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Catalyzing Equity in STEM Teams: Harnessing Generative AI for Inclusion and Diversity. 促进科学、技术、工程和数学团队中的公平:利用生成式人工智能促进包容性和多样性。
IF 3.8 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Epub Date: 2024-02-06 DOI: 10.1177/23727322231220356
Nia Nixon, Yiwen Lin, Lauren Snow

Collaboration is key to STEM, where multidisciplinary team research can solve complex problems. However, inequality in STEM fields hinders their full potential, due to persistent psychological barriers in underrepresented students' experience. This paper documents teamwork in STEM and explores the transformative potential of computational modeling and generative AI in promoting STEM-team diversity and inclusion. Leveraging generative AI, this paper outlines two primary areas for advancing diversity, equity, and inclusion. First, formalizing collaboration assessment with inclusive analytics can capture fine-grained learner behavior. Second, adaptive, personalized AI systems can support diversity and inclusion in STEM teams. Four policy recommendations highlight AI's capacity: formalized collaborative skill assessment, inclusive analytics, funding for socio-cognitive research, human-AI teaming for inclusion training. Researchers, educators, and policymakers can build an equitable STEM ecosystem. This roadmap advances AI-enhanced collaboration, offering a vision for the future of STEM where diverse voices are actively encouraged and heard within collaborative scientific endeavors.

合作是 STEM 的关键,多学科团队研究可以解决复杂的问题。然而,STEM 领域中的不平等现象阻碍了其潜力的充分发挥,原因是代表性不足的学生在学习过程中始终存在心理障碍。本文记录了 STEM 中的团队合作,并探讨了计算建模和生成式人工智能在促进 STEM 团队多样性和包容性方面的变革潜力。利用生成式人工智能,本文概述了促进多样性、公平性和包容性的两个主要领域。首先,通过包容性分析将协作评估正规化,可以捕捉到细粒度的学习者行为。其次,自适应、个性化的人工智能系统可以支持 STEM 团队的多样性和包容性。四项政策建议凸显了人工智能的能力:正规化协作技能评估、包容性分析、资助社会认知研究、人类-人工智能团队包容性培训。研究人员、教育工作者和政策制定者可以建立一个公平的 STEM 生态系统。本路线图推进了人工智能增强型协作,为未来的 STEM 提供了一个愿景,在这个愿景中,不同的声音将在协作性科学努力中得到积极鼓励和倾听。
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引用次数: 0
How Decision Making Develops: Adolescents, Irrational Adults, and Should AI be Trusted With the Car Keys? 决策是如何形成的?青少年、非理性的成年人以及人工智能是否应该被信任地保管车钥匙?
IF 3.8 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-12-28 DOI: 10.1177/23727322231220423
Sarah M. Edelson, Jordan E. Roue, Aadya Singh, Valerie F. Reyna
This paper reviews the developmental literature on decision making, discussing how increased reliance on gist thinking explains the surprising finding that important cognitive biases increase from childhood to adulthood. This developmental trend can be induced experimentally by encouraging verbatim (younger) versus gist (older) ways of thinking. We then build on this developmental literature to assess the developmental stage of artificial intelligence (AI) and how its decision making compares with humans, finding that popular models are not only irrational but they sometimes resemble immature adolescents. To protect public safety and avoid risk, we propose that AI models build on policy frameworks already established to regulate other immature decision makers such as adolescents.
本文回顾了有关决策制定的发展文献,讨论了对要点思维依赖的增加如何解释重要认知偏差从童年到成年会增加这一惊人发现。通过鼓励逐字逐句(年轻时)与要点(年长时)思维方式的对比,可以在实验中诱发这种发展趋向。然后,我们在这一发展文献的基础上,评估人工智能(AI)的发展阶段及其决策制定与人类的比较,发现流行的模型不仅不合理,而且有时与不成熟的青少年相似。为了保护公共安全和避免风险,我们建议人工智能模型以已经建立的政策框架为基础,对青少年等其他不成熟的决策者进行监管。
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引用次数: 0
Supporting Multilingualism in Immigrant Children: An Integrative Approach 支持移民儿童使用多种语言:综合方法
IF 3.8 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-12-21 DOI: 10.1177/23727322231220633
Adriana Weisleder, Alejandra Reinoso, Murielle Standley, Krystal Alvarez-Hernandez, Anele Villanueva
Immigrant children are a growing and demographically important segment of the world's population. One key aspect of immigrant children's experience is navigating multiple languages, creating both opportunities, and challenges. However, the literature on bilingualism rarely centers the experiences of immigrant children. Focusing on immigrant children in the United States, this article brings together cognitive science research on bilingualism with the integrative risk and resilience model of adaptation in immigrant-origin children to elucidate how common contexts that immigrant children encounter can support or discourage multilingualism. Policy must consider immigrant children's intersecting identities—both as immigrants and as learners of minoritized, and often racialized, languages. A proposed framework can guide policies to support multilingualism in immigrant children, with downstream consequences for their health and development.
