Internet Histories最新文献

{"title":"Preserving the international museum of women: an interview with Marie Williams Chant","authors":"Ismini Kyritsis, Karin de Wild","doi":"10.1080/24701475.2023.2267810","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24701475.2023.2267810","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractIn the early days of the Web, the International Museum of Women emerged with the mission to highlight the achievements of women throughout history. Headquartered in San Francisco, the museum experimented with the rise of new digital technologies and evolved into a virtual museum with global outreach. Through innovative online approaches, they actively engaged communities around the world and gathered perspectives from a wide spectrum of visitors, whose voices were included in the exhibition narratives. In order to safeguard the museum’s legacy and its groundbreaking digital exhibitions, The Feminist Institute in New York launched a digital preservation initiative, working closely with the Global Fund for Women, a non-profit foundation that merged with the International Museum of Women in 2014. On July 31, 2023, we conducted an interview with Marie Williams Chant, Director of Archives and Special Projects, to delve into the museum’s historical significance. We also discussed their archival strategies and procedures, along with its potential impact on the museum’s legacies.Keywords: Web archivingonline museumsvirtual exhibitionsthe Feminist InstituteInternational Museum of Women AcknowledgementsWe like to thank Marie Williams Chant for her valuable insights and collaboration.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.Notes1 The interview has been edited for improved readability and accuracy.2 The “California Woman Suffrage 1870-1911” exhibition opened in 1986 and was dedicated to women’s voting rights campaigns in California. The first public program of the International Museum of Women was dedicated to Sarah Wallis, pioneer of the Suffrage movement and the first President of the California Woman Suffrage Educational Association.3 “Imagining Ourselves: A Global Generation of Women” launched in 2006 was an award-winning exhibition online exhibition addressing the question What defines your generation of women? and featuring public submitted content from more than 100 countries globally.4 In addition, Social media also played a role developing collaborative exhibitions. The participants of Young Women Speaking the Economy used Facebook and other social media tools as a part of the exhibition’s development.5 ‘Mama: Motherhood around the globe’ launched in 2012 was an online exhibition dedicated to motherhood and maternal health.6 “IGNITE: Women fueling science & technology” in 2014 was a global media project explored the role of women in scientific and technological innovation. The Feminist Institute. “Storify” was a social media network platform open to the public from 2011 until 2018 allowing users to create stories or timelines by using content of other media sources such as Tweeter, Facebook or Instragram.7 Old Web Today (OldWeb.today) is an emulating system allowing users to browse the web (live web, current websites, web archives) through a variety of emulated browsers.8 Clara database of woman arti","PeriodicalId":52252,"journal":{"name":"Internet Histories","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136068157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sorting URLs out: seeing the web through infrastructural inversion of archival crawling","authors":"Emily Maemura","doi":"10.1080/24701475.2023.2258697","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24701475.2023.2258697","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractWeb archives collections have become important sources for Internet scholars by documenting the past versions of web resources. Understanding how these collections are created and curated is of increasing concern and recent web archives scholarship has studied how the artefacts stored in archives represent specific curatorial choices and collecting practices. This paper takes a novel approach in studying web archiving practice, by focusing on the challenges encountered in archival web crawling and what they reveal about the web itself. Inspired by foundational work in infrastructure studies, infrastructural inversion is applied to study how crawler interactions surface otherwise invisible, background or taken-for-granted aspects of the web. This framework is applied to study three examples selected from interviews and ethnographic fieldwork observations of web archiving practices at the Danish Royal Library, with findings demonstrating how the challenges of archival crawling illuminate the web’s varied actors, as well as their changing relationships, power differentials and politics. Ultimately, analysis through infrastructural inversion reveals how collection via crawling positions archives as active participants in web infrastructure, both shaping and shaped by the needs and motivations of other web actors.Keywords: Web archivesweb crawlerscrawler trapsinfrastructural inversioninfrastructure studiessocio-technical systems AcknowledgementsMany thanks to all the participants at the Netarchive for their time, to Zoe LeBlanc, Katie Mackinnon and Karen Wickett for their feedback on an early draft of this article, and to the anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments and suggestions throughout the review process.