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Cognition is a Critical Vital Sign for Older Adults: The Need for Early Detection of Cognitive Impairment is Now 认知是老年人的重要生命体征:现在需要早期发现认知障碍
IF 3.8 Q1 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2022-09-10 DOI: 10.1177/23727322221110261
R. Hilsabeck, L. Lacritz, M. Colvin, P. Espe-Pfeifer, S. Sperling, P. Arnett, W. Perry
The number of older adults in America is increasing every year, and in just over one decade, people aged 65 and older will surpass the number of children under age 18 for the first time in history. Along with the aging of America comes increase in the prevalence of cognitive impairment because age is the primary risk factor for neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer disease and related disorders. There is an urgent need to identify cognitive impairment as early as possible so interventions can be deployed to reduce the associated medical, behavioral, and economic burden on patients, families, and society in general. Launching public health campaigns, investing in a workforce that is trained and incentivized to detect and manage cognitive impairment, and leveraging technology to facilitate and improve early detection are a few strategies that may help address this growing healthcare crisis.
美国老年人的数量每年都在增加,在短短十年多的时间里,65岁及以上的人将有史以来首次超过18岁以下的儿童。随着美国的老龄化,认知障碍的患病率也在增加,因为年龄是阿尔茨海默病和相关疾病等神经退行性疾病的主要风险因素。迫切需要尽早发现认知障碍,以便采取干预措施来减轻患者、家庭和整个社会的相关医疗、行为和经济负担。发起公共卫生运动,投资于一支受过培训和激励的劳动力队伍,以检测和管理认知障碍,并利用技术促进和改进早期检测,这些策略可能有助于解决这场日益严重的医疗危机。
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引用次数: 1
Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback for Substance Use Disorder: Health Policy Implications 药物使用障碍的心率变异性生物反馈:健康政策影响
IF 3.8 Q1 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2022-09-10 DOI: 10.1177/23727322221113037
S. Wieman, D. Eddie
Substance use disorder (SUD) exacts massive individual and public health burdens, in part because of its relapsing nature. First-line SUD treatments aim to strengthen affective and cognitive control to help individuals override impulses to use alcohol and other drugs, yet automatic physiological processes compromised by SUD interact with affective states and the environment, compromising effortful cognitive control and undermining attempts to avoid substance use. While existing first-line SUD treatments may indirectly help offset these vulnerabilities, none target them. Heart rate variability biofeedback (HRVB) involves rhythmic breathing that directly targets these deficits, complementing first-line SUD treatments. HRVB has evolved from a clinic-based treatment to an ambulatory intervention utilizing wearable biosensors and smartphone applications with capacity for just-in-time support of affective and behavioral self-regulation. There is evidence supporting the efficacy of HRVB for SUD, but more research is needed to fully assess HRVB's potential to support SUD recovery and inform policy.
物质使用障碍(SUD)造成了巨大的个人和公共卫生负担,部分原因是其复发性。一线SUD治疗旨在加强情感和认知控制,帮助个体克服使用酒精和其他药物的冲动,然而,SUD损害的自动生理过程与情感状态和环境相互作用,损害了努力的认知控制,破坏了避免物质使用的尝试。虽然现有的一线SUD治疗可能间接帮助抵消这些弱点,但没有针对它们。心率变异性生物反馈(HRVB)涉及有节奏的呼吸,直接针对这些缺陷,补充一线SUD治疗。HRVB已经从基于临床的治疗演变为利用可穿戴生物传感器和智能手机应用程序的动态干预,具有及时支持情感和行为自我调节的能力。有证据支持HRVB对SUD的疗效,但需要更多的研究来充分评估HRVB支持SUD恢复的潜力并为政策提供信息。
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引用次数: 0
Behavioral Economic Demand: How Simulated Behavioral Tasks Can Inform Health Policy 行为经济需求:模拟行为任务如何为卫生政策提供信息
IF 3.8 Q1 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2022-09-10 DOI: 10.1177/23727322221118668
Derek D. Reed, Brett W. Gelino, J. Strickland
Consumers decide what to purchase, under conditions of constraint (e.g., commodity price). According to behavioral economic demand, commodity purchase task (CPT) can measure hypothetical decisions about purchases under varied simulated policy conditions (e.g., introduction of new cigarette taxes, happy hour drinking specials). These tasks permit rapid data collection without sacrificing methodological rigor or the validity of conclusions reached. The CPT allows researchers to simulate new policies, to determine their relative risks and benefits, thus offering an opportunity to optimize prior to rollout. Behavioral outcomes related to consumer purchases also make the CPT data readily translatable to policymakers, including constituent health behavior. This article provides a background on CPTs, a review of literature related to policy-aimed CPTs, and a start on best practices for other behavioral scientists interested in applying CPT to inform public policy efforts. It also serves as a primer for policymakers seeking to evaluate usage of this tool.