移民儿童是世界人口中日益增长的重要组成部分。移民儿童经历的一个重要方面是学习多种语言,这既带来了机遇,也带来了挑战。然而,有关双语的文献很少以移民儿童的经历为中心。本文以美国移民儿童为研究对象,将双语认知科学研究与移民儿童适应性的风险和复原力综合模型相结合,阐明移民儿童遇到的常见环境如何支持或阻碍他们使用多种语言。政策必须考虑移民儿童的多重身份--既是移民,又是少数民族语言的学习者,而且往往是种族化语言的学习者。建议的框架可以指导政策支持移民儿童使用多种语言,并对他们的健康和发展产生下游影响。
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引用次数: 0
Designing for Sensory Adaptation: What You See Depends on What You’ve Been Looking at - Recommendations, Guidelines and Standards Should Reflect This 感官适应性设计:你所看到的取决于你一直在看什么--建议、指南和标准应反映这一点
IF 3.8 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-12-18 DOI: 10.1177/23727322231220494
Michael A. Webster, Mohana Kuppuswamy Parthasarathy, Margarita L. Zuley, Andriy I. Bandos, Lorne Whitehead, C. K. Abbey
Sensory systems continuously recalibrate their responses according to the current stimulus environment. As a result, perception is strongly affected by the current and recent context. These adaptative changes affect both sensitivity (e.g., habituating to noise, seeing better in the dark) and appearance (e.g., how things look, what catches attention) and adjust to many perceptual properties (e.g., from light level to the characteristics of someone's face). They therefore have a profound effect on most perceptual experiences, and on how well the senses work in different settings. Characterizing the properties of adaptation, how it manifests, and when it influences perception in modern environments can provide insights into the diversity of human experience. Adaptation could also be leveraged both to optimize perceptual abilities (e.g., in visual inspection tasks like radiology) and to mitigate unwanted consequences (e.g., exposure to potentially unhealthy stimulus environments).
感官系统会根据当前的刺激环境不断重新调整其反应。因此,感知会受到当前和近期环境的强烈影响。这些适应性变化既影响灵敏度(如习惯噪音、在黑暗中看得更清楚),也影响外观(如事物的外观、吸引注意力的东西),并对许多知觉特性(如从光线亮度到某人脸部特征)进行调整。因此,它们对大多数感知体验以及感官在不同环境下的工作状态都有着深远的影响。了解适应的特性、表现形式以及何时影响现代环境中的感知,有助于深入了解人类体验的多样性。适应性还可用于优化感知能力(如在放射学等视觉检查任务中)和减轻不必要的后果(如暴露在可能不健康的刺激环境中)。
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引用次数: 0
Reaching Students with Reading Disabilities During the Summer 暑期帮助有阅读障碍的学生
IF 3.8 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-12-18 DOI: 10.1177/23727322231220636
Joanna A. Christodoulou, Adriana M. Azor, Rebecca A. Marks
The extended summer break from school brings a renewed opportunity to offer high-quality literacy experiences to vulnerable readers, including children with reading disabilities (RD). Students with RD trail their peers in reading progress during the school year; the summer months present an opportunity to address the gap in reading achievement. Policy makers can support reading achievement during summer vacation empowered by interdisciplinary knowledge spanning cognitive neuroscience and education. The science of brain plasticity emphasizes the requirement of impactful reading experiences, especially for word-level skills, toward building reading brain networks. A review of research on summer programming and current policies culminates in recommendations to capitalize on summer opportunities to advance reading achievement.
