Pub Date : 2021-06-14DOI: 10.1163/15700674-12340098
Keagan Brewer
This paper considers Christian responses to the problem of evil following Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn’s conquest of Jerusalem. Among Catholics, Audita Tremendi offered the orthodox response that God was punishing Christian sin. However, the logical conclusion of this view is that the Muslims were agents of God despite being “evil” for having captured Jerusalem from Christians. Twelfth-century theologians believed that God could use demons in the service of good. In response to 1187, while many Christians portrayed the Muslims as evil, some expressed that they were divine agents. Meanwhile, others murmured that Muslim gods (including, to some, Muḥammad) were superior to Christian ones; that the Christian god was apathetic, violent, or wicked; that the crusade of 1189–92 was against God’s will; and that crusaders were murderers. Thought-terminating clichés centring on the divine mysteries permitted the continuance of Christianity in the face of this profound theodical controversy.
本文考虑基督教对Ṣalāḥ al- d - n征服耶路撒冷后的邪恶问题的反应。在天主教徒中，奥黛塔·卡蒂提出了正统的回应，即上帝在惩罚基督徒的罪恶。然而，这种观点的合乎逻辑的结论是，穆斯林是上帝的代理人，尽管他们从基督徒手中夺取耶路撒冷是“邪恶的”。十二世纪的神学家相信，上帝可以利用魔鬼为善服务。作为对1187年的回应，虽然许多基督徒将穆斯林描绘成邪恶的，但有些人表示他们是神圣的代理人。与此同时，其他人抱怨穆斯林的神(包括Muḥammad)比基督教的神更优越;基督教的神是冷漠的、暴力的或邪恶的;1189-92年的十字军东征违背了上帝的意愿;十字军是杀人犯。以神的奥秘为中心的思想终结陈词滥调允许基督教在面对这一深刻的伦理争议时继续存在。
{"title":"God’s Devils: Pragmatic Theodicy in Christian Responses to Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn’s Conquest of Jerusalem in 1187","authors":"Keagan Brewer","doi":"10.1163/15700674-12340098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15700674-12340098","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This paper considers Christian responses to the problem of evil following Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn’s conquest of Jerusalem. Among Catholics, Audita Tremendi offered the orthodox response that God was punishing Christian sin. However, the logical conclusion of this view is that the Muslims were agents of God despite being “evil” for having captured Jerusalem from Christians. Twelfth-century theologians believed that God could use demons in the service of good. In response to 1187, while many Christians portrayed the Muslims as evil, some expressed that they were divine agents. Meanwhile, others murmured that Muslim gods (including, to some, Muḥammad) were superior to Christian ones; that the Christian god was apathetic, violent, or wicked; that the crusade of 1189–92 was against God’s will; and that crusaders were murderers. Thought-terminating clichés centring on the divine mysteries permitted the continuance of Christianity in the face of this profound theodical controversy.","PeriodicalId":52521,"journal":{"name":"Medieval Encounters","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45047642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-14DOI: 10.1163/15700674-12340102
Elizabeth Urban
{"title":"Queens, Eunuchs and Concubines in Islamic History, 661–1257, written by Taef El-Azhari","authors":"Elizabeth Urban","doi":"10.1163/15700674-12340102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15700674-12340102","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52521,"journal":{"name":"Medieval Encounters","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46655998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-26DOI: 10.1163/15700674-12340097
Amira K. Bennison
{"title":"Inventing the Berbers: History and Ideology in the Maghrib, written by Ramzi Rouighi","authors":"Amira K. Bennison","doi":"10.1163/15700674-12340097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15700674-12340097","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52521,"journal":{"name":"Medieval Encounters","volume":"27 1","pages":"121-123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42498837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-26DOI: 10.1163/15700674-12340096
Florin Curta
{"title":"The Liturgical Past in Byzantium and Early Rus, written by Sean Griffin","authors":"Florin Curta","doi":"10.1163/15700674-12340096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15700674-12340096","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52521,"journal":{"name":"Medieval Encounters","volume":"27 1","pages":"117-120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46782887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-26DOI: 10.1163/15700674-12340094
Brady Bowman
This article examines the diverse nature of Muslim interest in Christian monasteries during the medieval Islamic period. According to a variety of contemporary accounts, Muslim visitation to monasteries often involved wine consumption and licentious behavior on the part of the elites. While not dismissing this possibility, this research suggests that there was often a greater religious dimension to Muslim fascination with monastic sites. Sacred shrines throughout the late antique Levant had, after all, been held in esteem for their hospitality and miraculous powers long before the arrival of Islam. This examination contends that Muslim interest in such Christian shrines and monasteries represents a dynamic, flexible confessional environment at the dawning of Islam. The pious spirit of pilgrimage and ziyāra/visitation was simply transferred into a new religious context; one that was defined by its fluid character and amorphous sectarian lines.
