Abstract:This article focuses on the interplay of (de)marginalization and identity building among evangelical Roma in Estonia and Latvia. The evangelization of the Roma, who are traditionally Orthodox, Lutheran, or Catholic, is conducted by Finnish Roma as part of their Eastern European outreach. I discuss the complexity of conversion and attempts to de-marginalize the Roma in Estonia and the Vidzeme region of Latvia. The narrative of de-marginalization turns out not to be the main reason to convert, and even converted Roma face the challenge of managing the tensions arising from having to follow several moral codes. Nevertheless, the way the converted Roma build their new more layered identity is still dependent on the narrative of de-marginalization.
{"title":"A constant border-crossing: Conversion and evangelical charismatic Christian identity among the Roma in Estonia and Latvia","authors":"Eva-Liisa Roht-Yilmaz","doi":"10.3828/rs.2020.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3828/rs.2020.4","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article focuses on the interplay of (de)marginalization and identity building among evangelical Roma in Estonia and Latvia. The evangelization of the Roma, who are traditionally Orthodox, Lutheran, or Catholic, is conducted by Finnish Roma as part of their Eastern European outreach. I discuss the complexity of conversion and attempts to de-marginalize the Roma in Estonia and the Vidzeme region of Latvia. The narrative of de-marginalization turns out not to be the main reason to convert, and even converted Roma face the challenge of managing the tensions arising from having to follow several moral codes. Nevertheless, the way the converted Roma build their new more layered identity is still dependent on the narrative of de-marginalization.","PeriodicalId":52533,"journal":{"name":"Romani Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3828/rs.2020.4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48683209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This study explores avenues of research pertaining to the lives and experiences of Gitanos or Calé (Spanish Gypsies) during the Spanish Civil War and General Francisco Franco’s dictatorship. The essay locates little-explored scholarship, oral testimonials, and archives that can be used for further investigation into the experiences of Gitanos in a period that needs to be documented with greater rigor. It facilitates availability of material regarding this part of Spain’s past and present lines of inquiry that require attention. The main goal here is, in short, to foster open discussion about the challenges and hardships of this marginal group in a still obscure and unexposed period of Spain’s history.
{"title":"The memory of Spanish Gypsies: Scholarship, oral history, and archive research","authors":"C. C. Quesada","doi":"10.3828/rs.2020.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3828/rs.2020.2","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This study explores avenues of research pertaining to the lives and experiences of Gitanos or Calé (Spanish Gypsies) during the Spanish Civil War and General Francisco Franco’s dictatorship. The essay locates little-explored scholarship, oral testimonials, and archives that can be used for further investigation into the experiences of Gitanos in a period that needs to be documented with greater rigor. It facilitates availability of material regarding this part of Spain’s past and present lines of inquiry that require attention. The main goal here is, in short, to foster open discussion about the challenges and hardships of this marginal group in a still obscure and unexposed period of Spain’s history.","PeriodicalId":52533,"journal":{"name":"Romani Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45305846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:There are few known historical sources to show what position minority and socio-politically marginalized groups such as the Roma population held in Croatian territory during the First World War. Due to the above, but also due to a lack of scientific and public interest, this subject has been neglected in the Croatian historiography. This work is based on the analysis of archival sources and other relevant secondary literature with the goal of researching the relationship between the state (especially army) and local authorities’ position towards the Roma in Croatian territory in the period from 1914 to 1918. Research on the position of the Roma in Croatian and Slavonian territory during the First World War has shown that their social status generally worsened during this period. Roma fit for military service were mobilized into the Austro-Hungarian army, and a number of these sought to desert. At the same time, Croatian state and local authorities placed the Roma in a category of particularly suspicious persons, thus seeking to carefully monitor their wanderings. A certain fear of the nomadic Roma as “permanent foreigners” and those who continuously resist the pressure of sedentarization and social integration motivated these authorities to enact general provisions to regulate the rights and responsibilities of the Roma during the war. In this context and under the influence of similar regulation enacted in Hungary, the Croatian government council enacted a provision on the sedentarization of the nomadic Roma in August 1916 which, among other things, included measures that forcibly tied them to a place of residence and controlled their wanderings and employment.
