Carbon Trends最新文献

英文中文

Effect of nanostructured graphene on the physicochemical and mechanical properties of Cassava starch (Manihot esculenta) coated cellulose paperboards 纳米结构石墨烯对木薯淀粉涂布纤维素纸板理化和力学性能的影响

IF 3.9 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Carbon Trends

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100599

Alessandra R. Rinaldi , Laura D.C. Castañeda , Silvia Faria da Rocha , Eliana B. Souto , Viktor O.C. Concha , Classius Ferreira da Silva , Cristiana M.P. Yoshida

Graphene is derived from graphite and consists of pure carbon. It can be used to produce nanostructured compounds that are incorporated in packaging materials to improve physicochemical and mechanical properties. The application of coatings made from natural polymers, such as starch, has been studied as an alternative to partially replace synthetic polymers in paper-based multilayer materials commonly used in packaging, meeting the demands of consumers with increasing environmental concerns. In this work, we describe the first-time use of a modified cassava (Manihot esculenta) starch film (4 %, m/V) coating, in which graphene has been incorporated at two different concentrations (0.2 % versus 0.4 % m/V), and characterized for its suitability for the coating of paperboard. The presence of graphene in the coating significantly influenced the physicochemical properties of the coating. The Cobb test indicated greater water retention in the coatings containing graphene, but the moisture barrier increased by 87.8 % with the one composed of 0.4 % graphene. In paperboards coated with starch containing 0.4 % graphene, the air permeance decreased by 27 % and fat barrier properties increased, compared to uncoated paperboard. The Taber stiffness was also improved with the presence of graphene in the coatings, indicating that the paperboards became more rigid. The tear strength and tensile strength of the coated paperboards also improved, while elongation and bursting remained unchanged. With the outcomes of this work, we confirm that starch coating containing graphene offers a promising alternative to polymeric lamination on cellulosic matrices, promoting sustainability in packaging and improving the final properties of the paperboard.

石墨烯由石墨衍生而来，由纯碳组成。它可以用来生产纳米结构的化合物，这些化合物被加入到包装材料中，以改善物理化学和机械性能。研究了以淀粉等天然聚合物制成的涂料在包装中常用的纸基多层材料中部分替代合成聚合物的应用，以满足日益关注环境的消费者的需求。在这项工作中，我们首次使用了一种改性木薯（Manihot esculenta）淀粉膜（4%,m/V）涂层，其中石墨烯以两种不同的浓度（0.2%和0.4% m/V）掺入，并以其适合纸板涂层为特征。石墨烯在涂层中的存在显著影响了涂层的物理化学性能。Cobb测试表明，含有石墨烯的涂层的保水能力更强，但含有0.4%石墨烯的涂层的防潮性能提高了87.8%。与未涂布的纸板相比，涂布含有0.4%石墨烯的淀粉的纸板透气性降低了27%，脂肪阻隔性能提高。涂层中石墨烯的存在也提高了Taber刚度，这表明纸板变得更加坚硬。涂布纸板的撕裂强度和拉伸强度均有提高，而伸长率和破裂率保持不变。根据这项工作的结果，我们证实含有石墨烯的淀粉涂层为纤维素基质上的聚合物层压提供了一种有希望的替代方案，可以促进包装的可持续性并改善纸板的最终性能。

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引用次数: 0

Identification and characterization of carbon quantum dots in PM1 emitted in smoke from domestic wood combustion 家用木材燃烧烟气中PM1中碳量子点的鉴定与表征

IF 3.9 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Carbon Trends

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.cartre.2026.100607

C. Clairotte , C. Akl , V. Malesys , L. Josien , L. Vidal , A. Zaarour , G. Trouvé , V. Tschamber , L. Simon

We present a methodology for the identification and characterization of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) emitted during wood combustion in a domestic heating appliance. CQDs were isolated in the nanometric fraction of particulate matter (PM₀.₁, aerodynamic diameter < 0.1 μm) of the fume using an Electrical Low-Pressure Impactor (ELPI) during both transient log-burning phases and steady-state pellet combustion. Their presence was confirmed by complementary techniques, including SEM, TEM, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). The PM₀.₁ fraction contains nanocrystalline graphene/graphite domains with an amorphization degree of 13–17%, arising from sp³-type defects within an sp² matrix and contributions from amorphous carbon, as confirmed by C1s XPS spectra. We show that quantitative Raman analysis revealed that a five-component deconvolution of the D and G bands, together with the observation of sloping baselines (indicating an underlying photoluminescence background), provides robust criteria for identifying CQDs. TEM images further demonstrate that CQDs adopt nano-onion morphologies with diameters near the impactor cut-off, consisting of an amorphous core encased in concentric graphitic shells. The measured interplanar spacing of 3.84 Å closely matches values reported for synthetic nano-onions derived from biomass precursors.

