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Electrochemical characterization of carbon black in different redox probes and their application in electrochemical sensing 不同氧化还原探针中炭黑的电化学特性及其在电化学传感中的应用
IF 3.1 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-10-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.cartre.2024.100408
Carbon black - materials rich in carbon nanostructures - have been successfully applied as modifiers of electrochemical transducers, rivalling other carbon nanomaterials for cost and ease-of-use. Despite the remarkable promise of this nanomaterial, no study has yet comparatively characterised a wide range of different grades of carbon black for their utility in electrochemical sensors. Here, we explore several commonly-studied carbon black grades (N220, N234, N326, N330, N339, N375, N550, N660 and Lamp Black-101), alongside relatively newer grades (Printex®-200, Printex® G, Printex® XE-2B, and Printex® Zeta) for their application in electrochemical sensors. The effects of coating glassy carbon electrodes with carbon black on electrode performance were studied by cyclic voltammetry using three redox probes: ferri-/ferrocyanide (anionic probe molecules), ferrocenemethanol (neutral) and hexaammineruthenium (cationic). Raman Spectroscopy characterisation of the different grades associated a lower degree of graphitisation with superior electrode modifiers. Generally, modification increased the anodic peak current for ferri-/ferrocyanide probes; and lowered anodic potential for ferri-/ferrocyanide and hexaammineruthenium probes. Increases in peak current and potential observed at ferrocenemethanol are consistent with the increased tendency for this probe to adsorb to the surface of modified electrodes. N330 and Printex® XE-2B displayed the best electrocatalytic properties in terms of enhanced peak currents and lowered anodic overpotentials for the redox probes. CB grades were used to modify screen-printed carbon electrodes and the obtained sensors examined for anodic detection of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) cofactor by cyclic voltammetry. Printex® XE-2B significantly improved the detection of NADH and was further used for chronoamperometric detection of NADH at low overpotentials. Grades N220, N375, N550 and P-G showed their suitability as enzyme scaffolds for sensor fabrication, as determined by their preservation of the activity of a NAD-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase.
碳黑--富含碳纳米结构的材料--已成功用作电化学传感器的改性剂,其成本和易用性可与其他碳纳米材料相媲美。尽管这种纳米材料前景广阔,但目前还没有研究对各种不同等级的炭黑进行比较,以确定它们在电化学传感器中的用途。在此,我们探讨了几种常用的炭黑牌号(N220、N234、N326、N330、N339、N375、N550、N660 和 Lamp Black-101),以及相对较新的牌号(Printex®-200、Printex® G、Printex® XE-2B 和 Printex® Zeta)在电化学传感器中的应用。使用三种氧化还原探针:铁氰化/铁氰化(阴离子探针分子)、二茂铁甲醇(中性)和六氨钌(阳离子),通过循环伏安法研究了在玻璃碳电极上涂覆炭黑对电极性能的影响。不同等级的拉曼光谱表征表明,优质电极改性剂的石墨化程度较低。一般来说,改性会提高铁氰化/铁氰化探针的阳极峰值电流;降低铁氰化/铁氰化和六氨勒钌探针的阳极电位。在二茂铁甲醇中观察到的峰值电流和阳极电位的增加与这种探针吸附到改性电极表面的趋势增加是一致的。N330 和 Printex® XE-2B 在氧化还原探针的峰值电流提高和阳极过电位降低方面显示出最佳的电催化性能。我们使用 CB 牌号对丝网印刷碳电极进行了改性,并通过循环伏安法对所获得的传感器进行了阳极检测,以检测还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NADH)辅助因子。Printex® XE-2B 显著提高了 NADH 的检测能力,并进一步用于低过电位下 NADH 的时变检测。等级 N220、N375、N550 和 P-G 显示出其作为酶支架用于传感器制造的适宜性,这是由它们对依赖于 NAD 的醛脱氢酶的活性的保持所决定的。
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引用次数: 0
Extraction of carbon and preparation of activated carbon from waste dry cell battery 从废弃干电池中提取碳并制备活性炭
IF 3.1 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-10-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.cartre.2024.100406
The goal of this research was to synthesize activated carbon (AC) from discarded batteries, and the crystallographic characterization of the final product (AC), intermediate product, and raw sources were explored. The formation of activated carbon was confirmed by utilizing an X-ray diffractometer (XRD) that revealed the structure of activated carbon was hexagonal. The crystallite size of activated carbon was computed by applying several model equations (Linear straight-line method of Scherrer's equation, Monshi-Scherrer method, Sahadat-Scherrer method, Size-Strain plot method, Halder-Wagner method, Williamson-Hall method), and the range of calculated crystallite size was 5–28 nm. The weight loss occurred in the two stages those was explored by a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR) confirmed that there was no significant change in the peak position between intermediate product and activated carbon except for the intensity and peak separation difference. Field Emission Electron Microscope (FE-SEM) revealed several types of shapes of the waste source, intermediate product, and main product (AC).