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.Notes1 For a more thorough account of the Netarchive’s processes and collecting history, see Schostag and Fønss-Jørgensen (Citation2012), and Laursen and & Møldrup-Dalum (Citation2017).2 An average of two to three event harvests are conducted each year, including both predictable events like regional and national elections, national celebrations or sporting events, as well as unpredictable events such as the financial crisis of 2008, the swine flu outbreak in 2009, a national teacher lockout in 2013, and terrorist attacks in Copenhagen in 2015.3 See W3C’s historic document on HTTP status codes (https://www.w3.org/Protocols/http/HTRESP.html) and RFC 1945 HTTP/1.0 (https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1945.txt).4 IANA maintains a registry of current codes and their descriptions https://www.iana.org/assignments/http-status-codes/http-status-codes.xhtml5 CAPTCHA stands for “Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart,” and Justie (Citation2021) presents an in-depth history of various CAPTCHA technologies and their implementation.Additional informationFundingSocial Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, Canada Graduate Sc","PeriodicalId":52252,"journal":{"name":"Internet Histories","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135308306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Continuity and discontinuity in web archives: a multi-level reconstruction of the firsttuesday community through persistences, continuity spaces and web cernes","authors":"Quentin Lobbé","doi":"10.1080/24701475.2023.2254050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24701475.2023.2254050","url":null,"abstract":"Memory institutions have been archiving the Web for the last 25 years. These initiatives seek to preserve pieces of our digital heritage by harvesting web resources. But just like Funes in Borges short story, memory institutions will never be able to achieve exhaustiveness. Archiving always goes with complex selection criteria stated by librarians, curators, politicians or – in the particular case of web archiving – engineers and robots called crawlers that determine the spatio-temporal coverage of archived corpora. Unlike traditional archival materials, web archives can’t be understood apart from their own archiving processes : crawlers tear web resources away from the continuous temporality of the Web and produce discretized snapshots timestamped by archiving date. By nature, Web archives are not direct traces of the Web, they are direct traces of crawlers (1). The web archives movement has originally been sparked with the intuition that web resources were intended to become valuable research materials in the hands of future historians ; and archiving pioneers indisputably succeeded","PeriodicalId":52252,"journal":{"name":"Internet Histories","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42545387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Header/footer gallery: creating and sustaining an online only art gallery","authors":"Rene Alberto G. Cepeda, Constanza Salazar","doi":"10.1080/24701475.2023.2249363","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24701475.2023.2249363","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52252,"journal":{"name":"Internet Histories","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44369122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Wikipedia imaginaire: a new media history beyond Wikipedia.org (2001–2022)","authors":"Steven J. Jankowski","doi":"10.1080/24701475.2023.2246261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24701475.2023.2246261","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper presents a media biography of Wikipedia’s data that focuses on the interpretative flexibility of Wikipedia and digital knowledge between the years 2001 and 2022. To do so, I not only follow a strand of media historians who argue that the imagination is an important component for understanding how media change, but I also argue that Wikipedia’s data has been incorporated, re-imagined, and repurposed by sociotechnical projects in ways that have often been side-lined despite acting as the boundary lines of what is considered digital knowledge. It combines Patrice Flichy’s longitudinal theory of technical development as an imaginaire, Frederik Lesage and Simone Natale’s historical approach of biographies of media with an analysis of the interpretative flexibility of new media. Through an eclectic corpus of project websites, new articles, press releases, and blogs, I demonstrate the unexpected ways the online encyclopedia has permeated throughout digital culture over the past twenty years through projects like the Citizendium, Everipedia, Google Search and AI software. As a result of this analysis, I explain how this array of meanings and materials constitutes the Wikipedia imaginaire: a collective activity of sociotechnical development that is fundamental to understanding the ideological and utopian meaning of knowledge with digital culture.","PeriodicalId":52252,"journal":{"name":"Internet Histories","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48340849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rethinking openness: a social constructivist approach to the promises of the new museology","authors":"T. Cao","doi":"10.1080/24701475.2023.2244341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24701475.2023.2244341","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52252,"journal":{"name":"Internet Histories","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49575618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Old “cowboy towns”: enduring democratic enclaves as Singapore’s alternative digital histories, 1994–2011","authors":"Kai Khiun Liew","doi":"10.1080/24701475.2023.2236909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24701475.2023.2236909","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Once overshadowed in a tightly controlled media environment, alternative voices in contemporary Singapore found new avenues through the emerging cyberspace from the 1990s. As irreverent