{"title":"The Monastery as Tavern and Temple in Medieval Islam: The Case for Confessional Flexibility in the Locus of Christian Monasteries","authors":"Brady Bowman","doi":"10.1163/15700674-12340094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15700674-12340094","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This article examines the diverse nature of Muslim interest in Christian monasteries during the medieval Islamic period. According to a variety of contemporary accounts, Muslim visitation to monasteries often involved wine consumption and licentious behavior on the part of the elites. While not dismissing this possibility, this research suggests that there was often a greater religious dimension to Muslim fascination with monastic sites. Sacred shrines throughout the late antique Levant had, after all, been held in esteem for their hospitality and miraculous powers long before the arrival of Islam. This examination contends that Muslim interest in such Christian shrines and monasteries represents a dynamic, flexible confessional environment at the dawning of Islam. The pious spirit of pilgrimage and ziyāra/visitation was simply transferred into a new religious context; one that was defined by its fluid character and amorphous sectarian lines.","PeriodicalId":52521,"journal":{"name":"Medieval Encounters","volume":"27 1","pages":"50-77"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43624070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-26DOI: 10.1163/15700674-12340095
Isabelle Levy
Although Immanuel of Rome’s Bisbidis abounds with onomatopoeic inventiveness, it has received little critical attention aside from its status as a curiosity: a dazzling poem by the only Italian Jew with extant medieval Italian lyrics. While this paper explores Immanuel’s familiarity with works by Cecco Angiolieri, Dante Alighieri, and other duecento Italian poets, it aims to demonstrate the ways in which Bisbidis embodies the medieval Hebrew-via-Arabic genre of the maqāma. After providing background on secular medieval Hebrew literature composed in the Mediterranean region and situating Immanuel’s composition in its literary-historical context, I evaluate several components – including thematic, formal, and philological correspondences – that Bisbidis shares with the Hebrew maqāma.
{"title":"Immanuel of Rome’s Bisbidis: An Italian Maqāma?","authors":"Isabelle Levy","doi":"10.1163/15700674-12340095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15700674-12340095","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Although Immanuel of Rome’s Bisbidis abounds with onomatopoeic inventiveness, it has received little critical attention aside from its status as a curiosity: a dazzling poem by the only Italian Jew with extant medieval Italian lyrics. While this paper explores Immanuel’s familiarity with works by Cecco Angiolieri, Dante Alighieri, and other duecento Italian poets, it aims to demonstrate the ways in which Bisbidis embodies the medieval Hebrew-via-Arabic genre of the maqāma. After providing background on secular medieval Hebrew literature composed in the Mediterranean region and situating Immanuel’s composition in its literary-historical context, I evaluate several components – including thematic, formal, and philological correspondences – that Bisbidis shares with the Hebrew maqāma.","PeriodicalId":52521,"journal":{"name":"Medieval Encounters","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48115681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-26DOI: 10.1163/15700674-12340093
Xavier Casassas Canals, José Martínez Gázquez
The Cod. arab. 7 in the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek in Munich, which contains a large number of glosses in Latin and Romance, is important because it is, together with the Qurʾān in Ms. BNF arabe 384 and Ms. A-5-2 in the Escuela de Estudios Árabes in Granada, one of the only three known copies of the Qurʾān in Arabic that also contains numerous Latin glosses. The Paris manuscript has a large corpus of Latin glosses, signed by Riccoldo de Montecroce, made with the help of a second Latin translation of the Qurʾān by Mark of Toledo in 1210. In addition, the Arabic Qurʾān in Ms. A-5-2, probably elaborated in Algeciras in al-Andalus in 1599, gives the names of the Suras 1–19 in Latin.
