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Carbonaceous matrixes-based free-standing electrode materials for energy storage 基于碳基质的独立式储能电极材料
IF 3.1 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cartre.2024.100397

Free-standing electrode materials provide many desirable properties for electrochemical energy storage devices due to their light weight, good conductive capacity, excellent mechanical strength, high energy/power density and extraordinary electrochemical stability. Particularly, carbonaceous matrix nanomaterials, such as graphene materials, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, carbon papers and carbon cloths, play important roles in the free-standing electrodes, including serving as conducting network skeleton, loading electrochemically active material, enhancing mechanical toughness and flexibility, and preventing the structural damage during charge/discharge processes. In this review, we give a systematic overview of the state-of-the-art research progress on carbonaceous matrixes-based free-standing electrode materials for electrochemical energy storage, from synthesis methods, structural design, to important applications in flexible energy storage devices including lithium-ion batteries, lithium-sulfur batteries, sodium-ion batteries, lithium-oxygen batteries, and supercapacitors for each class of matrix-based electrode materials. In particular, the structure design strategies utilizing the advantages of free-standing matrixes to address the existing issues and improve the electrochemical and mechanical performance of energy storage devices are discussed in detail. At the end, we also discuss the challenges and demonstrate the prospective for the future development of such materials for advanced flexible energy storage devices.

独立电极材料具有重量轻、导电性能好、机械强度高、能量/功率密度大和电化学稳定性强等优点,可为电化学储能装置提供许多理想特性。特别是碳基纳米材料,如石墨烯材料、碳纳米管、碳纳米纤维、碳纸和碳布等,在独立电极中发挥着重要作用,包括作为导电网络骨架、负载电化学活性材料、增强机械韧性和柔韧性以及防止充放电过程中的结构损坏。在这篇综述中,我们系统概述了基于碳质基质的电化学储能用独立电极材料的最新研究进展,从合成方法、结构设计,到每一类基质电极材料在锂离子电池、锂硫电池、钠离子电池、锂氧电池和超级电容器等柔性储能设备中的重要应用。特别是详细讨论了利用独立基质的优势解决现有问题并改善储能设备电化学和机械性能的结构设计策略。最后,我们还讨论了此类材料在先进柔性储能设备方面所面临的挑战,并展示了未来的发展前景。
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引用次数: 0
Electronic properties of two-dimensional rectangular graphyne based on phenyl-like building blocks 基于类苯基结构单元的二维矩形石墨烯的电子特性
IF 3.1 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cartre.2024.100395

A rectangular graphyne sheet is composed of units similar to phenyl rings that are linked by acetylenic chains, as in hexagonal γ-graphyne. This system is organized over a rectangular lattice similar to that of the recently synthesized biphenylene network. We investigate the stability of this layered material from different perspectives and study its electronic structure. Rectangular graphyne is a semiconducting system in its pristine form. It features a pair of highly localized states. These characteristics are correlated with the structural anisotropy of the system, since its frontier states behave like quasi-1D states embedded in the 2D lattice. We further consider modified systems in which longer acetylenic links are introduced. We discuss how a strategic choice of the position of these longer bridges leads to specific changes of the electronic structure of the rectangular graphyne sheet.

矩形石墨烯薄片由类似于苯基环的单元组成,这些单元通过乙炔链连接起来,就像六边形γ-石墨烯一样。该系统的矩形晶格与最近合成的联苯网络相似。我们从不同角度研究了这种层状材料的稳定性,并对其电子结构进行了研究。矩形石墨烯是一种原始的半导体系统。它具有一对高度局域化的状态。这些特征与系统的结构各向异性相关,因为其前沿态的行为类似于嵌入二维晶格中的准一维态。我们进一步考虑了引入较长乙炔链的改良系统。我们讨论了这些长桥位置的策略性选择如何导致矩形石墨烯薄片电子结构的特定变化。
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引用次数: 0
Photocatalytic performance of metal poly(heptazine imide) for carbon dioxide reduction 用于还原二氧化碳的金属聚(庚嗪亚胺)的光催化性能
IF 3.1 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-08-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.cartre.2024.100396

Poly(heptazine imide) (PHI), a carbon nitride polymer, is a highly efficient visible-light-driven photocatalytic material. We aimed to improve its photocatalytic performance for CO2 conversion. We prepared M-PHIs by encapsulating different metals (M = K, Li, Rb, and Na) and H-PHIs, in which the metal of each M-PHI was ion-exchanged with a proton. We evaluated their photocatalytic activities for CO2 conversion and found that Na-PHI and H-PHI, prepared from Na-PHI (H-PHI(NaCl)), showed more than twice the CO production efficiency of melon and other PHIs.