satire, critical commentaries, community networks and knowledge repositories blogs, websites and forums, they came to reflect the digital presence and extension of a nascent, autonomous and enduring digital public culture. Extending the discussion of democratic enclaves within authoritarian political cultures, this article positions such sites as democratic enclaves within alternative digital histories, once alluded by Singapore’s Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong as “cowboy towns.” Amidst the creeping trends of “flawed democracies” as historical precedence, these sites are reminder to the precarious democratic foundations, possibilities and networks pioneered over the early years of the internet.","PeriodicalId":52252,"journal":{"name":"Internet Histories","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41783396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Between two Acts: competing narratives, activism and governance in Singapore’s digital sphere","authors":"Howard Lee, Terence Lee","doi":"10.1080/24701475.2023.2232214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24701475.2023.2232214","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Civil society in Singapore has existed in the interstices of society with frequent instances of conflict with the government. The ruling People’s Action Party government has had a long history of quashing its political opponents, and this same approach has influenced how the government deals with social-political dissent, ranging from human rights groups being gazetted and their funding source curtailed, to opposition politicians and free speech advocates sued for libel and contempt of court. This paper examines how the Singapore government has made two significant moves towards online media that appears at once restrictive and accommodating towards dissent. The first is the increase in legal and regulatory burdens on the media, while the second is a perceptibly generous invitation for media freedom advocates to discuss and debate about such legal frameworks. We contend that this dualism, far from signalling inclusive governance with a firm hand, only affirms the Singapore government’s authoritarian tendencies towards media freedom advocates. This paper juxtaposes the evolution of narratives of dissent between the 2013 Amendment to the Broadcasting Act to the 2019 public debate on the Protection from Online Falsehoods and Manipulation Act (POFMA). We explore the dynamics of resistance and posit that, even with the enlarged space for free speech in Singapore, the practice in public discourse points to further curtailment of such free speech.","PeriodicalId":52252,"journal":{"name":"Internet Histories","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46147812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shaping the digital world: views on the internet in India in Prime Ministerial speeches (1998–2019)","authors":"L. Tandon","doi":"10.1080/24701475.2023.2232212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24701475.2023.2232212","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Despite the key role played by political elites in enacting and justifying policies related to the internet in India over the past few decades, the manner in which they viewed digital technologies has received relatively little attention. Using Charles Taylor’s notion of social imaginaries, this work attempts to help address this gap by examining the key values espoused within the narratives put forward by high-ranking government functionaries to understand the perspectives of this small yet powerful group. Through a thematic analysis of Prime Ministerial speeches from 1998 onwards it explores their visions in terms of the kind of internet users these were centred on, the role such technologies could play in pursuing development agendas, and how they addressed major issues such as private enterprise, the rural-urban divide and infrastructural gaps. Augmenting this with data on the growing accessibility of the internet itself during this period and major legislative acts passed, it offers a glimpse at the on-going process of shaping the internet by elite groups through the narratives they represent it by.","PeriodicalId":52252,"journal":{"name":"Internet Histories","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42630924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Internet freedom, free culture, and free information: Aaron Swartz and cyberlibertarianism’s neoliberal turn","authors":"Michael Buozis","doi":"10.1080/24701475.2023.2235131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24701475.2023.2235131","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Even before his death in 2013, the federal prosecution of Aaron Swartz for hacking crimes was being called a “cause celebre” of activists protesting government regulation of the Internet. After his death, Swartz became what some called a “Cyber martyr” for the ideals of Internet freedom, free culture, and free information. This study focuses on the journalism surrounding Swartz, exploring how the ideals and values of cyberlibertarianism—a combination of techno-utopian enthusiasm and libertarian approaches to free speech and market principles—were embodied by Swartz in the press’s interpretations of his actions, life, and early death. The press, for the most part, boiled the apparent contradictions of this ideology down into a simple narrative about Swartz as a political activist in a way that not only failed to challenge the corporate neoliberal order emerging online, but also helped lay the ideological foundations for it among a broader public.","PeriodicalId":52252,"journal":{"name":"Internet Histories","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48720032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}