Pub Date : 2021-08-04DOI: 10.1080/24701475.2021.1959213
Haiqing Yu
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Pub Date : 2021-07-26DOI: 10.1080/24701475.2021.1953885
Kira Allmann
How is social media archiving, filtering, and sorting the digital artifacts of our pasts? what do these algorithmic processes mean for our human conception of memory and memory practices in everyday life? Social Media and the Automatic Production of Memory offers an expansive series of provocations in a compact volume, one of Bristol University Press’s “Shorts” Research publications. Ben Jacobsen and David Beer are well-placed to pose these questions as sociologists at the University of York, whose work on memory, metrics and techno-social transformations moors empirical research to critical theory and to emerging theories of data and the self. The book interweaves a comprehensive literature review with a short overview of empirical findings from a larger qualitative research project exploring people’s experiences and perceptions of algorithmic systems in their remem-brance of the past. Highlighting the algorithmic interaction of classification and ranking that work together to define and resurface “memories” on digital devices and platforms, the book introduces a useful vocabulary for making sense of our abounding, algorithmically mediated personal repositories of remembering stored in social media archives. The introduction sets out core preoccupation the authors – namely, titular production memory. this automation, memories identified, certain meanings values, then at that social media authors walter Benjamin an “digging,” active past. when ourselves, result algorithmic
社交媒体是如何归档、过滤和分类我们过去的数字产物的?这些算法过程对我们人类的记忆概念和日常生活中的记忆实践意味着什么?《社交媒体和记忆的自动生成》是布里斯托尔大学出版社的“短”研究出版物之一，在一个紧凑的卷中提供了一系列广泛的挑衅。作为约克大学(University of York)的社会学家，本·雅各布森(Ben Jacobsen)和大卫·比尔(David Beer)非常适合提出这些问题，他们在记忆、指标和技术社会转型方面的研究将实证研究推向了批判理论和新兴的数据与自我理论。这本书交织了一个全面的文献综述与一个更大的定性研究项目探索人们的经验和感知算法系统在他们的记忆过去的经验研究结果的简短概述。这本书强调了分类和排名的算法交互作用，它们共同作用于数字设备和平台上定义和再现“记忆”，书中介绍了一个有用的词汇，用于理解我们存储在社交媒体档案中的丰富的、以算法为中介的个人记忆库。引言阐述了作者的核心关注点——即名义上的生产记忆。这种自动化，记忆识别，某些意义价值，然后是社交媒体作家沃尔特·本杰明的“挖掘”，活跃的过去。当我们自己，结果算法
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Pub Date : 2021-07-25DOI: 10.1080/24701475.2021.1953757
Ido Ramati
Abstract One of the basic features facilitating communication on the Internet in a variety of languages is Unicode code-layout. It standardizes the representation of most of the world’s writing systems on digital media, thus enabling the process and transmission of information through such technologies. Unicode is a contemporary character code, and this paper traces its evolvement out of previous code-layouts, starting with Morse code in telegraphy. Focusing on the adaptations of character codes to Modern Hebrew, I show how representing languages in technology is intertwined with internal and transnational regional concerns, and argue that from its beginning character code has been a locus of struggle over power and sovereignty: first between colonial regimes and resistance movements, and then between global corporations and local agents.
{"title":"Aleph-bet, dits-and-dahs, zeros and ones: representing Hebrew in character code","authors":"Ido Ramati","doi":"10.1080/24701475.2021.1953757","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24701475.2021.1953757","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract One of the basic features facilitating communication on the Internet in a variety of languages is Unicode code-layout. It standardizes the representation of most of the world’s writing systems on digital media, thus enabling the process and transmission of information through such technologies. Unicode is a contemporary character code, and this paper traces its evolvement out of previous code-layouts, starting with Morse code in telegraphy. Focusing on the adaptations of character codes to Modern Hebrew, I show how representing languages in technology is intertwined with internal and transnational regional concerns, and argue that from its beginning character code has been a locus of struggle over power and sovereignty: first between colonial regimes and resistance movements, and then between global corporations and local agents.","PeriodicalId":52252,"journal":{"name":"Internet Histories","volume":"6 1","pages":"280 - 297"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24701475.2021.1953757","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48129631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-23DOI: 10.1080/24701475.2021.1953756
Hojeong Lee
{"title":"Relentless villains or fervent netizens?: The alt-right community in Korea, Ilbe","authors":"Hojeong Lee","doi":"10.1080/24701475.2021.1953756","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24701475.2021.1953756","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52252,"journal":{"name":"Internet Histories","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24701475.2021.1953756","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48179278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-19DOI: 10.1080/24701475.2021.1951960
Kwang-Suk Lee
Abstract Many Western social scientists have believed that South Korea, as one of the typical East Asian developmental states, was greatly influenced by state-led IT development, at least in its early technological development. However, both the 80s and the 90s were autonomous and exceptional periods for computer geek communities and start-ups, which were relatively free from developmental state initiatives. The present study calls attention to the little-known and undervalued historical phase of grassroots computing culture in the early history of the Korean Internet, which can be characterized as a pure Hangul (Korean) movement, even under the dominant paradigm of the developmental state. By investigating the socio-cultural history of that period, the present study aims to articulate the double-sided national motive of compromising the developmental desires of the state and the grassroots practices of the early computing culture in the midst of IT development in Korea. In doing so, the present study delineates how the early computer amateurs and tech-savvies were highly distinctive in localising non-commercial and reciprocal IT drives, and how their PC culture became a historical prelude to the civic hacking culture.