本研究的目标是利用废弃电池合成活性炭(AC),并探索最终产品(AC)、中间产品和原材料的晶体学特征。利用 X 射线衍射仪(XRD)确认了活性炭的形成,XRD 显示活性炭的结构为六角形。活性炭的结晶粒度是通过几个模型方程(舍勒方程直线法、Monshi-Scherrer 法、Sahadat-Scherrer 法、尺寸-应变图法、Halder-Wagner 法、Williamson-Hall 法)计算出来的,计算出的结晶粒度范围为 5-28 nm。热重分析仪(TGA)对两个阶段中发生的重量损失进行了分析。傅立叶变换红外分光光度计(FTIR)证实,中间产物和活性炭的峰值位置没有明显变化,只是强度和峰值分离度不同。场发射电子显微镜(FE-SEM)显示了废物源、中间产物和主要产物(AC)的几种形状。
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引用次数: 0
Biomedical application of carbon quantum dots: A review 碳量子点的生物医学应用:综述
IF 3.1 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-10-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.cartre.2024.100407
The many beneficial properties of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have led to their increased interest as a potential material for use in various biomedical applications. These properties include fluorescence, biocompatibility, low toxicity, small size, ease of modification, low production costs when scaled up, and versatile conjugation with other nanoparticles. In addition, the development of theranostic nanomedicine, bio-imaging of cells and bacteria, and multifunctional diagnostic platforms have all shown promise. Optical imaging, cancer therapy, drug delivery systems, gene delivery, antimicrobial activity, bioimaging and biosensors, photothermal and photodynamic therapy, pharmaceutical formulations, and more are all parts of CQD research that this review succinctly summarises. The literature primarily describes two approaches for synthesizing CQDs: the top-down approach, which involves disassembling a larger carbon structure into nanoscale particles, and the bottom-up approach, which involves creating CQDs from smaller carbon units (small organic molecules). The literature has a large number of review articles about the synthesis and uses of CQDs. Nevertheless, there isn't a comprehensive paper like this that goes over the entire process of creating and using CQDs made of tiny organic compounds. Based on the available literature, we have compiled the research progress on CQDs in this review, including its synthesis from small organic molecules (bottom-up approach), applications in the fields of bioimaging, drug/gene delivery systems, photocatalytic reactions, photodynamic therapy (PDT), and photothermal (PTT) therapy, as well as methods of thermal decomposition and microwave irradiation and ultrasonic treatment. Lastly, the difficulties and potential course of CQDs are explored. Our conversation also broadens to cover CQDs function in nanomedicine, the field that many believe will shape biomedicine in the years to come. The results of this study will help the biomedical research community realise the potential of CQDs to solve many present-day technological issues.