The high CO production efficiency of Na-PHI and H-PHI(NaCl) was attributed to their extremely smaller particle size compared with those of the other PHIs. By closely examining the synthesis conditions of Na-PHI, we have identified a method to intentionally synthesize M-PHI with small particle size. These results provide a new strategy for highly efficient CO2 conversion using PHI.

聚(庚嗪亚胺)(PHI)是一种氮化碳聚合物,是一种高效的可见光光催化材料。我们的目标是提高其在二氧化碳转化方面的光催化性能。我们通过封装不同的金属(M = K、Li、Rb 和 Na)制备了 M-PHIs 和 H-PHIs,其中每种 M-PHI 的金属都与质子进行了离子交换。我们评估了它们转化二氧化碳的光催化活性,发现由 Na-PHI 制备的 Na-PHI 和 H-PHI(H-PHI(NaCl))的二氧化碳生成效率是甜瓜和其他 PHI 的两倍多。通过仔细研究 Na-PHI 的合成条件,我们找到了一种有意合成小粒径 M-PHI 的方法。这些结果为利用 PHI 高效转化二氧化碳提供了一种新策略。
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引用次数: 0
Adsorption of Nefazodone on single-wall carbon nanotube as an antidepressant drug delivery: A DFT study 单壁碳纳米管对奈法唑酮作为抗抑郁药物递送的吸附:DFT 研究
IF 3.1 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-08-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.cartre.2024.100394

Nefazodone, a derivative of triazolones, belongs to a group of heterocyclic aromatic compounds. It is used as an antidepressant for treating depression, including major depressive disorder. Unlike other antidepressant groups such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, or monoamine oxidase inhibitors, Nefazodone does not share chemical similarities. Recent research has focused on studying the reactivity and chemical structure influenced by Nefazodone's medicinal features in the drug's adsorption process on single-wall Carbon Nanotube (CNT) as an adsorbent in the gas phase using density functional theory (DFT), Becke, 3-parameter, Lee–Yang–Parr (B3LYP) 6-311+G(d,p) basis set (DFT/B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p)). The effect of electronegative atoms and phenyl groups on the adsorption of Nefazodone on CNT has been studied by calculating the adsorption energy for all active sites. On the other hand, thermodynamic values, such as Gibbs free energy (−4873.09 kJ), Enthalpy (−4872.83 kJ), and Entropy (903.09 J/mol.kelvin), as well as thermodynamic capacity (497.45 J/mol.kelvin), were calculated to show the reactivity of Nefazodone. The stability and reactivity were examined through the energies of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) (−5.53 eV) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) (−0.58 eV) of Nefazodone, highlighting ten regions with chemical activity, all of which are thermodynamically stable. Some Electronic parameters such as chemical potential (µ), electronegativity (χ), softness (σ), hardness (η), and electrophilicity index (ω) were calculated. The comparison of chemical potential values between Nefazodone(−3.05 eV) and the more stable complex (−3.81 eV) illustrates the more reactivity for the complex. This suggests that Nefazodone can be transferred to biological systems through such an adsorption mechanism.