消费者在约束条件下(如商品价格)决定购买什么。根据行为经济需求,商品购买任务(CPT)可以衡量在不同的模拟政策条件下(例如,引入新的香烟税,欢乐时光饮料特价)关于购买的假设决策。这些任务允许在不牺牲方法严谨性或得出结论的有效性的情况下快速收集数据。CPT允许研究人员模拟新政策,以确定其相对风险和收益,从而提供在推出之前进行优化的机会。与消费者购买相关的行为结果也使CPT数据易于向决策者翻译,包括组成部分的健康行为。本文介绍了CPT的背景,回顾了与政策导向的CPT相关的文献,并为其他有兴趣将CPT应用于公共政策工作的行为科学家提供了最佳实践的开始。它还为寻求评估这一工具使用情况的政策制定者提供了参考。
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引用次数: 7
Increasing Stress Resilience in Difficult Times: Integrating Proven Practices from Biofeedback and Psychotherapy 在困难时期提高抗压能力:整合生物反馈和心理治疗的实践
IF 3.8 Q1 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2022-09-10 DOI: 10.1177/23727322221118936
P. Steffen, D. Bartlett
People across the country are experiencing significant levels of stress across most areas of life, including economic (jobs and inflation), health (epidemics), social and relationship issues, and international conflicts and political strife. People want to cope better but the amount of information available on stress management is staggering, confusing, and sometimes contradictory. Drawing from empirically supported intervention research that integrates biofeedback and psychotherapy approaches, three simple practices can help clients build stress resilience: balancing life demands with equanimity, becoming more aware but less worried, and actively engaging in flexible coping strategies. These three practices are straightforward to learn and easy to do as part of daily life. Although these approaches are typically administered individually in psychotherapeutic settings, there is significant potential in using a community approach to intervention. Most importantly, these techniques are proven, cheap, and have no side effects and can be easily administered using online website instruction and smartphone assessment technology.
全国各地的人们在生活的大部分领域都面临着巨大的压力,包括经济(就业和通货膨胀)、健康(流行病)、社会和关系问题,以及国际冲突和政治冲突。人们希望更好地应对,但关于压力管理的信息数量惊人、令人困惑,有时甚至自相矛盾。根据经验支持的综合生物反馈和心理治疗方法的干预研究,三种简单的做法可以帮助客户建立压力恢复力:平静地平衡生活需求,变得更加清醒但不那么担心,以及积极采取灵活的应对策略。这三种做法学习起来很简单,作为日常生活的一部分也很容易做到。尽管这些方法通常在心理治疗环境中单独使用,但使用社区方法进行干预有很大的潜力。最重要的是,这些技术经过验证,价格低廉,没有副作用,可以使用在线网站指导和智能手机评估技术轻松管理。
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引用次数: 2
Behavior Analysis in the War on Poverty: The Therapeutic Workplace Wage Supplement Program 反贫困战争中的行为分析:治疗性工作场所工资补充计划
IF 3.8 Q1 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2022-09-10 DOI: 10.1177/23727322221119990
Shrinidhi Subramaniam, August F. Holtyn, K. Silverman
Poverty presents a profound burden on health. Financial incentives can shape behavior to benefit individuals living in poverty and to benefit society. As current research shows, large-scale wage supplement programs (i.e., those that provide cash assistance for working) can sometimes increase employment, but tend not to address health problems like addiction. As proof of concept, the Therapeutic Workplace intervention treated addiction, increased employment, and reduced poverty in adults with long-term unemployment and opioid use disorder. The Therapeutic Workplace also developed academic skills, encouraged job readiness, enhanced engagement with employment services, and improved mood and quality of life. Granted, in this and similar trials, some participants did not become employed and many relapsed to drug use or were unemployed after the intervention ended. Continued battles in the war on poverty include identifying evidence-based methods to promote steady employment in high-wage jobs and maintaining positive health outcomes long term.
