to increase “objectivity” and reduce racial disparities in the criminal legal system. However, increasing reliance on defendants’ brain data may instead maintain racial disparities while rendering biases invisible. First, neurobiological data are not any more objective than traditional psychological measures. Second, the complexity and inaccessibility of neuroscience undermines public understanding of what such data can actually say. Third, existing methodologies have limitations when working with hair types and skin colors that are socially coded as Black; these phenotypic biases reduce both the reliability of individual data and the representativeness of comparison groups, skewing interpretations of defendants’ brain data. More research is needed before neuroscience evidence can be considered more probative than prejudicial.

神经科学证据作为一种增加“客观性”和减少刑事法律体系中种族差异的手段很有吸引力。然而，增加对被告大脑数据的依赖可能反而会维持种族差异，同时使偏见变得不可见。首先，神经生物学数据并不比传统的心理学测量更客观。其次，神经科学的复杂性和不可获取性削弱了公众对这些数据实际含义的理解。第三，现有的方法在处理被社会编码为黑色的头发类型和肤色时存在局限性;这些表型偏差降低了个体数据的可靠性和对照组的代表性，扭曲了对被告大脑数据的解释。在神经科学证据被认为是证据而非偏见之前，还需要进行更多的研究。

引用次数: 0

Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback for Mental Health Treatment: A Policy Brief 心理健康治疗的心率变异性生物反馈:政策摘要

IF 3.8 Q1 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH

Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences

Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/23727322221144647

Sonya Kim

The WHO argues that a pharmacy-first approach should no longer be the reflexive treatment for mental health diagnoses. Heart rate variability biofeedback (HRVB) demonstrably treats various conditions—especially effective at regulating emotion, particularly managing and alleviating anger, stress, anxiety, and depression, common co-morbid diagnoses for rehabilitation medicine patients. HRVB trains users to study their biofeedback data in real time, alter bodily functions previously believed to be automatic, and garner health benefits. Despite convenience, relatively low cost, and empowering patients to manage their own symptoms, the current lack of reimbursability, and the lack of Phase III RCTs limit HRVB application. Ideally, the confidence of practitioners, patients, and insurers would follow the known efficacy of HRVB for the treatment of mental health conditions.

世界卫生组织认为，药物优先的方法不应再成为心理健康诊断的反射性治疗方法。心率变异性生物反馈(HRVB)可以治疗多种疾病，在调节情绪方面尤其有效，尤其是控制和减轻愤怒、压力、焦虑和抑郁，这些是康复医学患者常见的合并症诊断。HRVB训练用户实时研究他们的生物反馈数据，改变以前被认为是自动的身体功能，并获得健康益处。尽管使用方便，成本相对较低，并使患者能够控制自己的症状，但目前缺乏可报销性和缺乏III期随机对照试验限制了HRVB的应用。理想情况下，从业人员、患者和保险公司的信心将遵循已知的HRVB治疗精神健康状况的功效。

引用次数: 0

Environmental Uncertainty and Substance Use Disorders: A Behavior Analytic Perspective. 环境不确定性与物质使用障碍:一个行为分析的视角

IF 3.8 Q1 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH

Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences

Pub Date : 2023-03-01 Epub Date: 2023-03-15 DOI: 10.1177/23727322231152451

William S Doyle, Sally L Huskinson

Substance use disorder (SUD) and drug overdose deaths represent major economic, health, and safety issues in the United States. The psychology of uncertainty provides a mechanism for understanding, reducing, and controlling the damage from substance misuse. Illicit drugs (such as heroin or cocaine) are uncertain in their availability, quality, and acquisition (the time and effort required to obtain them) compared with nondrug-related alternatives (such as consumable goods, hobbies, or paychecks). Furthermore, the severity and likelihood of negative outcomes associated with drug use likewise are uncertain. Such uncertainties worsen substance use outcomes. The current review conveys what is known about the impact of uncertainty on substance use: laboratory investigations of uncertain time and effort required to obtain a substance and uncertain drug quality show uncertainty exacerbates harm. Furthermore, uncertain negative outcomes are not likely to deter substance use in individuals with a SUD. Finally, several policy implications include access to agonist medications; creating a safer drug supply; access to clean syringes/needles, naloxone, and safe-injection sites; and ending incarceration for substance use.

物质使用障碍(SUD)和药物过量死亡是美国主要的经济、健康和安全问题。不确定性心理学为理解、减少和控制药物滥用造成的损害提供了一种机制。与非毒品相关的替代品(如消费品、爱好或薪水)相比，非法药物(如海洛因或可卡因)的可得性、质量和获取(获得它们所需的时间和精力)都是不确定的。此外，与药物使用相关的负面结果的严重程度和可能性同样不确定。这种不确定性使药物使用结果恶化。目前的综述传达了已知的不确定性对物质使用的影响:获得物质所需的不确定时间和精力以及不确定的药物质量的实验室调查表明，不确定性加剧了危害。此外，不确定的负面结果不太可能阻止患有SUD的个体使用药物。最后，一些政策影响包括获得激动剂药物;创造更安全的药品供应;获得清洁的注射器/针头、纳洛酮和安全注射点;结束对滥用药物的监禁。

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