我们提出了一种方法来识别和表征碳量子点（CQDs）在木材燃烧期间在家用加热器具发射。CQDs从颗粒物质（PM 0）的纳米级组分中分离出来。在瞬态原木燃烧阶段和稳态颗粒燃烧期间，使用电气低压冲击器（ELPI）的烟雾的气动直径<； 0.1 μm)。通过SEM， TEM，拉曼光谱和x射线光电子能谱（XPS）等互补技术证实了它们的存在。PM₀。经C1s的XPS光谱证实，1₁分数包含纳米晶石墨烯/石墨畴，非晶化程度为13-17%，由sp²矩阵内的sp³型缺陷和非晶碳的贡献引起。定量拉曼分析显示，D和G波段的五分量反褶积，以及倾斜基线的观察（表明潜在的光致发光背景），为识别CQDs提供了可靠的标准。TEM图像进一步表明，CQDs采用纳米洋葱状形貌，直径接近撞击器截止点，由包裹在同心石墨壳中的非晶核组成。测量的面间距为3.84 Å，与报道的来自生物质前体的合成纳米洋葱的值非常接近。

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引用次数: 0

Optical anisotropy of 6-A graphene nanoribbons synthesized inside aligned nanotubes 排列纳米管内合成的6-A石墨烯纳米带的光学各向异性

IF 3.9 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Carbon Trends

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100596

Natalia R. Arutyunyan , Alexander A. Tonkikh , Pavel V. Fedotov , Dmitry V. Rybkovskiy , Ekaterina A. Obraztsova , Wanyu Dai , Xiang Rong , Shigeo Maruyama , Elena D. Obraztsova

6- atom-wide armchair graphene nanoribbons (6-AGNRs) are synthesized through two-step process inside a matrix of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) pre-aligned by controlled vacuum filtration method. The typical Raman modes of nanoribbons as radial breathing-like mode at 453 cm^-1, edge CH mode at 1245 cm^-1 and middle-range mode at 1270 cm^-1 appear in the Raman spectra alongside with the modes of carbon nanotubes. Polarized Raman spectra reveal the strong anisotropy of the signal depending on the orientation of the sample, as the alignment of nanoribbons is provided by the alignment of the nanotube host matrix. This result is in agreement with polarized Raman density functional theory (DFT) calculations carried out for the main vibrational modes of the 6-AGNR. The proposed method ensures the alignment of graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) on a macroscale and preserves the anisotropy of their optical properties.

6-原子宽扶手型石墨烯纳米带（6- agnrs）是在单壁碳纳米管（SWCNTs）基质中通过控制真空过滤法预先排列的两步法合成的。在拉曼光谱中，纳米带的典型拉曼模式为453 cm-1的径向呼吸模式、1245 cm-1的边缘CH模式和1270 cm-1的中程模式。极化拉曼光谱揭示了信号的强各向异性，这取决于样品的方向，因为纳米带的排列是由纳米管宿主矩阵的排列提供的。这一结果与对6-AGNR的主要振动模式进行的偏振拉曼密度泛函理论（DFT）计算一致。该方法保证了石墨烯纳米带（gnr）在宏观尺度上的排列，并保持了其光学性质的各向异性。

引用次数: 0

Importance of graphitization catalyst deposition for the structure development of nanoscale hybrid amorphous/graphitic carbon 石墨化催化剂沉积对纳米级非晶/石墨杂化碳结构发展的重要性

IF 3.9 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Carbon Trends

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100593

Pierre Cautaerts , Jan Gläsel , Felix Herold , Bastian J.M. Etzold

Graphitic and mesoporous carbon materials combine two interesting features from an engineering point of view, allowing for fast heat and mass transport. A carbon synthesis combining soft-templating with catalytic graphitization leads to mesoporous hybrid amorphous/graphitic carbons, whose subsequent selective oxidation yields mesoporous and graphitic carbons. A combination of thermal programmed oxidation, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, nitrogen and water sorption evidences the qualitative and quantitative differences in their amorphous/graphitic phases. This contribution demonstrates how graphitization catalyst deposition method and pyrolysis conditions can be leveraged to influence resulting carbon microstructure and proportions of graphitic/amorphous domains.