碳量子点(CQDs)具有许多有益的特性,因此作为一种可用于各种生物医学应用的潜在材料,人们对它的兴趣与日俱增。这些特性包括荧光、生物相容性、低毒性、体积小、易于改性、放大生产成本低,以及与其他纳米粒子的多功能共轭。此外,治疗用纳米药物、细胞和细菌的生物成像以及多功能诊断平台的开发都大有可为。光学成像、癌症治疗、给药系统、基因递送、抗菌活性、生物成像和生物传感器、光热和光动力疗法、药物制剂等都是 CQD 研究的内容,本综述对此进行了简明扼要的总结。文献主要介绍了合成 CQD 的两种方法:一种是自上而下的方法,即把较大的碳结构分解成纳米级颗粒;另一种是自下而上的方法,即从较小的碳单元(小的有机分子)生成 CQD。文献中有大量关于 CQDs 合成和用途的综述文章。然而,还没有一篇像这样的综合性论文来介绍用微小有机化合物制造和使用 CQDs 的整个过程。在现有文献的基础上,我们在这篇综述中梳理了 CQDs 的研究进展,包括其从小有机分子的合成(自下而上的方法),在生物成像、药物/基因输送系统、光催化反应、光动力疗法(PDT)和光热疗法(PTT)等领域的应用,以及热分解、微波辐照和超声波处理的方法。最后,我们还探讨了 CQDs 的难点和潜在发展方向。我们的话题还扩展到 CQDs 在纳米医学中的功能,许多人认为这一领域将在未来数年内塑造生物医学。这项研究的结果将有助于生物医学研究界认识到 CQDs 在解决当今许多技术问题方面的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Diatomite with gold nanoparticles for atrazine adsorption 用于吸附阿特拉津的含金纳米颗粒的硅藻土
IF 3.1 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-09-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.cartre.2024.100404
Atrazine is a commonly used herbicide worldwide, and it has significant environmental concerns due to its toxic ecological effects. This work uses diatomite decorated with gold nanoparticles to evaluate its capacity for atrazine adsorption. The structural characterization was studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive spectroscopy (EDX), Fluorescence microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Our findings reveal that diatomite decorated with gold nanoparticles with an average particle size of 10 nm enhances the Raman signal and fluorescence intensity for atrazine detection. Experimental conditions, such as atrazine concentration, pH, contact time, and diatomite mass, have been optimized to quantify the maximum removal conditions using ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, reaching a maximum adsorption of 2.5 mg/g in 4 h. FTIR and XPS evidence the interaction of the amine groups of the atrazine with the diatomite-decorated surface. The impact of this work relies on environmental remediation using naturally available diatomite decorated with gold nanoparticles and understanding the binding interactions for the removal of atrazine.
阿特拉津是世界上常用的除草剂,因其有毒的生态效应而备受环境关注。本研究利用装饰有金纳米颗粒的硅藻土来评估其对阿特拉津的吸附能力。通过傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、拉曼光谱、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能量色散光谱(EDX)、荧光显微镜和 X 射线光电子能谱(XPS)对其结构特征进行了研究。我们的研究结果表明,用平均粒径为 10 纳米的金纳米粒子装饰硅藻土,可增强检测阿特拉津的拉曼信号和荧光强度。傅立叶变换红外光谱和 XPS 证明了阿特拉津的胺基团与硅藻土装饰表面的相互作用。这项工作的影响在于利用天然硅藻土装饰金纳米粒子进行环境修复,并了解去除阿特拉津的结合相互作用。
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引用次数: 0
Direct Writing of graphene/graphitic foam through picosecond pulsed laser-induced transformation of soluble polyimide suspension 通过皮秒脉冲激光诱导可溶性聚酰亚胺悬浮液的转化直接写入石墨烯/石墨泡沫
IF 3.1 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.cartre.2024.100399
We report the direct writing of graphene/graphitic foam with high electrical conductivity using laser-induced-transformation of polyimide (PI) resin films on glass surfaces. Raman spectroscopy of the treated surfaces indicated that average laser power irradiation between 900 and 1500 kW/cm2 transformed the PI film into a few layered graphene-dominated film, and the increase in irradiation power above 1500 kW/cm2 led to the formation of graphitic (multilayered graphene) material. The electrical conductivity of the transformed film was between 5800±750 S m-1 (lower power irradiation) and 1250±300 S m-1 (higher laser power irradiation). SEM imaging showed that the transformed material has a closed cell foam morphology enclosed between the smooth top and bottom layers. The results indicate that heat treatment of the polyimide suspension films, and subsequent ultra-short, pulsed laser irradiation resulted in a closed-cell graphene/graphitic foam with high electrical conductivity. The pore aspect ratio, density, and film conductivity are used to estimate the conductivity of the solid phases in the laser-treated films at different powers. Laser-induced transformation of the PI suspension into graphene/graphitic foam is conducive to additive manufacturing and may enable the direct printing of graphitic foam-based three-dimensional components.
