Abstract:Very little research has been done specifically on the condition of the Gypsy slaves in Wallachia. Most general histories ignore them, and few contemporary observers studied them. This is just one more sign of their discrimination and neglect. This study draws on the exhaustive nominal lists of the Romani population from the database MapRom which draws on the first preserved count of the population of Danubian principalities (1838). Many aspects of the rob-slave condition have been analysed, the household size, the socio-professional and juridical categories and the Gypsy owners, the degree to which the Gypsies in Wallachia were integrated into the majority population and the ethnic attitudes of the surrounding population, and a case study of formation of a Gypsy settlement.
{"title":"The living conditions of Gypsy slaves in early nineteenth-century Wallachia","authors":"D. Gaunt, Julieta Rotaru","doi":"10.3828/RS.2021.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3828/RS.2021.3","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Very little research has been done specifically on the condition of the Gypsy slaves in Wallachia. Most general histories ignore them, and few contemporary observers studied them. This is just one more sign of their discrimination and neglect. This study draws on the exhaustive nominal lists of the Romani population from the database MapRom which draws on the first preserved count of the population of Danubian principalities (1838). Many aspects of the rob-slave condition have been analysed, the household size, the socio-professional and juridical categories and the Gypsy owners, the degree to which the Gypsies in Wallachia were integrated into the majority population and the ethnic attitudes of the surrounding population, and a case study of formation of a Gypsy settlement.","PeriodicalId":52533,"journal":{"name":"Romani Studies","volume":"31 1","pages":"29 - 55"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49489084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Recent migrations of East European Roma have exacerbated the currently widespread phenomenon of antiziganism in Europe, but there are cultural, social, political, and historical factors in the various European countries that may affect reactions to Roma in diverse ways. This study aims to compare the attitudes of two groups of 198 young Italian and French people towards Romanian Roma. Stereotypical representations, affective reactions, and levels of cognitive and affective ambivalence were assessed. The results showed a univalent prejudice even if the attitudes of the Italian participants were more unfavourable than those expressed by their French peers. The data showed a similar stereotypical image of the outgroup but different intensities in the affective variables assessed. Italian and French participants were cognitively but not affectively ambivalent towards the Romanian Roma, and the difference between the two levels of cognitive ambivalence was not statistically significant. Potential social factors, such as the history of migration or the political agenda setting, are hypothesized as the origin of the differences in the intensities of Italian and French participants' feelings towards the Romanian Roma.
{"title":"Attitudinal ambivalence towards the Romanian Roma: A comparison between Italian and French students","authors":"Grégoire Cousin, F. Fattori, A. Meneghini","doi":"10.3828/RS.2021.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3828/RS.2021.5","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Recent migrations of East European Roma have exacerbated the currently widespread phenomenon of antiziganism in Europe, but there are cultural, social, political, and historical factors in the various European countries that may affect reactions to Roma in diverse ways. This study aims to compare the attitudes of two groups of 198 young Italian and French people towards Romanian Roma. Stereotypical representations, affective reactions, and levels of cognitive and affective ambivalence were assessed. The results showed a univalent prejudice even if the attitudes of the Italian participants were more unfavourable than those expressed by their French peers. The data showed a similar stereotypical image of the outgroup but different intensities in the affective variables assessed. Italian and French participants were cognitively but not affectively ambivalent towards the Romanian Roma, and the difference between the two levels of cognitive ambivalence was not statistically significant. Potential social factors, such as the history of migration or the political agenda setting, are hypothesized as the origin of the differences in the intensities of Italian and French participants' feelings towards the Romanian Roma.","PeriodicalId":52533,"journal":{"name":"Romani Studies","volume":"31 1","pages":"77 - 99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46249294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:The article deals with the identity formation and coming-of-age processes of Romani girls who have migrated from Romania to France. First, some more general reflections on the identity formation processes of young women in diasporic Roma communities are made. In this context, identity hybridization processes are described with Bhabha's "third space" concept. Following this, the literary staging of such identity negotiations will be examined using the example of two selected French narratives: the fictional life story Gadji! (2008) by the non-Romani writer Lucie Land on the one hand and the semi-autobiographal Je suis Tzigane et je le reste (I'm a Gypsy and I remain one, 2014) by Anina Ciuciu (and co-authored by the non-Romani journalist Frédéric Veille) on the other. At the same time, the question will be asked whether and which differences can be observed between the presentation from an external viewpoint or that of a self-perspective and how these differences should be interpreted.