从工程角度来看，石墨和介孔碳材料结合了两个有趣的特征，允许快速的热量和质量传输。将软模板与催化石墨化相结合的碳合成可以得到介孔非晶/石墨杂化碳，其随后的选择性氧化产生介孔碳和石墨碳。热程序氧化，拉曼光谱，x射线衍射，氮和水的吸附相的组合证明了它们的非晶/石墨相的定性和定量差异。这一贡献证明了石墨化催化剂的沉积方法和热解条件如何影响所得碳的微观结构和石墨/非晶畴的比例。

引用次数: 0

Graphene-based materials for water and wastewater treatment: A comprehensive review of advances in synthesis, emerging applications, and future directions 用于水和废水处理的石墨烯基材料：合成进展、新兴应用和未来方向的综合综述

IF 3.9 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Carbon Trends

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.cartre.2026.100609

Ahmed M.E. Khalil , Tanveer A. Tabish , Bhavya Joshi , Mohamed Egiza , Fayyaz A. Memon , Shaowei Zhang

Graphene-based materials (GBMs) have emerged as promising candidates for water and wastewater treatment owing to their large surface area, high electron mobility, tunable surface chemistry, and exceptional mechanical strength. This review provides a comprehensive examination of key advances in the synthesis, performance optimisation, environmental implications, and future integration strategies of GBMs for pollutant removal. Emphasis is placed on the removal of emerging contaminants including pharmaceuticals, personal care products, heavy metals, dyes, and pathogenic microorganisms using material descriptors together with kinetic and thermodynamic analyses. Enhanced adsorption capacities, in some cases exceeding 30% over conventional materials, are achieved via functionalisation and the development of three-dimensional graphene architectures, graphene oxide nanoribbons, and activated graphene. Green synthesis approaches using plant- and fruit-based reducing agents are highlighted as environmentally benign alternatives to conventional chemical methods, reducing toxic by-products and energy demand. Despite these advances, challenges remain regarding scalable, cost-effective, and reproducible synthesis of graphene with controlled porosity and surface functionality, alongside assessment of long-term environmental fate, ecotoxicity, and regeneration potential. The review further explores integration strategies with existing treatment technologies such as membrane filtration, electrochemical processes, and bioreactors to improve treatment efficiency and operational sustainability. Future research directions are proposed to support the transition from laboratory-scale innovation to full-scale deployment, emphasising interdisciplinary collaboration for the development of safe, efficient, and economically viable water purification systems. Overall, this review provides an up-to-date, integrated synthesis across adsorption, catalytic oxidation and membrane separations, linking processing routes to material descriptors and performance metrics.

石墨烯基材料（GBMs）由于其大表面积、高电子迁移率、可调表面化学和优异的机械强度而成为水和废水处理的有希望的候选者。这篇综述提供了在合成、性能优化、环境影响和未来污染物去除GBMs整合策略方面的关键进展的全面检查。重点放在去除新兴污染物，包括药品，个人护理产品，重金属，染料和病原微生物使用材料描述符与动力学和热力学分析在一起。通过功能化和三维石墨烯结构、氧化石墨烯纳米带和活化石墨烯的开发，增强了吸附能力，在某些情况下比传统材料超过30%。利用植物和水果为基础的还原剂的绿色合成方法被强调为传统化学方法的环保替代品，减少有毒副产品和能源需求。尽管取得了这些进步，但石墨烯的可扩展性、成本效益、可重复性、孔隙率和表面功能可控、长期环境命运评估、生态毒性和再生潜力等方面的挑战仍然存在。本文进一步探讨了与膜过滤、电化学处理和生物反应器等现有处理技术的集成策略，以提高处理效率和运行的可持续性。提出了未来的研究方向，以支持从实验室规模的创新到全面部署的过渡，强调跨学科合作，以开发安全、高效和经济可行的水净化系统。总的来说，这篇综述提供了最新的、综合的合成，跨越吸附、催化氧化和膜分离，将加工路线与材料描述符和性能指标联系起来。