我们报告了利用激光诱导聚酰亚胺(PI)树脂薄膜在玻璃表面的转化,直接写入具有高导电性的石墨烯/石墨泡沫。对处理过的表面进行的拉曼光谱分析表明,900 至 1500 kW/cm2 的平均激光辐照功率可将聚酰亚胺薄膜转化为以石墨烯为主的几层薄膜,而辐照功率超过 1500 kW/cm2 时,辐照功率的增加会导致石墨化(多层石墨烯)材料的形成。转化薄膜的电导率介于 5800±750 S m-1 (低功率辐照)和 1250±300 S m-1 (高激光功率辐照)之间。扫描电子显微镜成像显示,转化后的材料在光滑的顶层和底层之间形成了闭孔泡沫形态。结果表明,对聚酰亚胺悬浮膜进行热处理,然后用超短脉冲激光照射,可形成具有高导电性的闭孔石墨烯/石墨泡沫。孔隙率、密度和薄膜电导率可用于估算不同功率下激光处理薄膜中固相的电导率。激光诱导将 PI 悬浮液转化为石墨烯/石墨泡沫有利于增材制造,可直接打印基于石墨泡沫的三维部件。
{"title":"Direct Writing of graphene/graphitic foam through picosecond pulsed laser-induced transformation of soluble polyimide suspension","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.cartre.2024.100399","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cartre.2024.100399","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We report the direct writing of graphene/graphitic foam with high electrical conductivity using laser-induced-transformation of polyimide (PI) resin films on glass surfaces. Raman spectroscopy of the treated surfaces indicated that average laser power irradiation between 900 and 1500 kW/cm<sup>2</sup> transformed the PI film into a few layered graphene-dominated film, and the increase in irradiation power above 1500 kW/cm<sup>2</sup> led to the formation of graphitic (multilayered graphene) material. The electrical conductivity of the transformed film was between 5800±750 S m<sup>-1</sup> (lower power irradiation) and 1250±300 S m<sup>-1</sup> (higher laser power irradiation). SEM imaging showed that the transformed material has a closed cell foam morphology enclosed between the smooth top and bottom layers. The results indicate that heat treatment of the polyimide suspension films, and subsequent ultra-short, pulsed laser irradiation resulted in a closed-cell graphene/graphitic foam with high electrical conductivity. The pore aspect ratio, density, and film conductivity are used to estimate the conductivity of the solid phases in the laser-treated films at different powers. Laser-induced transformation of the PI suspension into graphene/graphitic foam is conducive to additive manufacturing and may enable the direct printing of graphitic foam-based three-dimensional components.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52629,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Trends","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142417716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Influence of synthesis parameters on the optical properties of carbon dots 合成参数对碳点光学特性的影响
IF 3.1 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-09-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.cartre.2024.100403
Photoluminescent carbon dots were synthesized by hydrothermal treatment from agricultural waste. Considering that the composition of the dots’ surface depends on the precursor source and that this composition influences the optical properties, this study focused on analyzing the effect of synthesis parameters on the formation of functional groups, on the core structure, on the morphology, and their influence on the absorption, excitation, emission, and quantum performance properties. It was obtained that by increasing the synthesis temperature, functional groups C = O, C = N, and CO were formed in the carbon dots obtained from the three precursors, and an additional group C = C in dots obtained from plantain peels, which are the only one that showed a degradation of the cellulose band. The absorption response indicated the formation of graphitic nuclei with oxygenated groups responsible for the red shift of the absorption maximum moving from 266 to 283 nm. The Raman response indicates that there are graphitic domains in the nucleus, where the defects band has a high intensity for the three precursors. The higher quantum yield value presented by the plantain dots is due to the surface, not the graphitic core. The spherical shape and size of around 2 nm were observed by TEM.