鳕鱼。阿拉伯人。慕尼黑Bayerische Staatsbibliothek的第7卷，包含了大量拉丁语和罗曼语的注释，它很重要，因为它与Ms. BNF arabe 384的古兰经ān和Ms. a -5-2在格拉纳达Escuela de Estudios Árabes的古兰经ān是唯一已知的三个阿拉伯语古兰经ān副本之一，也包含了大量的拉丁语注释。巴黎手稿有大量的拉丁文注释，由Riccoldo de Montecroce签名，在1210年托莱多马克(Mark of Toledo)对古兰经ān的第二份拉丁文翻译的帮助下完成。此外，A-5-2女士的阿拉伯语古兰经ān，可能是1599年在安达卢斯的阿尔赫西拉斯(Algeciras)精心制作的，用拉丁语给出了第1-19章的名字。
{"title":"Scholia Latina, Arabica et in uulgari lingua ad Alphurcanum Mahumedis","authors":"Xavier Casassas Canals, José Martínez Gázquez","doi":"10.1163/15700674-12340093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15700674-12340093","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The Cod. arab. 7 in the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek in Munich, which contains a large number of glosses in Latin and Romance, is important because it is, together with the Qurʾān in Ms. BNF arabe 384 and Ms. A-5-2 in the Escuela de Estudios Árabes in Granada, one of the only three known copies of the Qurʾān in Arabic that also contains numerous Latin glosses. The Paris manuscript has a large corpus of Latin glosses, signed by Riccoldo de Montecroce, made with the help of a second Latin translation of the Qurʾān by Mark of Toledo in 1210. In addition, the Arabic Qurʾān in Ms. A-5-2, probably elaborated in Algeciras in al-Andalus in 1599, gives the names of the Suras 1–19 in Latin.","PeriodicalId":52521,"journal":{"name":"Medieval Encounters","volume":"27 1","pages":"1-49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45374798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-11DOI: 10.1163/15700674-12340089
Jessica Renee Streit
This study aims to interpret the visual qualities of the Assumption Chapel, located in the Cistercian monastery of Santa Maria La Real de Las Huelgas, Burgos. Rejecting the “mudejar” paradigm often used to explain the chapel’s connections to Andalusi architecture, the article instead considers its relationships to a group of twelfth- and thirteenth-century domed churches in Iberia and the French Pyrenees, as well as to Las Huelgas’s adjacent, late-Romanesque cloister. In so doing, it situates the Assumption Chapel in a broader context of monuments related to penitence and crusade in the Holy Land and Iberia. It also considers the chapel’s form and function in the light of Las Huelgas’s ritual topography. Most broadly, this study shows how seemingly incongruent visual languages—in this case Romanesque and Andalusi—can comprise a coherent program of imagery.
{"title":"Penitence and Crusade in the Assumption Chapel of the Real Monasterio de Las Huelgas, Burgos","authors":"Jessica Renee Streit","doi":"10.1163/15700674-12340089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15700674-12340089","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This study aims to interpret the visual qualities of the Assumption Chapel, located in the Cistercian monastery of Santa Maria La Real de Las Huelgas, Burgos. Rejecting the “mudejar” paradigm often used to explain the chapel’s connections to Andalusi architecture, the article instead considers its relationships to a group of twelfth- and thirteenth-century domed churches in Iberia and the French Pyrenees, as well as to Las Huelgas’s adjacent, late-Romanesque cloister. In so doing, it situates the Assumption Chapel in a broader context of monuments related to penitence and crusade in the Holy Land and Iberia. It also considers the chapel’s form and function in the light of Las Huelgas’s ritual topography. Most broadly, this study shows how seemingly incongruent visual languages—in this case Romanesque and Andalusi—can comprise a coherent program of imagery.","PeriodicalId":52521,"journal":{"name":"Medieval Encounters","volume":"26 1","pages":"578-606"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48106364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-11DOI: 10.1163/15700674-12340091
Andrew D. Magnusson
{"title":"The Eastern Frontier: Limits of Empire in Late Antique and Early Medieval Central Asia, written by Robert Haug","authors":"Andrew D. Magnusson","doi":"10.1163/15700674-12340091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15700674-12340091","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52521,"journal":{"name":"Medieval Encounters","volume":"26 1","pages":"612-614"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44745575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-11DOI: 10.1163/15700674-12340092
M. Petrone
{"title":"The Mystics of Al-Andalus: Ibn Barrajān and Islamic Thought in the Twelfth Century, written by Yousef Casewit","authors":"M. Petrone","doi":"10.1163/15700674-12340092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15700674-12340092","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52521,"journal":{"name":"Medieval Encounters","volume":"26 1","pages":"615-617"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47645020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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