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引用次数: 0

Carbon dots: Multidimensional analysis of antibacterial performance 碳点：抗菌性能的多维分析

IF 3.9 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Carbon Trends

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100606

Yunxiao Zhu, Qiaowen Lei, Xinru Nan, Li Fu, Qitong Huang, Hanqiang Zhang, Xiaofeng Lin

The escalating crisis of antimicrobial resistance threatens global health, with projections indicating millions of deaths annually by 2050 without effective countermeasures. This urgent scenario demands innovative antibacterial approaches. Carbon dots (CDs) have emerged as a promising alternative due to their potent antimicrobial properties and excellent biocompatibility. They achieve over 95 % inhibition against common pathogens such as Escherichia coli and S. aureus even at concentrations as low as 8 μg/mL. This review systematically examines recent advances in CD-based antibacterial strategies, focusing on their multifaceted mechanisms including membrane disruption, reactive oxygen species generation, and intracellular biomolecule interference. Key structural characteristics such as particle size, surface charge, and functionalization significantly modulate their antibacterial efficacy. Current applications span medical dressings, food packaging, and environmental remediation, demonstrating remarkable versatility. However, further optimization of structural properties and functional performance remains essential. Continued research is expected to establish CDs as crucial components in global antimicrobial strategies, contributing substantially to public health security.

不断升级的抗菌素耐药性危机威胁着全球健康，据预测，到2050年，如果没有有效对策，每年将有数百万人死亡。这种紧急情况需要创新的抗菌方法。碳点（cd）由于其强大的抗菌性能和良好的生物相容性而成为一种有前途的替代品。即使浓度低至8 μg/mL，它们对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌等常见病原体的抑制作用也能达到95%以上。本文系统地回顾了基于cd的抗菌策略的最新进展，重点介绍了其多方面的机制，包括膜破坏、活性氧生成和细胞内生物分子干扰。关键的结构特征，如颗粒大小，表面电荷和功能化显著调节其抗菌功效。目前的应用跨越医用敷料、食品包装和环境修复，显示出显著的多功能性。然而，进一步优化结构性能和功能性能仍然是必不可少的。预计持续的研究将使cd成为全球抗微生物战略的重要组成部分，为公共卫生安全作出重大贡献。

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引用次数: 0

The influence of composition and carbon types on the electrical conductivity of carbon-based conductive pastes for deposition as back-electrode in perovskite solar cells 钙钛矿太阳能电池背电极用碳基导电浆料的组成和碳类型对其电导率的影响

IF 3.9 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Carbon Trends

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100605

Edwin Akongnwi Nforna , Henry Alombah Njimboh , Divine Mbom Yufanyi , Cornelius Tsamo , Romanus Njong Nyako

Carbon-based electrodes are promising replacements of expensive, vacuum deposited noble metals in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) because of their low cost, chemical inertness and durability. This study is aimed at determining the influence of carbon composition on the electrical conductivity of carbon electrode and application in carbon-based C-PSC. Activated carbon (AC) was synthesized from sugarcane leaves and used to prepare different carbon pastes compositions. The AC was characterized by x-ray diffraction, microstructural and elemental analyses, Fourier Transform Infrared and Raman spectroscopies, and nitrogen sorption isotherms to assess surface area and micropore volumes. Results show that the AC is mostly amorphous with small graphitic component, having oxygen surface groups and extended surface area with micropores. AC was found to serve as linking layers in AC/graphite (G) carbon pastes, giving a maximum electrical conductivity of 36.9 Ω^-1cm^-1 for a 27 % AC in AC/G mixture. The use of different carbon materials G, AC, CB (carbon black) and also a higher total carbon amount showed augmented conductivity of 47.7 Ω^-1cm^-1 for an AC:CB:G weight ratio of 0.5:0.5:3. The carbon pastes were effectively deposited as counter electrode in planar hole-transport-layer-free PSC with structure Glass/FTO/c-TiO₂/mp-TiO₂/CH₃NH₃PbI₃/C. The C-PSC exhibited an open circuit voltage of 0.9 V under simulated illumination of AM 1.5 G, 100 mW/cm² similar to reference devices using mesoporous TiO₂ as electron-transport-material. The results show that AC obtained from biomass can be utilized to prepare low cost and solvent friendly carbon pastes which can be effectively deposited as electrode in devices such as PSC.