光致发光碳点是利用农业废弃物经水热处理合成的。考虑到光致发光碳点表面的组成取决于前驱体来源,而这种组成会影响其光学性质,本研究重点分析了合成参数对官能团的形成、对核心结构、对形貌的影响,以及它们对吸收、激发、发射和量子性能特性的影响。结果表明,通过提高合成温度,三种前驱体得到的碳点中都形成了官能团 C = O、C = N 和 CO,而从车前草皮中得到的碳点中还多了一个官能团 C = C,这也是唯一出现纤维素带降解的碳点。吸收响应表明,石墨核与含氧基团的形成导致吸收最大值从 266 纳米红移到 283 纳米。拉曼响应表明,核中存在石墨畴,在这三种前驱体中,缺陷带的强度都很高。车前草点的量子产率值较高,这是由于其表面而非石墨核造成的。通过 TEM 观察到,这些点呈球形,大小约为 2 纳米。
{"title":"Influence of synthesis parameters on the optical properties of carbon dots","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.cartre.2024.100403","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cartre.2024.100403","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Photoluminescent carbon dots were synthesized by hydrothermal treatment from agricultural waste. Considering that the composition of the dots’ surface depends on the precursor source and that this composition influences the optical properties, this study focused on analyzing the effect of synthesis parameters on the formation of functional groups, on the core structure, on the morphology, and their influence on the absorption, excitation, emission, and quantum performance properties. It was obtained that by increasing the synthesis temperature, functional groups C = O, C = N, and C<img>O were formed in the carbon dots obtained from the three precursors, and an additional group C = C in dots obtained from plantain peels, which are the only one that showed a degradation of the cellulose band. The absorption response indicated the formation of graphitic nuclei with oxygenated groups responsible for the red shift of the absorption maximum moving from 266 to 283 nm. The Raman response indicates that there are graphitic domains in the nucleus, where the defects band has a high intensity for the three precursors. The higher quantum yield value presented by the plantain dots is due to the surface, not the graphitic core. The spherical shape and size of around 2 nm were observed by TEM.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52629,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Trends","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667056924000841/pdfft?md5=121ba394fdb51a1b5d1d01e200ec3d8f&pid=1-s2.0-S2667056924000841-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142311978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Cornstarch as a green binder in supercapacitors: Understanding the effect of binder on the charge storage mechanism 玉米淀粉作为超级电容器中的绿色粘合剂:了解粘合剂对电荷存储机制的影响
IF 3.1 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-09-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.cartre.2024.100402

This study used a scalable process to fabricate activated carbon (AC) supercapacitor electrodes with cornstarch as a green binder. A vital aspect of this study was comparing its performance with synthetic binders like polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and Nafion. The chemical and physical properties of the AC were characterized using Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy, and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM). Water contact angle measurements evaluated the hydrophilicity of AC-based electrodes with different binders. Their electrochemical characteristics were studied using open circuit potential (OCP), cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanic charge/discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in 1 M NaSO4 electrolyte, and the charge storage mechanism was discussed in detail. The starch binder significantly facilitated the charge storage mechanism by suppressing diffusion limitations compared to other binders. The fabricated symmetric supercapacitor device of starch-based electrodes exhibited the highest Cs of 120 F/g at a specific current of 1 A g-1 with a high energy density of 135 Wh/kg and an exact power density of 750 W/kg. The starch-based supercapacitor device exhibited a capacitance retention of 104 % and 65.5 % at specific currents of 2 A g-1 and 10 A g-1 after 10,000 cycles of charging/discharging, respectively.

这项研究采用了一种可扩展的工艺,以玉米淀粉作为绿色粘合剂来制造活性炭(AC)超级电容器电极。这项研究的一个重要方面是将其性能与聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)和纳菲翁等合成粘合剂进行比较。研究人员使用布鲁瑙尔-艾美特-泰勒(BET)、X 射线衍射(XRD)、傅立叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、拉曼光谱和场发射扫描电子显微镜(FE-SEM)对 AC 的化学和物理特性进行了表征。水接触角测量评估了含有不同粘合剂的交流电基电极的亲水性。在 1 M NaSO4 电解液中,使用开路电位 (OCP)、循环伏安 (CV)、电化学充放电 (GCD) 和电化学阻抗谱 (EIS) 研究了它们的电化学特性,并详细讨论了电荷存储机制。与其他粘合剂相比,淀粉粘合剂抑制了扩散限制,从而大大促进了电荷存储机制。所制备的淀粉基电极对称超级电容器装置在比电流为 1 A g-1 时的最高 Cs 值为 120 F/g,能量密度高达 135 Wh/kg,精确功率密度为 750 W/kg。淀粉基超级电容器装置在充电/放电 10,000 次后,在 2 A g-1 和 10 A g-1 的特定电流下,电容保持率分别为 104 % 和 65.5 %。
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引用次数: 0
The effect of pyrolysis heating rate on the mesoporosity of Pluronic F-127 templated carbon xerogels 热解加热速率对 Pluronic F-127 模板碳异凝胶介孔率的影响
IF 3.1 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-09-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.cartre.2024.100401

This study explored the impact of pyrolysis heating rates ranging from 1 to 20 K min−1 (final temperature 500 °C) on the porosity of resorcinol-formaldehyde based carbonaceous xerogels soft-templated with Pluronic F-127. We primarily utilized thermoporometry (differential scanning calorimetry technique) and, to a lesser extent, conventional nitrogen adsorption at −196 °C to analyze the porosity of the resulting carbons. Additionally, we examined the effects of particle size and the scale of the pyrolysis experiment, comparing a laboratory furnace with a thermal analyzer. At lower heating rates, particularly in a thermal analyzer, mesopores approximately 7–8 nm in size were observed. An increase in the heating rate resulted in larger mesopores, from 7 to 17 nm, widened pore size distribution (PSD), and a rise in mesopore volume from 0.21 to 0.53 cm3 g−1. Higher heating rates (> 5 K min-1) also accelerated the decomposition of the Pluronic F-127, leading to fast gas release, which subsequently caused cracking of the carbon skeleton and widening of the pores. Pyrolysis heating rate had no significant effect on the degree of graphitization in the pyrolyzed samples. Particle size showed minimal influence on porosity when xerogels were pyrolyzed at either the minimal or maximal heating rates in the thermal analyzer. However, experiments conducted in a laboratory furnace at the lowest heating rate demonstrated that imprecise temperature control and fluctuations can lead to the formation of larger mesopores.