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Pub Date : 2021-07-19DOI: 10.1080/24701475.2021.1949817
J. Qiu, Hongzhe Wang
Abstract In his 1937 essay "On Practice (Shijian lun)", Mao Zedong argues for a distinctively Chinese model of communism that merges practise with theory, combining objective experience and subjective knowledge into a coherent dialectical process of praxis. This was, at the time, a radical idea within the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the global communist movement dominated by Stalinism at its heyday. But it became institutionalized as a guiding principle of CCP, the ruling party of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) since 1949, which has led, among other things, to the establishment of one of the world’s most important computing industries since the 1950s. This article interrogates the idea of “radical praxis” and applies it to the Chinese contexts of the 1950s–2000s in developing a holistic, emic understanding of the computing industry from the Maoist to the Post-Mao era. As such, we aim at reconstructing plural histories of Chinese technology that are longer, less deterministic, and more imaginative than mainstream accounts that would begin, almost always, with Deng Xiaoping’s marketization reforms. Longer, because we trace the radical praxis of Chinese computing back to the 1950s with remarkable continuity. Less deterministic, because it has multiple trajectories full of unforeseeable twists and turns. More imaginative, because praxis is as much about knowing, theorization, and subjectivities as it is about doing, implementation, and embodied struggle. Drawing from policy documents, news archives, memoirs of key CCP leaders as well as secondary materials in both Chinese and English, this article reveals and discusses hidden stories of Maoist radical praxis.
{"title":"Radical praxis of computing in the PRC: forgotten stories from the maoist to post-Mao era","authors":"J. Qiu, Hongzhe Wang","doi":"10.1080/24701475.2021.1949817","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24701475.2021.1949817","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In his 1937 essay \"On Practice (Shijian lun)\", Mao Zedong argues for a distinctively Chinese model of communism that merges practise with theory, combining objective experience and subjective knowledge into a coherent dialectical process of praxis. This was, at the time, a radical idea within the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the global communist movement dominated by Stalinism at its heyday. But it became institutionalized as a guiding principle of CCP, the ruling party of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) since 1949, which has led, among other things, to the establishment of one of the world’s most important computing industries since the 1950s. This article interrogates the idea of “radical praxis” and applies it to the Chinese contexts of the 1950s–2000s in developing a holistic, emic understanding of the computing industry from the Maoist to the Post-Mao era. As such, we aim at reconstructing plural histories of Chinese technology that are longer, less deterministic, and more imaginative than mainstream accounts that would begin, almost always, with Deng Xiaoping’s marketization reforms. Longer, because we trace the radical praxis of Chinese computing back to the 1950s with remarkable continuity. Less deterministic, because it has multiple trajectories full of unforeseeable twists and turns. More imaginative, because praxis is as much about knowing, theorization, and subjectivities as it is about doing, implementation, and embodied struggle. Drawing from policy documents, news archives, memoirs of key CCP leaders as well as secondary materials in both Chinese and English, this article reveals and discusses hidden stories of Maoist radical praxis.","PeriodicalId":52252,"journal":{"name":"Internet Histories","volume":"5 1","pages":"214 - 229"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24701475.2021.1949817","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42706985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-07DOI: 10.1080/24701475.2021.1943994
Michael Buozis
Abstract This study critiques the way in which journalism and other media used John Perry Barlow, an early Internet enthusiast, as a source to make common sense of cyberlibertarian ideology as the Internet emerged as a dominant communications technology in the 1990s and early-2000s. During this period, journalists used Barlow, someone with no technical expertise but a reputation as a prophet of the new technology, to translate the deregulatory, conservative ideals of free markets and speech so central to cyberlibertarianism for mass consumption. In the process, Barlow and these journalists depoliticized a central political question about the Internet that remains today: how and how much it should be regulated. This amplification of cyberlibertarianism as doxa in popular discourses during this period helped foreclose on alternative conceptions of the Internet not only in the press but also in discussions of policy.