碳基电极因其低成本、化学惰性和耐用性而成为钙钛矿太阳能电池（PSCs）中昂贵的真空沉积贵金属的有希望的替代品。本研究旨在确定碳组成对碳电极电导率的影响及其在碳基C-PSC中的应用。以甘蔗叶片为原料合成活性炭，并用于制备不同碳糊。通过x射线衍射、微观结构和元素分析、傅里叶变换红外光谱和拉曼光谱以及氮吸附等温线对AC进行了表征，以评估其表面积和微孔体积。结果表明：该材料多为无定形，石墨成分少，表面有氧基团，表面有微孔，表面积扩大；AC被发现在AC/石墨(G)碳糊中充当连接层，在AC/G混合物中，27% AC的最大电导率为36.9 Ω-1cm-1。使用不同的碳材料G、AC、CB（炭黑）和较高的总碳量，当AC:CB:G重量比为0.5:0.5:3时，电导率提高了47.7 Ω-1cm-1。在玻璃/FTO/ C - tio2 /mp-TiO2/CH3NH3PbI3/C结构的平面无空穴输运层PSC中有效沉积了碳糊作为对电极。在AM 1.5 G， 100 mW/cm2的模拟照明下，C-PSC的开路电压为0.9 V，与使用介孔TiO2作为电子传输材料的参考器件相似。结果表明，从生物质中获得的活性炭可以制备低成本和溶剂友好的碳糊，可以有效地沉积在PSC等装置中作为电极。

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引用次数: 0

Analytical models of hydrogen transport in graphite 石墨中氢输运的分析模型

IF 3.9 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Carbon Trends

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.cartre.2026.100611

Lorenzo Vergari

The importance of graphite-hydrogen chemical reactions to fusion, fission, and hydrogen storage applications, combined with the rapidly evolving knowledge on the underlying mechanisms, has led to the development of multiple models to describe hydrogen transport in graphite. Significant differences exist among these models, resulting from discrepancies in the modeling assumptions, intended degree of fidelity, and conditions of applicability. This paper attempts at reconciling these apparent differences by providing a comprehensive description of the constitutive equations governing hydrogen transport in graphite at high-temperature, identifying outstanding gaps in knowledge, illustrating how these different models approach them, and proposing alternative analytical formulations grounded on experimental results from hydrogen-graphite studies. Governing equations, closing relations, and simplifying assumptions are discussed for hydrogen transport at the inter-granular and intra-granular level, accompanied by compiled experimental data and illustrated energy diagrams associated to the proposed transport mechanisms. Analytical formulations are provided to reproduce competing hypotheses on the mechanisms, supporting the development of a range of computational models that can enable resolution of outstanding knowledge gaps through comparative testing against experimental data.

石墨-氢化学反应对聚变、裂变和储氢应用的重要性，加上对潜在机制的快速发展的知识，导致了多种模型的发展，以描述石墨中的氢传输。这些模型之间存在显著差异，这是由于建模假设、预期保真度和适用条件的差异造成的。本文试图通过提供控制高温下石墨中氢输运的本构方程的全面描述来调和这些明显的差异，识别知识上的突出差距，说明这些不同的模型如何接近它们，并根据氢石墨研究的实验结果提出替代的分析公式。本文讨论了氢在颗粒间和颗粒内输运的控制方程、密切关系和简化假设，并附上了与所提出的输运机制相关的实验数据和图解能量图。本文提供了分析公式来重现有关机制的竞争性假设，支持开发一系列计算模型，这些模型可以通过与实验数据的比较测试来解决突出的知识差距。

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引用次数: 0

Complete hydrolysis of organosulfates yields to complete exfoliation of graphite oxide 有机硫酸盐完全水解产生氧化石墨完全剥落

IF 3.9 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Carbon Trends

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100600

Adelia López-Pérez , Juana M. Pérez , Ignacio Fernández , Ignacio Martín-Gullón , Iluminada Rodríguez-Pastor