{"title":"“Good soldiers and even heroes”; or From the history of the Roma in Croatia and Slavonia during the First World War","authors":"Danijel Vojak","doi":"10.3828/rs.2020.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3828/rs.2020.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:There are few known historical sources to show what position minority and socio-politically marginalized groups such as the Roma population held in Croatian territory during the First World War. Due to the above, but also due to a lack of scientific and public interest, this subject has been neglected in the Croatian historiography. This work is based on the analysis of archival sources and other relevant secondary literature with the goal of researching the relationship between the state (especially army) and local authorities’ position towards the Roma in Croatian territory in the period from 1914 to 1918. Research on the position of the Roma in Croatian and Slavonian territory during the First World War has shown that their social status generally worsened during this period. Roma fit for military service were mobilized into the Austro-Hungarian army, and a number of these sought to desert. At the same time, Croatian state and local authorities placed the Roma in a category of particularly suspicious persons, thus seeking to carefully monitor their wanderings. A certain fear of the nomadic Roma as “permanent foreigners” and those who continuously resist the pressure of sedentarization and social integration motivated these authorities to enact general provisions to regulate the rights and responsibilities of the Roma during the war. In this context and under the influence of similar regulation enacted in Hungary, the Croatian government council enacted a provision on the sedentarization of the nomadic Roma in August 1916 which, among other things, included measures that forcibly tied them to a place of residence and controlled their wanderings and employment.","PeriodicalId":52533,"journal":{"name":"Romani Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47077281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:The aim of this study is to present the Hungarian Gypsy policies of the Socialist era based on sources from the archives, contemporary period studies written by clerks, and academic literature published after the regime change. In my article I mainly focus on summarizing the data, as in my view, it would take further research to evaluate the era’s Gypsy policies in a concise way. Already in the early years of the Socialist era the government forbade any and all individual initiatives or ideas going against the regime’s official narrative and ruling ideology. Centralization, and increasing governmental censorship popped up in various areas of life, such as in industrial and agricultural collectivization. From this none of the ethnic communities could be exempt, thus shortly – though it took a decade – the isolation of the Gypsy community caught the authorities’ eye; they were reined in under the same laws and regulations together with other people. The regime wanted to make Gypsies into socialist men and women with socialist ethics by forbidding their culture and language; to this end Lenin himself once gave several instructions to the authorities (e.g. unconditional acceptance of Marxism-Leninism, loyalty to the Party, partaking in class war, communist consciousness), of which the one outstanding honor was organized work for the community, while the biggest sin was individualism.
{"title":"The forced assimilation Gypsy policy in Socialist Hungary","authors":"Tamás Hajnáczky","doi":"10.3828/rs.2020.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3828/rs.2020.3","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The aim of this study is to present the Hungarian Gypsy policies of the Socialist era based on sources from the archives, contemporary period studies written by clerks, and academic literature published after the regime change. In my article I mainly focus on summarizing the data, as in my view, it would take further research to evaluate the era’s Gypsy policies in a concise way. Already in the early years of the Socialist era the government forbade any and all individual initiatives or ideas going against the regime’s official narrative and ruling ideology. Centralization, and increasing governmental censorship popped up in various areas of life, such as in industrial and agricultural collectivization. From this none of the ethnic communities could be exempt, thus shortly – though it took a decade – the isolation of the Gypsy community caught the authorities’ eye; they were reined in under the same laws and regulations together with other people. The regime wanted to make Gypsies into socialist men and women with socialist ethics by forbidding their culture and language; to this end Lenin himself once gave several instructions to the authorities (e.g. unconditional acceptance of Marxism-Leninism, loyalty to the Party, partaking in class war, communist consciousness), of which the one outstanding honor was organized work for the community, while the biggest sin was individualism.","PeriodicalId":52533,"journal":{"name":"Romani Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46136197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:The Roma emancipatory and cultural movement in Hungary emerged in the 1970s, one of the most significant spaces being a minor youth club on the outskirts of the capital in the 15th district of Budapest. This article seeks to trace the history of the Rom Som club between 1972 and 1980 and, in parallel, aims to integrate the story of this specific place into the frame of minority heritage studies. By presenting the birth and the activities of the Rom Som band–playing Roma folk music– and the Rom Som journal–publishing literary texts in Romani language–we stress the innovative and progressive character of this gypsy club.
{"title":"An attempt to create minority heritage: The history of the Rom Som club (Rom Som cigányklub) (1972–1980)","authors":"Eszter György","doi":"10.3828/rs.2019.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3828/rs.2019.9","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The Roma emancipatory and cultural movement in Hungary emerged in the 1970s, one of the most significant spaces being a minor youth club on the outskirts of the capital in the 15th district of Budapest. This article seeks to trace the history of the Rom Som club between 1972 and 1980 and, in parallel, aims to integrate the story of this specific place into the frame of minority heritage studies. By presenting the birth and the activities of the Rom Som band–playing Roma folk music– and the Rom Som journal–publishing literary texts in Romani language–we stress the innovative and progressive character of this gypsy club.","PeriodicalId":52533,"journal":{"name":"Romani Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3828/rs.2019.9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42857239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This article seeks to address one of the most problematic lacunae in Turkey's political and academic landscape by examining the mediated images of the Roma people in Turkey. This long-neglected sub-cultural group in the Turkish context is mostly regarded as the "others" of society, who cannot speak for themselves. Their public imagination is, therefore, based heavily on narratives that are exclusively produced by non-Roma people. In order to reveal the historical construction of the popular Roma image in Turkey, we cover audiovisual material from the 1960s onward. Through a descriptive–interpretive analysis, we seek to explore how cultural and artistic narratives have contributed to and/or mirrored, and thus reproduced, the prevailing knowledge and imagination about the Roma people in Turkish society.