{"title":"Literary negotiations of hybrid identity: French narratives on young female Romani migrants in France–A case study","authors":"M. Hertrampf","doi":"10.3828/RS.2020.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3828/RS.2020.10","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The article deals with the identity formation and coming-of-age processes of Romani girls who have migrated from Romania to France. First, some more general reflections on the identity formation processes of young women in diasporic Roma communities are made. In this context, identity hybridization processes are described with Bhabha's \"third space\" concept. Following this, the literary staging of such identity negotiations will be examined using the example of two selected French narratives: the fictional life story Gadji! (2008) by the non-Romani writer Lucie Land on the one hand and the semi-autobiographal Je suis Tzigane et je le reste (I'm a Gypsy and I remain one, 2014) by Anina Ciuciu (and co-authored by the non-Romani journalist Frédéric Veille) on the other. At the same time, the question will be asked whether and which differences can be observed between the presentation from an external viewpoint or that of a self-perspective and how these differences should be interpreted.","PeriodicalId":52533,"journal":{"name":"Romani Studies","volume":"30 1","pages":"201 - 215"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46675730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:The theory of minor literature (based on Kafka's hybrid identity in Prague) is applicable to the complex case of Czech and Slovak-Romani writing, including fictional portrayals of the Roma. The Irish-American writer Colum McCann's Zoli, published in 2006, features a Slovak-Roma woman who becomes an acclaimed poet under the Communist regime, only to be cast out by her community and forced into exile. Two years later, Irena Eliášová (a Roma writer born in Slovakia who lives in the Czech Republic) published her novel Our Settlement (Naše osada), a far more affectionate view of the Roma society of her childhood. Both writers walk an uneasy balance in presenting Slovak-Roma culture from both insider and outsider perspectives. In McCann's case the intention of bringing one of Europe's most misunderstood minorities to anglophone readers struggles to avoid cultural appropriation, while Eliášová's use of multilingualism negotiates the power dynamics between Czech, Slovak, and Romani.
{"title":"Finding a voice: The Slovak-Roma woman writer in Irish and Czech fiction","authors":"Charles Sabatos","doi":"10.3828/RS.2020.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3828/RS.2020.9","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The theory of minor literature (based on Kafka's hybrid identity in Prague) is applicable to the complex case of Czech and Slovak-Romani writing, including fictional portrayals of the Roma. The Irish-American writer Colum McCann's Zoli, published in 2006, features a Slovak-Roma woman who becomes an acclaimed poet under the Communist regime, only to be cast out by her community and forced into exile. Two years later, Irena Eliášová (a Roma writer born in Slovakia who lives in the Czech Republic) published her novel Our Settlement (Naše osada), a far more affectionate view of the Roma society of her childhood. Both writers walk an uneasy balance in presenting Slovak-Roma culture from both insider and outsider perspectives. In McCann's case the intention of bringing one of Europe's most misunderstood minorities to anglophone readers struggles to avoid cultural appropriation, while Eliášová's use of multilingualism negotiates the power dynamics between Czech, Slovak, and Romani.","PeriodicalId":52533,"journal":{"name":"Romani Studies","volume":"30 1","pages":"181 - 200"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43012851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Since the late 1990s and particularly after 2000, Romani literature has been characterized in part by the influence of international and global developments within the Romani movement as well as the growth of digital technologies and the internet. Romani publications are going digital in different formats, including the digitization of public domain materials, e-books, audiobooks, internet publishing and social media publishing. This article discusses how digital technologies have been incorporated in Romani literature production and proposes a typology of the digital forms of Romani literature. It also provides an analysis of the issues and challenges that are observed in Romani digital publishing, some of which are specifically related to this type of publishing, while others apply to Romani literature in general.
{"title":"Romani literature and its digital forms","authors":"Sofiya Zahova","doi":"10.3828/RS.2020.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3828/RS.2020.12","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Since the late 1990s and particularly after 2000, Romani literature has been characterized in part by the influence of international and global developments within the Romani movement as well as the growth of digital technologies and the internet. Romani publications are going digital in different formats, including the digitization of public domain materials, e-books, audiobooks, internet publishing and social media publishing. This article discusses how digital technologies have been incorporated in Romani literature production and proposes a typology of the digital forms of Romani literature. It also provides an analysis of the issues and challenges that are observed in Romani digital publishing, some of which are specifically related to this type of publishing, while others apply to Romani literature in general.","PeriodicalId":52533,"journal":{"name":"Romani Studies","volume":"30 1","pages":"243 - 266"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46961937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Introductory words to the special issue by the guest editors","authors":"Sofiya Zahova, L. French, M. Hertrampf","doi":"10.3828/RS.2020.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3828/RS.2020.6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52533,"journal":{"name":"Romani Studies","volume":"30 1","pages":"127 - 133"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41319678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This article presents a close reading of the Romani characters and their actions in five stories by Viennese Romani writer and activist Samuel Mago and in two stories by his brother, Hungarian award-winning journalist Károly Mágó, in their bilingual Romani and German collection glücksmacher–e baxt romani. Brief biographies and an outline of the history of Roma and antiziganism in Austria provide background to textual analysis that focuses on how characters in the stories engender baxt/ "Glück," which means both happiness and luck. This dual meaning has inspired philosophical, psychological, economic, and anthropological studies, but literary scholars have rarely examined the concept in texts by Roma. For the protagonists in the brothers' stories, happiness and luck become based less on monetary fortunes than on other means to live and survive in dark times of persecution and discrimination. The characters' decisions unveil perceptions of baxt that rely largely on acquiring food, preserving and passing down family heirlooms, receiving an education, and freeing oneself and one's family from persecution.