Graphene oxide (GO) is a highly versatile material with broad applications, but its acidic nature and the presence of sulfur-containing groups poses significant challenges for biomedical and environmental uses. These groups, mainly in the form of organosulfates, contribute to excessive acidity, which affects the stability of GO and complicates large-scale production due to the need for multiple washing steps. This study is focused on developing an efficient method to fully remove organosulfates. By combining basic and organic acid treatments, complete hydrolysis of sulfate groups was achieved, leading to a significant reduction in acidity and, contrary to expectations, facilitating the exfoliation of GO without requiring additional sonication. This might be due to some organosulfates bound to carbons of different graphite layers. The optimized process resulted in monolayer-rich GO with enhanced dispersion stability, making it more suitable for a wider range of applications. These findings offer a scalable and effective approach to improving the chemical purity and structural properties of GO, expanding its potential in advanced technologies.

氧化石墨烯（GO）是一种用途广泛的高用途材料，但其酸性和含硫基团的存在对生物医学和环境用途构成了重大挑战。这些基团主要以有机硫酸盐的形式存在，导致酸度过高，从而影响氧化石墨烯的稳定性，并由于需要多个洗涤步骤而使大规模生产复杂化。本研究的重点是开发一种有效的方法来完全去除有机硫酸盐。通过结合碱性和有机酸处理，实现了硫酸盐基团的完全水解，导致酸度显著降低，并且与预期相反，无需额外的超声处理即可促进氧化石墨烯的去角质。这可能是由于一些有机硫酸盐与不同石墨层的碳结合。优化后的工艺产生了富含单层的氧化石墨烯，具有增强的分散稳定性，使其更适合于更广泛的应用。这些发现为提高氧化石墨烯的化学纯度和结构特性提供了一种可扩展和有效的方法，扩大了其在先进技术中的潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Investigation of the synthesis of carbon dots from citric acid and urea: evidence of the formation of organic fluorophores and study of their impact in catalysis 柠檬酸和尿素合成碳点的研究：有机荧光团形成的证据及其对催化作用的影响

IF 3.9 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Carbon Trends

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100588

Ari Gurel, Assya Cheutin, Yasmine Bouaouni, Stéphanie Lau, Sébastien Bellynck, Sophie Nowak, Delphine Schaming

While carbon dots (CDs) have attracted increasing attention these last years as a new family of carbon materials with amazing optical properties and applications in ever-wider fields, many CDs described in the literature come from bottom-up syntheses using organic molecules as precursors. In particular, a very simple and rapid method largely employed consists in the microwaves treatment of an aqueous solution of citric acid and urea using microwaves. This method leads to CDs with a very high fluorescence quantum yield which are generally used for several applications such as catalysis without thorough purifications. In these works, we highlight the formation of a large quantity of molecular organic fluorophores during the synthesis protocol of these CDs. After a purification process based on chromatographic separation and Soxhlet extraction, we isolated purer CDs from the mixture of organic fluorophores. Then, we investigated the catalytic properties of these CDs and these organic fluorophores when associated with ZnO or TiO2 photocatalysts. While CDs are generally described as excellent co-catalysts for protons photoreduction, we evidenced the role of these organic fluorophores in photocatalysis performances generally assigned to CDs while the later used pure seem to deactivate the catalytic properties of semiconductors.

近年来，碳点（cd）作为一类具有优异光学性能和广泛应用领域的新型碳材料引起了越来越多的关注，但文献中描述的许多cd都是用有机分子作为前体自下而上合成的。特别地，一种非常简单和快速的方法是使用微波对柠檬酸和尿素的水溶液进行微波处理。这种方法导致CDs具有非常高的荧光量子产率，通常用于催化等几种应用，而无需彻底纯化。在这些工作中，我们强调在这些CDs的合成过程中形成了大量的分子有机荧光团。经过色谱分离和索氏萃取的纯化过程，我们从有机荧光团混合物中分离出了纯度更高的CDs。然后，我们研究了这些CDs和这些有机荧光团与ZnO或TiO2光催化剂结合时的催化性能。虽然CDs通常被描述为质子光还原的优秀助催化剂，但我们证明了这些有机荧光团在通常分配给CDs的光催化性能中的作用，而后来使用的纯荧光团似乎会使半导体的催化性能失活。

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