奈法唑酮(Nefazodone)是三唑酮的衍生物,属于一类杂环芳香化合物。它是一种抗抑郁药,用于治疗抑郁症,包括重度抑郁症。与选择性血清素再摄取抑制剂、三环类抗抑郁剂或单胺氧化酶抑制剂等其他抗抑郁剂不同,奈法唑酮的化学性质并不相似。最近的研究重点是利用密度泛函理论(DFT)、Becke、3 参数、Lee-Yang-Parr(B3LYP)6-311+G(d,p) 基集(DFT/B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p))研究奈法唑酮在气相中作为吸附剂吸附单壁碳纳米管(CNT)过程中受其药用特性影响的反应性和化学结构。通过计算所有活性位点的吸附能,研究了电负性原子和苯基对奈法唑酮在 CNT 上吸附的影响。另一方面,还计算了吉布斯自由能(-4873.09 kJ)、焓(-4872.83 kJ)和熵(903.09 J/mol.kelvin)等热力学值以及热力学容量(497.45 J/mol.kelvin),以显示奈法佐酮的反应性。通过计算奈法唑酮的最高占位分子轨道(HOMO)(-5.53 eV)和最低未占位分子轨道(LUMO)(-0.58 eV)的能量,考察了奈法唑酮的稳定性和反应性,突出显示了十个具有化学活性的区域,所有这些区域在热力学上都是稳定的。计算了一些电子参数,如化学势 (µ)、电负性 (χ)、软度 (σ)、硬度 (η)和亲电指数 (ω)。通过比较奈法佐酮(-3.05 eV)和更稳定的复合物(-3.81 eV)的化学势值,可以看出复合物的反应性更强。这表明奈法佐酮可以通过这种吸附机制转移到生物系统中。
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引用次数: 0
Simultaneous synthesis of sulfonated reduced graphene oxide@graphene oxide hybrid material for efficient electrochemical sensing of silver ions in drinking water 同时合成磺化还原氧化石墨烯@氧化石墨烯混合材料,用于饮用水中银离子的高效电化学传感
IF 3.1 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-08-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.cartre.2024.100393

One of the most important concerns around the world nowadays is the drinking water quality. Silver ions (Ag+) are one of the heavy metal ions that can seriously degrade the water quality and therefore, the human health. Hence, the World Health Organization (WHO) fixed the maximum acceptable concentration of these ions in drinking water at approximately 0.93 µM. Thus, the development of cost-effective and efficient techniques and tools that can help to quantify Ag+ ions in drinking water is of great importance. Herein, we used a new, simple, eco-friendly and low-cost synthesis route to synthesize a sustainable hybrid carbon material, namely sulfonated reduced graphene oxide@graphene oxide (S-rGO@GO) that was utilized as electrode material for Ag+ ions electroanalysis in drinking water. The successful synthesis of S-rGO@GO was evidenced by XRD, Raman spectroscopy, XPS, FE-SEM and EDX. The electrochemical characterization of S-rGO@GO revealed its good affinities towards Ag+ and its good electron transport abilities. The sensor prepared from S-rGO@GO (S-rGO@GO/GCE) showed good repeatability and reproducibility. S-rGO@GO/GCE optimization revealed that its best performance is achieved when 5 µL of 1 mg/mL of S-rGO@GO suspension in ultrapure water is used for its fabrication and when the electrodeposition (Ag+ to Ag0) is carried out at -0.1 V vs. SCE for 200 s. The calibration of S-rGO@GO/GCE exhibited a linear relationship in the concentration range of 0.2 to 1.4 µM, with a sensitivity of (0.605 ± 0.015) µA/µM; the statistic LOD was found to be 0.0007 µM. Furthermore, S-rGO@GO/GCE has shown a great potential for real samples analysis.

饮用水质量是当今世界最令人担忧的问题之一。银离子(Ag+)是重金属离子之一,会严重降低水质,进而影响人类健康。因此,世界卫生组织(WHO)将饮用水中这些离子的最大可接受浓度定为约 0.93 µM。因此,开发经济高效的技术和工具,帮助量化饮用水中的 Ag+ 离子具有重要意义。在此,我们采用一种新的、简单、环保和低成本的合成路线合成了一种可持续的混合碳材料,即磺化还原氧化石墨烯@氧化石墨烯(S-rGO@GO),并将其用作饮用水中 Ag+ 离子电分析的电极材料。XRD 、拉曼光谱、XPS、FE-SEM 和 EDX 证明了 S-rGO@GO 的成功合成。S-rGO@GO 的电化学特性表明其对 Ag+ 具有良好的亲和性和电子传输能力。用 S-rGO@GO 制备的传感器(S-rGO@GO/GCE)具有良好的重复性和再现性。对 S-rGO@GO/GCE 进行优化后发现,当在超纯水中使用 5 µL 1 mg/mL 的 S-rGO@GO 悬浮液进行制备,并在 -0.S-rGO@GO/GCE 的校准在 0.2 至 1.4 µM 的浓度范围内呈线性关系,灵敏度为 (0.605 ± 0.015) µA/µM;统计 LOD 为 0.0007 µM。此外,S-rGO@GO/GCE 在实际样品分析中显示出巨大的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Comprehensive study of optical contrast, reflectance, and Raman spectroscopy of multilayer graphene 多层石墨烯的光学对比、反射和拉曼光谱综合研究
IF 3.1 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-08-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.cartre.2024.100389