本研究探讨了热解加热速率(1 至 20 K min-1)(最终温度 500 °C)对间苯二酚-甲醛基碳质异构体与 Pluronic F-127 软模板的孔隙率的影响。我们主要利用热量测定法(差示扫描量热法),其次是在 -196 °C 下利用传统的氮吸附法来分析所得碳的孔隙率。此外,我们还研究了颗粒大小和热解实验规模的影响,将实验室熔炉与热分析仪进行了比较。在较低的加热速率下,尤其是在热分析仪中,可以观察到大小约为 7-8 纳米的中孔。加热速率增加会导致介孔增大(从 7 纳米到 17 纳米),孔径分布(PSD)变宽,介孔体积从 0.21 cm3 g-1 增加到 0.53 cm3 g-1。较高的加热速率(5 K min-1)也加速了 Pluronic F-127 的分解,导致气体快速释放,碳骨架随之开裂,孔隙变宽。热解加热速率对热解样品的石墨化程度没有显著影响。在热分析仪中以最小或最大加热速率热解 xerogels 时,颗粒大小对孔隙率的影响微乎其微。然而,在实验室熔炉中以最低加热速率进行的实验表明,不精确的温度控制和波动会导致形成较大的中孔。
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引用次数: 0
Extraction, and characterization of CNC from waste sugarcane leaf sheath as a reinforcement of multifunctional bio-nanocomposite material: A waste to wealth approach 从废弃甘蔗叶鞘中提取 CNC 并对其进行表征,作为多功能生物纳米复合材料的增强材料:变废为宝的方法
IF 3.1 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-09-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.cartre.2024.100400

Nowadays we are extremely dependent on various synthetic plastic materials to maintain the massive demand, therefore, both the industries and mankind have been generating a massive amount of plastic waste which is so hazardous for the total environment due to their nonbiodegradable nature. To solve this problem by replacing the fossil-based plastic materials with ecofriendly biopolymers in this current study we will be described a novel method for producing Crystalline Nano Cellulose (CNC) from the waste sugarcane leaf sheaths (SLSF) fibers as a green reinforcing agent. The waste-to-wealth approach aims to elevate agricultural residues, particularly SLSF, by transforming them into high-quality CNCs for use in a variety of sectors. SLSF was initially washed with detergent to remove impurities, followed by alkali treatment and bleaching operation before CNC manufacture using acid hydrolysis (60% H2SO4). The resulting materials were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Differential thermogravimetry (DTG), and Differential thermal analysis (DTA). FTIR indicates the newly produced CNCs is very much rich with active sites like –OH, -NH, -COOH, -C-O-C-, etc., while SEM revealed the raw fiber surface was rough, whereas the surface of CNCs became smooth even after the removal of lignin, fatty, and waxy compounds. Overall, acid hydrolysis was shown to increase the crystallinity of bleached SLSF while reducing cellulose dimensions to the nanoscale. After analysis it was revealed that most CNC particle size was around 100 nm. The outstanding properties of CNCs, including as high strength, biodegradability, and low environmental impact, make them ideal candidates for reinforcing composites, improving medicine delivery systems, and aiding new electronics. Ongoing research and technology advancements in integrating CNCs into many applications have the potential to alter industries looking for sustainable and high-performance materials.