贫穷对健康造成严重负担。财政激励可以塑造行为,使生活在贫困中的个人和社会受益。正如目前的研究表明,大规模的工资补助计划(即那些为工作提供现金援助的计划)有时可以增加就业,但往往不能解决成瘾等健康问题。作为概念的证明,治疗性工作场所干预治疗成瘾,增加就业,并减少长期失业和阿片类药物使用障碍的成年人的贫困。治疗工作场所还培养了学术技能,鼓励就业准备,增强了与就业服务的接触,改善了情绪和生活质量。当然,在这个和类似的试验中,一些参与者没有找到工作,许多人在干预结束后再次吸毒或失业。在向贫困宣战的持续战斗中,包括确定以证据为基础的方法,促进高工资工作的稳定就业,并长期保持积极的健康成果。
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引用次数: 0
Limitations of the Sum-and-Alpha Approach to Measurement in Behavioral Research 行为研究中Sum和Alpha测量方法的局限性
IF 3.8 Q1 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2022-09-10 DOI: 10.1177/23727322221117144
Daniel M. McNeish
Many behavioral researchers are interested in measuring constructs such as mood, affect, or cognition—all of which cannot be observed directly. Instead, researchers administer items from surveys, tests, or scales to indirectly measure aspects of the construct. Psychometrics is a branch of statistics dedicated to determining whether scores created from item responses are reasonably capturing the intended construct. However, several review papers have shown that behavioral research frequently does not engage with psychometrics and instead creates scores by assigning numerical values to item responses, summing item responses, and reporting reliability of summed scores without any assessment of whether scores are valid. Despite the popularity of this approach, it can limit the informativeness and generalizability of conclusions in behavioral research. The goal of this paper is to raise awareness of these issues with policymakers and other consumers of research and to encourage producers of research to consider readily available, more rigorous approaches.
许多行为研究人员对测量情绪、情感或认知等结构感兴趣——所有这些都无法直接观察到。相反,研究人员管理调查、测试或量表中的项目,以间接测量结构的各个方面。心理测量学是统计学的一个分支,专门用于确定根据项目反应创建的分数是否合理地反映了预期结构。然而,几篇综述论文表明,行为研究通常不涉及心理测量学,而是通过为项目反应分配数值、对项目反应求和以及报告求和分数的可靠性来创建分数,而不评估分数是否有效。尽管这种方法很受欢迎,但它会限制行为研究中结论的信息性和可推广性。本文的目标是提高决策者和其他研究消费者对这些问题的认识,并鼓励研究生产者考虑现成的、更严格的方法。
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引用次数: 3
Biofeedback and Health Evidence-Based Biofeedback and Neurofeedback for People with Epilepsy and Seiz 生物反馈与健康基于证据的生物反馈和癫痫患者的神经反馈
IF 3.8 Q1 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2022-06-21 DOI: 10.1177/23727322221108508
Robert P. Turner
Epilepsy is the fourth most common neurological disorder worldwide despite many anti-seizure medications. Biofeedback (BFB) and neurofeedback (NFB) have shown significant promise since the 1960s to improve seizure control, abnormalities in electroencephalography (EEG) and quantitative-EEG, and quality of life. Epilepsy is a disease of brain networks and BFB/NFB is a non-invasive, brain-centered, low-risk, low-cost, and reliable treatment for people with seizures/epilepsy and especially since standard seizure medications and epilepsy surgery often do not result in complete seizure control. Neuroscience healthcare clinician experience and a 60-year literature foundation show that BFB/NFB to improve brain dysregulation and abnormal network dynamics are known to be at the root of seizures/epilepsy. BFB/NFB trains individuals to self-regulate brain activity through real-time performance feedback. An exhaustive literature review for NFB/BFB and seizures/epilepsy (1960s–present) yielded 150 articles documenting improvements in seizures and EEG/QEEG abnormalities. Clinicians, insurers, and the public should support BFB/NFB as a first-line intervention for seizures/epilepsy.