摘要这项研究批评了新闻业和其他媒体利用早期互联网爱好者约翰·佩里·巴洛（John Perry Barlow）作为来源，在20世纪90年代和2000年代初互联网成为主流通信技术时，对网络自由主义意识形态进行常识性解读的方式。在此期间，记者们利用巴洛，一个没有技术专长但被誉为新技术先知的人，将自由市场和言论的放松管制、保守理想转化为大规模消费的网络自由意志主义。在这个过程中，巴洛和这些记者将互联网的一个核心政治问题非政治化了，这个问题至今仍然存在：应该如何以及在多大程度上对其进行监管。这一时期，网络自由意志主义在流行话语中被放大为doxa，这不仅在新闻界，而且在政策讨论中都有助于阻止互联网的替代概念。
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Pub Date : 2021-06-26DOI: 10.1080/24701475.2021.1935547
C. Jarvis
Abstract The cypherpunks were 1990s digital activists who challenged White House policies aiming to prevent the emergence of unregulated digital cryptography, an online privacy technology capable of frustrating government surveillance. Whilst the cypherpunk’s ideology, which is predominantly the output of Timothy C. May, is well understood, less is known about the composition of the cypherpunk’s community. This article builds on past studies by Rid and Beltramini by using the cypherpunk’s mail list archive to profile the most active and influential cypherpunks. This study confirms the May-derived ideology is broadly, though not entirely, representative of the cypherpunk community. This article assesses the cypherpunks were a highly educated, mostly libertarian community permeated by aspects of anarchism which arose from a societal disaffiliation inherited from the counterculture. This article further argues that the cypherpunks were also influenced by the hacker ethic and dystopian science fiction.
{"title":"Cypherpunk ideology: objectives, profiles, and influences (1992–1998)","authors":"C. Jarvis","doi":"10.1080/24701475.2021.1935547","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24701475.2021.1935547","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The cypherpunks were 1990s digital activists who challenged White House policies aiming to prevent the emergence of unregulated digital cryptography, an online privacy technology capable of frustrating government surveillance. Whilst the cypherpunk’s ideology, which is predominantly the output of Timothy C. May, is well understood, less is known about the composition of the cypherpunk’s community. This article builds on past studies by Rid and Beltramini by using the cypherpunk’s mail list archive to profile the most active and influential cypherpunks. This study confirms the May-derived ideology is broadly, though not entirely, representative of the cypherpunk community. This article assesses the cypherpunks were a highly educated, mostly libertarian community permeated by aspects of anarchism which arose from a societal disaffiliation inherited from the counterculture. This article further argues that the cypherpunks were also influenced by the hacker ethic and dystopian science fiction.","PeriodicalId":52252,"journal":{"name":"Internet Histories","volume":"6 1","pages":"315 - 342"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24701475.2021.1935547","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47766737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-22DOI: 10.1080/24701475.2021.1936780
M. Aidinoff
Shedding fears of Marxist analysis, historians and sociologists of the Internet have recently centered capitalism, and named it as such. They have made a collective case that the Internet enables n...
{"title":"The promise of access: Technology, inequality, and the political economy of hope","authors":"M. Aidinoff","doi":"10.1080/24701475.2021.1936780","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24701475.2021.1936780","url":null,"abstract":"Shedding fears of Marxist analysis, historians and sociologists of the Internet have recently centered capitalism, and named it as such. They have made a collective case that the Internet enables n...","PeriodicalId":52252,"journal":{"name":"Internet Histories","volume":"6 1","pages":"345 - 348"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24701475.2021.1936780","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45557647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-09DOI: 10.1080/24701475.2021.1917903
Julie Momméja
Abstract The following interview delves into Lee Felsenstein's upbringing in a bohemian communist family and his path as an engineer and technologist in the San Francisco Bay Area. He discusses his role as technician of the Berkeley Free Speech Movement, co-creator of Community Memory and moderator of the Homebrew Computer Club. Felsenstein also shares his vision of “community”, “convivial tools” as defined by Ivan Illich and technology as an “invisible force”. He proves how his political activism has guided his technological creative process, making and sharing tools that will contribute to build convivial, open and informed communities.
{"title":"“I am an engineer and therefore a radical”: an interview with Lee Felsenstein, from Free Speech Movement technician to Homebrew Computer Club moderator","authors":"Julie Momméja","doi":"10.1080/24701475.2021.1917903","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24701475.2021.1917903","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The following interview delves into Lee Felsenstein's upbringing in a bohemian communist family and his path as an engineer and technologist in the San Francisco Bay Area. He discusses his role as technician of the Berkeley Free Speech Movement, co-creator of Community Memory and moderator of the Homebrew Computer Club. Felsenstein also shares his vision of “community”, “convivial tools” as defined by Ivan Illich and technology as an “invisible force”. He proves how his political activism has guided his technological creative process, making and sharing tools that will contribute to build convivial, open and informed communities.","PeriodicalId":52252,"journal":{"name":"Internet Histories","volume":"5 1","pages":"190 - 203"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24701475.2021.1917903","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48849459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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