{"title":"The Roma image in the mainstream Turkish audiovisual media: Sixty years of stereotyping","authors":"Ayça Tunç Cox, Ozan Uştuk","doi":"10.3828/rs.2019.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3828/rs.2019.7","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article seeks to address one of the most problematic lacunae in Turkey's political and academic landscape by examining the mediated images of the Roma people in Turkey. This long-neglected sub-cultural group in the Turkish context is mostly regarded as the \"others\" of society, who cannot speak for themselves. Their public imagination is, therefore, based heavily on narratives that are exclusively produced by non-Roma people. In order to reveal the historical construction of the popular Roma image in Turkey, we cover audiovisual material from the 1960s onward. Through a descriptive–interpretive analysis, we seek to explore how cultural and artistic narratives have contributed to and/or mirrored, and thus reproduced, the prevailing knowledge and imagination about the Roma people in Turkish society.","PeriodicalId":52533,"journal":{"name":"Romani Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45306625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:The article is based on long-term field research and consequent online research of a group of Vlax Roms of Eastern-Slovak origin who have recently created a new large immigrant community in Leicester, UK. The case study is based on data gathered via a combination of social anthropologic methods based on participant observation in the pre-migration period (Slovakia) and in the post-migration period (UK), complemented by the observation of online social practices among the community via Facebook. Focusing on Facebook profiles of the Roms from the studied groups and especially on the photographs posted on their Facebook statuses, the author analyses the role of social media in the contemporary Vlax Romani community. The author sees this topic as tightly connected with the process of cultural change occasioned by the migration to Britain and vertical social mobility among the immigrants. The author focuses on the functions served by Facebook among the Vlax Roms in Leicester. She pays attention to the ways in which Facebook profiles of the Roms reflect the social structure of the Vlax community in Leicester and how Facebook links together its individual members. She discusses Facebook as a platform for presentation of the Roms' upward social mobility and of their ostentatious flaunting of status symbols, as well as an active tool of social control.
{"title":"The presentation of social status on a social network: The role of Facebook among the Vlax Romani community of Eastern-Slovak origin in Leicester, UK","authors":"M. Hajská","doi":"10.3828/rs.2019.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3828/rs.2019.6","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The article is based on long-term field research and consequent online research of a group of Vlax Roms of Eastern-Slovak origin who have recently created a new large immigrant community in Leicester, UK. The case study is based on data gathered via a combination of social anthropologic methods based on participant observation in the pre-migration period (Slovakia) and in the post-migration period (UK), complemented by the observation of online social practices among the community via Facebook. Focusing on Facebook profiles of the Roms from the studied groups and especially on the photographs posted on their Facebook statuses, the author analyses the role of social media in the contemporary Vlax Romani community. The author sees this topic as tightly connected with the process of cultural change occasioned by the migration to Britain and vertical social mobility among the immigrants. The author focuses on the functions served by Facebook among the Vlax Roms in Leicester. She pays attention to the ways in which Facebook profiles of the Roms reflect the social structure of the Vlax community in Leicester and how Facebook links together its individual members. She discusses Facebook as a platform for presentation of the Roms' upward social mobility and of their ostentatious flaunting of status symbols, as well as an active tool of social control.","PeriodicalId":52533,"journal":{"name":"Romani Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47809269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:The article deals with the notion of purity and its relation to Good Citizenship and the development of Roma policies in Sweden during the twentieth century. The case of the differentiation between "zigenare" and "tattare" is presented as an example of how ideas about purity informed processes of categorization, inclusion, and exclusion during the formative and expansive years of the Swedish welfare state. The medical sciences had a dominant role in these processes. Examining and defining "pure zigenare" was one of the ways in which experts would differentiate between legitimate and illegitimate Romanies– or Tolerated and Failed Citizens–in the post-war period. These differentiations had real and lasting consequences as they worked to support certain Romani groups while ignoring others, all of which are today included in the Swedish national Roma minority.
{"title":"The \"pure Gypsy\" revisited: The construction of citizenship for Swedish Romani groups, 1940s–1960s","authors":"Ida Olsson Al Fakir","doi":"10.3828/RS.2019.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3828/RS.2019.8","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The article deals with the notion of purity and its relation to Good Citizenship and the development of Roma policies in Sweden during the twentieth century. The case of the differentiation between \"zigenare\" and \"tattare\" is presented as an example of how ideas about purity informed processes of categorization, inclusion, and exclusion during the formative and expansive years of the Swedish welfare state. The medical sciences had a dominant role in these processes. Examining and defining \"pure zigenare\" was one of the ways in which experts would differentiate between legitimate and illegitimate Romanies– or Tolerated and Failed Citizens–in the post-war period. These differentiations had real and lasting consequences as they worked to support certain Romani groups while ignoring others, all of which are today included in the Swedish national Roma minority.","PeriodicalId":52533,"journal":{"name":"Romani Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49367159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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