癫痫是世界上第四大最常见的神经系统疾病,尽管有许多抗癫痫药物。自20世纪60年代以来,生物反馈(BFB)和神经反馈(NFB)在改善癫痫发作控制、脑电图(EEG)和定量脑电图(EEG)异常和生活质量方面表现出了显著的前景。癫痫是一种大脑网络疾病,BFB/NFB是一种非侵入性、以大脑为中心、低风险、低成本和可靠的治疗方法,特别是因为标准的癫痫药物和癫痫手术通常不能完全控制癫痫发作。神经科学保健临床医生的经验和60年的文献基础表明,BFB/NFB改善大脑失调和异常网络动力学是已知的癫痫发作/癫痫的根源。BFB/NFB通过实时表现反馈训练个体自我调节大脑活动。对NFB/BFB和癫痫发作/癫痫(20世纪60年代至今)的文献进行了详尽的回顾,得出150篇文章,记录了癫痫发作和EEG/QEEG异常的改善。临床医生、保险公司和公众应该支持BFB/NFB作为癫痫发作/癫痫的一线干预措施。
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引用次数: 1
Bilingual Language Development in Infancy: What Can We Do to Support Bilingual Families? 幼儿双语语言发展:我们如何支持双语家庭?
IF 3.4 Q1 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2022-03-01 Epub Date: 2022-02-23 DOI: 10.1177/23727322211069312
Laia Fibla, Jessica E Kosie, Ruth Kircher, Casey Lew-Williams, Krista Byers-Heinlein

Many infants and children around the world grow up exposed to two or more languages. Their success in learning each of their languages is a direct consequence of the quantity and quality of their everyday language experience, including at home, in daycare and preschools, and in the broader community context. Here, we discuss how research on early language learning can inform policies that promote successful bilingual development across the varied contexts in which infants and children live and learn. Throughout our discussions, we highlight that each individual child's experience is unique. In fact, it seems that there are as many ways to grow up bilingual as there are bilingual children. To promote successful bilingual development, we need policies that acknowledge this variability and support frequent exposure to high-quality experience in each of a child's languages.

世界各地的许多婴儿和儿童在成长过程中接触到两种或两种以上的语言。他们在学习每种语言方面的成功是他们日常语言体验的数量和质量的直接结果,包括在家里、日托中心和幼儿园,以及在更广泛的社区环境中。在这里,我们讨论了早期语言学习的研究如何为政策提供信息,以促进婴儿和儿童在不同的生活和学习环境中成功的双语发展。在整个讨论过程中,我们强调每个孩子的经历都是独一无二的。事实上,双语儿童似乎有很多双语成长的方法。为了促进成功的双语发展,我们需要承认这种可变性的政策,并支持经常接触儿童每种语言的高质量体验。
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引用次数: 0
Promoting Fair and Just School Environments: Developing Inclusive Youth. 促进公平公正的学校环境:培养包容性青年
IF 3.4 Q1 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2022-03-01 Epub Date: 2022-02-23 DOI: 10.1177/23727322211073795
Melanie Killen, Adam Rutland

Incidents of prejudice and discrimination in K-12 schools have increased over the past decade around the world, including the U.S. In 2018, more than two-thirds of the 2,776 U.S. educators surveyed reported witnessing a hate or bias incident in their school. Children and adolescents who experience prejudice, social exclusion and discrimination are subject to compromised well-being and low academic achievement. Few educators feel prepared to incorporate this topic into the education curriculum. Given the long-term harm related to experiencing social exclusion and discrimination, school districts need to create positive school environments and directly address prejudice and bias. Several factors are currently undermining progress in this area. First, national debates in the U.S. and other countries has politicized the topic of creating fair and just school environments. Second, the Covid pandemic has interrupted children's and adolescents' education by halting academic progress which has particularly negatively affected students from marginalized and ethnic/racial minority backgrounds. Third, teachers have experienced significant stress during Covid-19 with an increase in anxiety around virtual instruction and communication with parents. Three strategies recommended to address these converging problems include creating inclusive and non-discriminatory policies for schools, promoting opportunities for intergroup contact and mutual respect, and implementing evidence-based, developmentally appropriate education programs designed to reduce prejudice, increase ethnic and racial identity, and promote equity, fairness and justice in school environments.