Graphene research has developed quite rapidly partially because even a monatomic layer can be visualized with a conventional optical microscope. Although optical properties of multilayer graphene such as optical contrast, reflectance (R), and Raman scattering have been well studied, they are studied independently and the thickness dependence is limited to a rather thin region. In this paper, the evolution of optical properties by thickness from monolayer to multilayer graphene up to 107 nm thick is studied comprehensively. The empirically known change of color of multilayer graphene is confirmed from the R, G and B intensities extracted from the optical images. It is also found that, as far as R for visible light is concerned, multilayer graphene is not necessarily considered as a layered material, and the refractive index for monolayer graphene is applicable even for the thickest multilayer graphene flake in this study. On the other hand, the layered structure and Raman scattering at each layer are essential to reproduce the G-band intensity of Raman scattering (I(G)). Not only the multiple reflection but also the interference of scattered Raman light should be considered for I(G) of multilayer graphene thicker than 30 nm.

石墨烯研究发展相当迅速,部分原因是即使是单原子层也能用传统光学显微镜观察到。虽然多层石墨烯的光学特性,如光学对比度、反射率 (R) 和拉曼散射等已经得到了很好的研究,但它们都是独立研究的,而且厚度依赖性仅限于相当薄的区域。本文全面研究了从单层石墨烯到厚度达 107 纳米的多层石墨烯的光学特性随厚度的变化。从光学图像中提取的 R、G 和 B 强度证实了经验上已知的多层石墨烯颜色变化。研究还发现,就可见光的 R 值而言,多层石墨烯并不一定被视为层状材料,单层石墨烯的折射率甚至适用于本研究中最厚的多层石墨烯薄片。另一方面,层状结构和各层的拉曼散射对于重现拉曼散射的 G 波段强度(I(G))至关重要。对于厚度大于 ∼30 nm 的多层石墨烯,不仅要考虑多重反射,还要考虑散射拉曼光的干涉。
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引用次数: 0
In-situ banana fiber-modified carbonized bacterial cellulose as a free-standing and binder-free cathode host for potassium-sulfur batteries 原位香蕉纤维改性碳化细菌纤维素作为钾硫电池的独立、无粘结剂阴极主机
IF 3.1 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.cartre.2024.100391

To meet the growing energy demand for large-scale applications, potassium-sulfur batteries (KSBs) have gained enormous attention owing to their high energy density, natural abundance, and specific capacity. Nevertheless, the shuttle effect, the insulating nature of sulfur, and the large volume change hinder the development of KSBs. To address the different challenges of KSBs, we report eco-friendly and biodegradable in-situ banana fiber-modified carbonized bacterial cellulose as a free-standing and binder-free cathode (sulfur) host. The catholyte K2S6 is used as active sulfur for cell fabrication owing to a high sulfur loading and even distribution of active material. However, introducing the catholyte induces the potassium side reaction by reacting to it. Therefore, carbonized bacterial cellulose is used as an interlayer to reduce the notorious polysulfide shuttle effect. As a result, the fabricated cell delivers a specific capacity of 437, 354, and 193 mAh g-1 at the current density of 0.2, 0.7, and 1.2 C, respectively. During the long cycling, the cell shows excellent electrochemical performance for 200 cycles with a capacity retention of 78 % at 0.7 C. This work paves the way to utilize an eco-friendly and cost-effective approach to fabricate a high-performance KSB.

为了满足大规模应用中日益增长的能源需求,钾硫电池(KSB)因其高能量密度、天然丰富性和比容量而备受关注。然而,穿梭效应、硫的绝缘性以及巨大的体积变化阻碍了钾硫电池的发展。为了应对 KSBs 所面临的各种挑战,我们报告了一种生态友好且可生物降解的原位香蕉纤维改性碳化细菌纤维素,作为独立且无粘结剂的阴极(硫)宿主。由于硫含量高且活性物质分布均匀,阴极溶质 K2S6 被用作电池制造的活性硫。然而,引入阴极电解质会引起钾副反应。因此,碳化细菌纤维素被用作中间层,以减少众所周知的多硫穿梭效应。因此,制成的电池在 0.2、0.7 和 1.2 C 的电流密度下,比容量分别为 437、354 和 193 mAh g-1。在长时间循环过程中,该电池显示出卓越的电化学性能,循环 200 次,在 0.7 C 时的容量保持率为 78%。
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引用次数: 0
Chitosan-collagen-cerium hydroxyapatite nanocomposites for In-vitro gentamicin drug delivery and antibacterial properties 用于庆大霉素体外给药和抗菌的壳聚糖-胶原-羟基磷灰石铈纳米复合材料
IF 3.1 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.cartre.2024.100392