如今,我们极度依赖各种合成塑料材料来维持巨大的需求,因此,工业和人类都产生了大量塑料垃圾,由于其不可生物降解的特性,这些垃圾对整个环境造成了极大的危害。为了用生态友好型生物聚合物取代化石基塑料材料来解决这一问题,我们将在本研究中介绍一种从废弃甘蔗叶鞘(SLSF)纤维中生产结晶纳米纤维素(CNC)作为绿色增强剂的新方法。变废为宝的方法旨在通过将农业残留物(尤其是甘蔗叶鞘纤维)转化为高质量的 CNC,使其在多个领域得到应用。首先用洗涤剂清洗 SLSF 以去除杂质,然后进行碱处理和漂白操作,最后使用酸水解(60% H2SO4)制造 CNC。利用傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X 射线衍射(XRD)、热重分析(TGA)、差热分析(DTG)和差热分析(DTA)对制备的材料进行了表征。傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)表明,新生成的 CNC 具有非常丰富的活性位点,如 -OH、-NH、-COOH、-C-O-C- 等;扫描电子显微镜(SEM)显示,原始纤维表面粗糙,而去除木质素、脂肪和蜡状化合物后,CNC 表面变得光滑。总之,酸水解可提高漂白 SLSF 的结晶度,同时将纤维素尺寸降至纳米级。分析表明,大多数 CNC 的粒径在 100 纳米左右。CNC 具有强度高、可生物降解、对环境影响小等优异特性,是增强复合材料、改善药物输送系统和辅助新型电子产品的理想材料。将 CNC 集成到多种应用中的持续研究和技术进步有可能改变寻求可持续高性能材料的行业。
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引用次数: 0
Waste biomass-derived activated carbons for selective oxygen adsorption 用于选择性吸附氧气的废弃生物质衍生活性炭
IF 3.1 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-09-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.cartre.2024.100398

Activated carbons (ACs) derived from waste rice husk ash (RHA) exhibit remarkable potential for selective oxygen adsorption. The pore morphology of the prepared materials was characterized utilizing BET measurement, t-plot, and BJH-plot suggesting a linear relation between activation temperature and mesopore volume, whereas, micropore volume decreases at activation beyond 550 °C. FT-IR spectroscopy confirms their non-polar surface. Notably, AC-600 achieves an outstanding O2/N2 (0.21/0.78) of 152.7 at 0.01 bar at 25 °C, owing to the non-polar nature of the surface, favouring oxygen adsorption due to its low quadrupole moment. Additionally, the mixed micro and mesoporous structure of AC-600 significantly enhance the oxygen adsorption, showing an ∼18.4% (or 1.2-fold) increase compared to AC-500. However, a ∼32.3% decrease in oxygen uptake was observed for AC-800 due to excessive “burn-off”. Adsorption selectivity, assessed with Ideal Adsorption Solution Theory (IAST) and fitted to the Freundlich isotherm model, and adsorption kinetics, analysed using the pseudo-second-order Lagergren and Webber-Morris intraparticle diffusion models, highlighted the impact of activation temperature on the porosity of the material. Understanding the surface chemistry and pore morphology of activated carbon offers deeper insights to enhance oxygen uptake capacity, advancing the development of sustainable, industrially viable materials for oxygen production.

从废弃稻壳灰(RHA)中提取的活性碳(AC)具有显著的选择性氧气吸附潜力。利用 BET 测量、t-plot 和 BJH-plot 表征了所制备材料的孔隙形态,结果表明活化温度与中孔体积呈线性关系,而活化温度超过 550 ℃ 时,微孔体积会减小。傅立叶变换红外光谱证实了它们的非极性表面。值得注意的是,AC-600 在 25 °C、0.01 巴的条件下,O2/N2(0.21/0.78)达到了 152.7 的优异水平,这是因为其表面具有非极性,其低四极矩有利于氧气的吸附。此外,AC-600 的微孔和介孔混合结构显著提高了氧气吸附能力,与 AC-500 相比,增加了 18.4%(或 1.2 倍)。然而,由于 "烧损 "过多,AC-800 的吸氧量下降了 ∼32.3%。利用理想吸附溶液理论(IAST)评估吸附选择性,并与 Freundlich 等温线模型相匹配;利用伪二阶 Lagergren 和 Webber-Morris 粒子内扩散模型分析吸附动力学,突出了活化温度对材料孔隙率的影响。对活性炭表面化学和孔隙形态的了解为提高氧气吸收能力提供了更深入的见解,推动了可持续的、工业上可行的制氧材料的发展。
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