{"title":"The concept of baxt in the bilingual short-story collection glücksmacher–e baxt romani by Samuel Mago and Károly Mágó","authors":"L. French","doi":"10.3828/RS.2020.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3828/RS.2020.11","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article presents a close reading of the Romani characters and their actions in five stories by Viennese Romani writer and activist Samuel Mago and in two stories by his brother, Hungarian award-winning journalist Károly Mágó, in their bilingual Romani and German collection glücksmacher–e baxt romani. Brief biographies and an outline of the history of Roma and antiziganism in Austria provide background to textual analysis that focuses on how characters in the stories engender baxt/ \"Glück,\" which means both happiness and luck. This dual meaning has inspired philosophical, psychological, economic, and anthropological studies, but literary scholars have rarely examined the concept in texts by Roma. For the protagonists in the brothers' stories, happiness and luck become based less on monetary fortunes than on other means to live and survive in dark times of persecution and discrimination. The characters' decisions unveil perceptions of baxt that rely largely on acquiring food, preserving and passing down family heirlooms, receiving an education, and freeing oneself and one's family from persecution.","PeriodicalId":52533,"journal":{"name":"Romani Studies","volume":"30 1","pages":"217 - 241"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42652238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This article traces the beginning of Romani literature. It focuses on the work of Alexander Germano in the context of the history of a unique Romani literacy project developed in the USSR before the Second World War. It shows the peculiarity of the Soviet Romani literature and in particular the personal activities and contributions of Germano, the man considered the progenitor of contemporary Romani literature (with works in all three main genres of literature: poetry, prose, and drama). The study is based on a number of years of archival work in a variety of archives in the Russian Federation and to a great extent in Alexander Germano's personal archive, preserved in the town of Orel (Russian Federation). The documents studied allow us to clarify the blurred spots in his biography, to reveal his ethnic background and identity, and to highlight the reason for the success of the Romani literary project. The example of Germano shows that the beginning of a national literature depends on the significance and public impact of the literary work of a particular author, and is not necessarily related to the author's ethnic origin and identity.
{"title":"Beginning of Romani literature: The case of Alexander Germano","authors":"E. Marushiakova, V. Popov","doi":"10.3828/RS.2020.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3828/RS.2020.7","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article traces the beginning of Romani literature. It focuses on the work of Alexander Germano in the context of the history of a unique Romani literacy project developed in the USSR before the Second World War. It shows the peculiarity of the Soviet Romani literature and in particular the personal activities and contributions of Germano, the man considered the progenitor of contemporary Romani literature (with works in all three main genres of literature: poetry, prose, and drama). The study is based on a number of years of archival work in a variety of archives in the Russian Federation and to a great extent in Alexander Germano's personal archive, preserved in the town of Orel (Russian Federation). The documents studied allow us to clarify the blurred spots in his biography, to reveal his ethnic background and identity, and to highlight the reason for the success of the Romani literary project. The example of Germano shows that the beginning of a national literature depends on the significance and public impact of the literary work of a particular author, and is not necessarily related to the author's ethnic origin and identity.","PeriodicalId":52533,"journal":{"name":"Romani Studies","volume":"30 1","pages":"135 - 161"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48961467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This article offers a survey of writing by the Roma in former Czechoslovakia and current Czech Republic over a span of six decades. It traces the beginnings of Romani literature in two Romani journals published by the Union of Gypsies-Roma between 1969 and 1973, reveals some covert centres of activity in the relative silence of the Normalization years of the 1970s and 1980s, and highlights the milestones of development following the Velvet Revolution in 1989. Bringing developments up to present day, the essay shows the Czech Romani literary field as vibrant and ambitious and full of promise.
{"title":"Romani literary endeavours in the Czech Republic: A historical survey","authors":"Karolína Ryvolová","doi":"10.3828/RS.2020.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3828/RS.2020.8","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article offers a survey of writing by the Roma in former Czechoslovakia and current Czech Republic over a span of six decades. It traces the beginnings of Romani literature in two Romani journals published by the Union of Gypsies-Roma between 1969 and 1973, reveals some covert centres of activity in the relative silence of the Normalization years of the 1970s and 1980s, and highlights the milestones of development following the Velvet Revolution in 1989. Bringing developments up to present day, the essay shows the Czech Romani literary field as vibrant and ambitious and full of promise.","PeriodicalId":52533,"journal":{"name":"Romani Studies","volume":"30 1","pages":"163 - 180"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42484620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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