The controlled release of antibiotics is crucial to improving antimicrobial efficacy, reducing the risk of bacterial resistance, and ensuring a localized therapeutic effect. In this work, In-vitro Gentamicin release was studied using fluorescence chitosan collagen-cerium hydroxyapatite nanocomposites. Cerium-hydroxyapatite nanoparticles were synthesized using the hydrothermal method, and the nanocomposites were prepared by mixing chitosan-collagen-cerium hydroxyapatite at different weight ratios. Structural characterization was conducted using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and fluorescence microscopy. Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis) was used to quantify the release of gentamicin in simulated body fluid. Results showed that hydroxyapatite releases 90 % of gentamicin in the first 10 min, and the Chitosan-collagen-cerium hydroxyapatite nanocomposites release 80 % of gentamicin after 2 h. The antibacterial activity was studied against Escherichia coli (E. coli) at different time intervals. These nanocomposites can potentially improve the performance of biomedical applications.

抗生素的控制释放对于提高抗菌效果、降低细菌耐药性风险和确保局部治疗效果至关重要。本研究利用荧光壳聚糖胶原-羟磷灰石铈纳米复合材料对庆大霉素的体外释放进行了研究。铈-羟基磷灰石纳米粒子采用水热法合成,纳米复合材料由不同重量比的壳聚糖-胶原蛋白-羟基磷灰石铈混合制备而成。利用扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、傅立叶变换红外光谱、拉曼光谱和荧光显微镜进行了结构表征。紫外可见光谱(UV-Vis)用于量化庆大霉素在模拟体液中的释放量。结果表明,羟基磷灰石在最初的 10 分钟内释放了 90% 的庆大霉素,壳聚糖-胶原-铈羟基磷灰石纳米复合材料在 2 小时后释放了 80% 的庆大霉素。这些纳米复合材料有望改善生物医学应用的性能。
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引用次数: 0
Carbon nanotuballs: Can they drive the future of nanofibers? 纳米碳管:它们能否推动纳米纤维的未来?
IF 3.1 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-08-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.cartre.2024.100390

Nanofibers are extremely thin fibers produced from materials such as carbon, polymers, ceramics, and metals with diameters in the nanometer range that gained significant interest due to their unique properties. Carbon nanotubes, which could be considered the most popular fibers in the nanoscale, have gained widespread recognition primarily due to their remarkable strength derived from their cylindrical hexagonal lattice formed by carbon covalent bonds. Here, a new family of carbon nanofibers is proposed, arising from the combination of the tubular hexagonal configuration of carbon nanotubes and the spherical nanostructure of carbon fullerenes. These novel nanofibers, hereafter named carbon nanotuballs, are expected to demonstrate new advantaged characteristics such as better cross-section properties, enhanced interfacial interactions, and other unique physical attributes when used as fillers within other phases. Some preliminary theoretical investigations based on molecular dynamics are provided here to test the structural stability and mechanical behaviour of some single-walled carbon nanotuballs.

纳米纤维是由直径在纳米范围内的碳纤维、聚合物、陶瓷和金属等材料制成的极细纤维,因其独特的性能而备受关注。碳纳米管可以说是纳米尺度上最受欢迎的纤维,之所以得到广泛认可,主要是因为碳纳米管由碳共价键形成的圆柱形六角晶格具有显著的强度。在此,我们提出了一种新的碳纳米纤维,它是由碳纳米管的管状六角形构型和碳富勒烯的球形纳米结构组合而成。这些新型纳米纤维(下称 "碳纳米管球")在用作其他相的填料时,有望表现出新的优势特性,如更好的横截面特性、更强的界面相互作用和其他独特的物理属性。本文提供了一些基于分子动力学的初步理论研究,以测试一些单壁碳纳米管球的结构稳定性和机械性能。
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引用次数: 0
Novel approach to produce 3D boron-doped diamond for pollutant removal from water 生产用于去除水中污染物的三维掺硼金刚石的新方法
IF 3.1 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-07-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.cartre.2024.100386