延长的暑假为弱势读者(包括阅读障碍儿童 (RD))提供了一个新的机会,使他们能够获得高质量的识字体验。有阅读障碍的学生在学年中的阅读进度落后于他们的同龄人;而暑期则是解决阅读成绩差距的一个机会。政策制定者可以利用认知神经科学和教育学的跨学科知识来支持暑假期间的阅读成就。大脑可塑性科学强调了有影响力的阅读体验的必要性,特别是对于单词层面的技能,以建立阅读大脑网络。通过对暑期课程研究和现行政策的回顾,最终提出了利用暑期机会提高阅读成绩的建议。
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引用次数: 0
ED-AI Lit: An Interdisciplinary Framework for AI Literacy in Education ED-AI Lit:人工智能教育素养跨学科框架
IF 3.8 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-12-18 DOI: 10.1177/23727322231220339
Laura Kristen Allen, Panayiota Kendeou
Artificial intelligence (AI) is a transformative force in education. Realizing the full potential of AI in education requires a multidisciplinary and holistic AI literacy framework that can inform research, practice, and policy. This novel ED-AI Lit framework includes six components: Knowledge, Evaluation, Collaboration, Contextualization, Autonomy, and Ethics. This framework stresses the importance of developing a deep understanding of how AI systems function, critically evaluating their implications, and fostering collaborative relationships between individuals and AI.
人工智能(AI)是教育领域的变革力量。要充分发挥人工智能在教育领域的潜力,需要一个多学科的、全面的人工智能素养框架,为研究、实践和政策提供依据。这个新颖的教育-人工智能素养框架包括六个组成部分:知识(Knowledge)、评估(Evaluation)、合作(Collaboration)、情境(Contextualization)、自主(Autonomy)和伦理(Ethics)。该框架强调了深入了解人工智能系统如何运作、批判性地评估其影响以及促进个人与人工智能之间合作关系的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Attention Failures Cause Workplace Accidents: Why Workers Ignore Hazards and What To Do About It 注意力不集中导致工伤事故:工人忽视危险的原因及应对措施
IF 3.8 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-12-13 DOI: 10.1177/23727322231218190
Brian A. Anderson, Namgyun Kim, Laurent Gregoire, Niya Yan, Changbum Ryan Ahn
Accidents readily occur when workers are not attentive to the hazards of their work. For some professionals, such as workers in the construction and mining industry, exposure to workplace hazards occurs on a daily basis. Such repetitive exposure to workplace hazards poses unique challenges for the attention of workers. This review explores how, in the absence of negative consequences, repetitive exposure to hazards decreases attention to them. Recommendations, informed by the science of attention, suggest how to combat the tendency to ignore frequently-exposed hazards and restore worker vigilance, thereby reducing the frequency of workplace accidents. Experiential training incorporating virtual reality holds some promise.
如果工人不注意工作中的危险,就很容易发生事故。对于一些专业人员来说,例如建筑和采矿业的工人,每天都会接触到工作场所的危险。这种重复接触工作场所危险的情况对工人的注意力提出了独特的挑战。本综述探讨了在没有负面影响的情况下,重复接触危险如何降低对危险的注意力。根据注意力科学提出的建议,提出了如何克服忽视经常暴露的危险的倾向,恢复工人的警惕性,从而减少工伤事故的发生频率。结合虚拟现实技术的体验式培训大有可为。
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引用次数: 0
No Simple Solutions to Complex Problems: Cognitive Science Principles Can Guide but Not Prescribe Educational Decisions 复杂问题没有简单的解决方案:认知科学原则可以指导但不能规定教育决策
IF 3.8 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-12-13 DOI: 10.1177/23727322231218906
Veronica X. Yan, Faria Sana, Paulo F. Carvalho
Cognitive science of learning points to solutions for making use of existing study and instruction time more effectively and efficiently. However, solutions are not and cannot be one-size-fits-all. This paper outlines the danger of overreliance on specific strategies as one-size-fits-all recommendations and highlights instead the cognitive learning processes that facilitate meaningful and long-lasting learning. Three of the most commonly recommended strategies from cognitive science provide a starting point; understanding the underlying processes allows us to tailor these recommendations to implement at the right time, in the right way, for the right content, and for the right students. Recommendations regard teacher training, the funding and incentivizing of educational interventions, guidelines for the development of educational technologies, and policies that focus on using existing instructional time more wisely.