在过去十年中,包括美国在内的世界各地,K-12学校的偏见和歧视事件有所增加。2018年,在接受调查的2776名美国教育工作者中,超过三分之二的人报告说,他们在学校目睹了仇恨或偏见事件。遭受偏见、社会排斥和歧视的儿童和青少年往往福祉受损,学业成绩低下。很少有教育者愿意将这个话题纳入教育课程。鉴于遭受社会排斥和歧视的长期危害,学区需要创造积极的学校环境,并直接解决偏见和偏见。目前有几个因素正在破坏这一领域的进展。首先,在美国和其他国家的全国性辩论中,创造公平和公正的学校环境的话题已经政治化。其次,2019冠状病毒病大流行中断了儿童和青少年的教育,阻碍了他们的学业进步,这对边缘化和少数民族/种族背景的学生产生了特别不利的影响。第三,教师在新冠肺炎期间承受了巨大压力,在虚拟教学和与家长沟通方面的焦虑增加。为解决这些问题,建议采取三项策略,包括为学校制定包容和非歧视的政策,促进群体间接触和相互尊重的机会,以及实施以证据为基础、适合发展的教育计划。预计这些策略将有助于减少偏见,增加民族和种族认同(ERI),并促进学校环境中的公平、公平和正义。
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引用次数: 0
From the Womb into the World: Protecting the Fetal Brain from Maternal Stress During Pregnancy 从女性走向世界:保护胎儿大脑免受孕期母体压力
IF 3.8 Q1 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2022-02-23 DOI: 10.1177/23727322211068024
Marion I. van den Heuvel
No other period in a child's life matches the speed of brain development than the first nine months in the womb. Rapid growth goes hand in hand with enormous potential, but also with great vulnerability. This policy-focused review focuses on maternal mental health as a key factor for fetal brain development. Already during pregnancy, the fetal brain wires differently when exposed to maternal stress, and children prenatally exposed to stress have a higher risk of developing neurodevelopmental disorders. Maternal prenatal stress is preventable, treatable, and tractable by policy. Research-based, policy recommends: (1) screening for maternal mental health issues throughout pregnancy, (2) encourage talking about prenatal mental health, (3) evidence-based interventions for pregnant women with mental health issues, (4) avoiding stress-inducing communication towards pregnant women, and (5) stimulating positive postnatal parenting. Investing in healthy pregnancies will improve fetal brain growth, and, ultimately lead to a healthier next generation.
孩子在子宫里的头九个月是大脑发育速度最快的时期。快速增长伴随着巨大的潜力,但也伴随着巨大的脆弱性。这项以政策为重点的审查侧重于母亲心理健康作为胎儿大脑发育的关键因素。在怀孕期间,胎儿的大脑在暴露于母亲的压力下会产生不同的反应,而产前暴露于压力下的孩子患神经发育障碍的风险更高。产妇产前压力可以通过政策预防、治疗和处理。以研究为基础的政策建议:(1)在整个怀孕期间筛查孕产妇心理健康问题;(2)鼓励谈论产前心理健康;(3)对有心理健康问题的孕妇采取循证干预措施;(4)避免对孕妇进行导致压力的沟通;(5)鼓励积极的产后育儿。投资于健康的怀孕将促进胎儿的大脑发育,并最终带来更健康的下一代。
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引用次数: 4
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