Diamond growth from Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) on foreign substrates can require different pretreatment not only to improve the film nucleation but also to assure its adhesion by decreasing the expected film/substrate interface stress. To improve boron-doped film nucleation, growth, and adherence, different substrate pretreatments have been used mainly from the seeding process with diamond powder at various particle sizes. Despite this, the development of diamond growth on a Ti mesh remains difficult because of the requirement of a cohesive film to cover a 3D macroporous sample with varying growth rates based on its distinct network geometry. Then, this work describes a novel approach to growing boron-doped diamond (BDD) and boron-doped ultrananocrystalline diamond (B-UNCD) on titanium dioxide nanotubes (TDNT) produced simultaneously on both sides of Ti mesh by an anodization process. The films were obtained from two-step growth processes by assuring the entire diamond overlay on both TDNT/Ti mesh sides, including their outer/inner surfaces, as a 3D sample. TiO2 - TiC conversion has dominated the renucleation process, facilitating the nanometric scale control. The film morphologies were systematically analyzed by FEG-SEM images at different sample planes and depths for both sample sides at different stages of film growth. The unique morphology of titania nanotubes associated with columnar and/or renucleation development of BDD, considering the film defects and valley, can systematically increase the electrode specific area. Raman spectra showed the film quality and its micro and/or ultrananodiamond structure and the boron doping features. Also, this growth process allowed a dopant-controlled adjustable conductivity. Then, the boron doping levels for both films were evaluated from Mott-Schottky plots at around 1019 Bcm−3, characterizing them with good conductivity. In addition, electrochemical measurements from Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) confirmed the expected diamond response on redox pair following the quasi-reversible criteria as high-performance diamond electrodes and in situ Raman spectroelectrochemical measurements assessed the stability of samples during electrochemical measurements, ensuring structural integrity. Finally, the samples were applied to the degradation of methylene blue, proving to be superior materials for electrochemical applications due to their advantages compared to those of similar 2D electrodes.

通过化学气相沉积(CVD)技术在外来基底上生长金刚石需要不同的预处理,这不仅是为了改善薄膜的成核,也是为了通过降低预期的薄膜/基底界面应力来确保其附着力。为了改善掺硼薄膜的成核、生长和附着力,人们主要从不同粒度的金刚石粉末播种工艺开始,采用了不同的基底预处理方法。尽管如此,要在钛网格上形成金刚石生长仍然很困难,因为在三维大孔样品上覆盖一层内聚薄膜的要求很高,而且根据其独特的网络几何形状,生长速度也各不相同。因此,本研究采用了一种新方法,通过阳极氧化工艺在二氧化钛纳米管(TDNT)上生长掺硼金刚石(BDD)和掺硼超钒晶金刚石(B-UNCD)。这些薄膜是通过两步生长过程获得的,即确保整个金刚石覆盖在二氧化钛纳米管/钛网的两面,包括它们的外表面/内表面,作为一个三维样品。TiO2 - TiC 的转换在再成核过程中占主导地位,有利于纳米尺度的控制。通过 FEG-SEM 图像系统分析了薄膜生长不同阶段两侧不同样品平面和深度上的薄膜形貌。考虑到薄膜的缺陷和沟谷,与 BDD 柱状和/或再成核发展相关的纳米二氧化钛管的独特形貌可以系统地增加电极的比面积。拉曼光谱显示了薄膜的质量及其微观和/或超纳米金刚石结构和掺硼特征。此外,这种生长过程还能实现掺杂剂控制的可调电导率。然后,通过莫特-肖特基图(Mott-Schottky plots)评估了这两种薄膜的硼掺杂水平,结果显示它们的硼掺杂水平约为 1019 Bcm-3,具有良好的导电性。此外,循环伏安法(CV)电化学测量证实,作为高性能金刚石电极,金刚石在氧化还原对上的反应符合准可逆标准;原位拉曼光谱电化学测量评估了样品在电化学测量期间的稳定性,确保了结构的完整性。最后,这些样品被应用于亚甲基蓝的降解,与类似的二维电极相比,它们具有更多优势,因此被证明是电化学应用领域的优质材料。
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引用次数: 0
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Carbon Trends
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