学习认知科学为更有效和高效地利用现有的学习和教学时间指出了解决方案。然而,解决方案不是也不可能是 "一刀切 "的。本文概述了过度依赖具体策略作为 "一刀切 "建议的危险,并强调了促进有意义和持久学习的认知学习过程。认知科学中最常推荐的三种策略为我们提供了一个起点;了解其基本过程可以让我们调整这些建议,以便在正确的时间、以正确的方式、针对正确的内容、为正确的学生实施这些建议。这些建议涉及教师培训、教育干预措施的资助和激励、教育技术开发指南以及注重更合理地利用现有教学时间的政策。
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引用次数: 0
Memory Can Define Individual Beliefs and Identity—and Shape Society 记忆可以定义个人信仰和身份,并塑造社会
IF 3.8 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-12-13 DOI: 10.1177/23727322231220258
Christopher R. Madan
Memory profoundly define individual beliefs and identity, shaping how societies make decisions. Five key memory phenomena include—first impressions and the primacy effect, risky decision-making and memory availability, information reliability and source memory, music preferences and the reminiscence bump, and long-term planning and episodic future thinking. Each phenomenon is explored for its impact on policy, revealing the profound ways that memory biases and processes shape critical societal choices, such as judicial decisions, hiring practices, financial planning, and pro-environmental behavior. Although memory's importance in daily life is widely recognized, its central role in shaping self-identity and influencing societal structures is often underestimated. Memory biases, evident in various aspects, from cultural exposures to decision-making heuristics, play a pivotal role in individual and collective behavior. These biases, often manifesting subtly, guide the formation of beliefs and preferences, with strong implications for policy making. Taken together, this work advocates for a multidisciplinary approach to bridge memory theory and policy practice.
记忆深刻地定义了个人信仰和身份,影响着社会的决策方式。五种关键的记忆现象包括--第一印象和优先效应、风险决策和记忆可用性、信息可靠性和来源记忆、音乐偏好和回忆碰撞,以及长期规划和外显未来思维。我们探讨了每种现象对政策的影响,揭示了记忆偏差和记忆过程对关键社会选择的深刻影响,如司法决策、雇佣实践、财务规划和环保行为。虽然记忆在日常生活中的重要性已得到广泛认可,但它在塑造自我认同和影响社会结构方面的核心作用却往往被低估。记忆偏差体现在各个方面,从文化接触到决策启发式,在个人和集体行为中发挥着举足轻重的作用。这些偏差往往以微妙的方式表现出来,引导着信念和偏好的形成,对政策制定具有重大影响。综上所述,这项工作主张采用多学科方法,在记忆理论和政策实践之间架起一座桥梁。
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引用次数: 0
Reading Comprehension and Constructive Learning: Policy Considerations in the Age of Artificial Intelligence 阅读理解与建设性学习:人工智能时代的政策考量
IF 3.8 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-12-13 DOI: 10.1177/23727322231218891
Kathryn S. McCarthy, Eleanor F. Yan
Although reading in the digital age looks different than in the past (e.g., on a screen, shorter texts spread across multiple sources), reading continues to be a central part of everyday life. Research in reading comprehension shows that this type of modern reading requires more complex knowledge building inference processes that are difficult for many adolescents and adults. Constructive and personalized learning activities can support readers’ knowledge building. Researchers have been using artificial intelligence (AI) to make these types of activities more effective and accessible. Emerging directions and considerations also result from the introduction of generative AI. Increased collaboration across researchers, developers, educators, and policymakers would afford empirically supported research, development, and implementation that can keep pace with the quickly evolving technological landscape.
尽管数字时代的阅读与过去有所不同(例如,在屏幕上阅读,短文散见于多个来源),但阅读仍然是日常生活的核心部分。阅读理解方面的研究表明,这种类型的现代阅读需要更复杂的知识构建推理过程,这对许多青少年和成年人来说都是困难的。建设性和个性化的学习活动可以帮助读者构建知识。研究人员一直在利用人工智能(AI)使这类活动更有效、更方便。生成式人工智能的引入也带来了新的方向和考虑因素。加强研究人员、开发人员、教育工作者和政策制定者之间的合作,将为研究、开发和实施提供经验支持,从而跟上快速发展的技术领域的步伐。
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引用次数: 0
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Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences
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