Pub Date : 2019-11-04DOI: 10.21467/ias.8.1.143-149
Amine Khaldi
In this work, we present a classification of steganographic methods applicable to digital images. We also propose a classification of steganographic methods according to the type of image used. We noticed there are no methods that can be applied to all image formats. Each type of image has its characteristics and each steganographic method operates on a precise colorimetric representation. This classification provides an overview of the techniques used for the steganography of digital images
{"title":"Steganographic Techniques Classification According to Image Format","authors":"Amine Khaldi","doi":"10.21467/ias.8.1.143-149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21467/ias.8.1.143-149","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, we present a classification of steganographic methods applicable to digital images. We also propose a classification of steganographic methods according to the type of image used. We noticed there are no methods that can be applied to all image formats. Each type of image has its characteristics and each steganographic method operates on a precise colorimetric representation. This classification provides an overview of the techniques used for the steganography of digital images","PeriodicalId":52800,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Science Annals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83790981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-03DOI: 10.21467/ias.8.1.120-129
K. Tsegaye, H. Addis, Ebrahim Esa Hassen
Erosion map of a watershed offers a wealth of knowledge and can be crucial for implementing site-specific management interventions. Thus, watershed-based soil erosion assessment was conducted to recognize erosion hotspot areas, while aiming to roughly calculate the average annual soil loss in Genda-wuha watershed, with a total area of 154,548.5 ha located in the northwest lowland of Blue Nile basin Ethiopia using USLE/GIS approach. Sixteen years of rainfall data, 53 soil sample data, a 30m by 30m digital elevation model (DEM), a land-use/land-cover map, and support practice factor were used to determine high erosion risk areas. The USLE parameters were integrated and analyzed using a raster calculator in the ArcGIS platform to predict and map the mean annual soil loss of Genda-wuha watershed. The result showed that the annual soil loss of the watershed extends from none in the lower and middle part of the watershed to 75.36 Megagram (Mg) ha-1yr-1 in the steeper parts of the watershed with a mean annual soil loss of 7.9 Mg ha-1yr-1. Most of the soil erosion affected areas are spatially situated in the upper steep slope parts of Genda-wuha watershed, which could be as a result of an increased slope gradient and length in the specified location. However, the majority of the watershed (82.62%) was estimated to be low erosion rates varying from 0 to 5 Mg ha–1 yr–1 and these areas correspond primarily to nearly flat landscapes of the watershed.
{"title":"Soil Erosion Impact Assessment using USLE/GIS Approaches to Identify High Erosion Risk Areas in the Lowland Agricultural Watershed of Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia","authors":"K. Tsegaye, H. Addis, Ebrahim Esa Hassen","doi":"10.21467/ias.8.1.120-129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21467/ias.8.1.120-129","url":null,"abstract":"Erosion map of a watershed offers a wealth of knowledge and can be crucial for implementing site-specific management interventions. Thus, watershed-based soil erosion assessment was conducted to recognize erosion hotspot areas, while aiming to roughly calculate the average annual soil loss in Genda-wuha watershed, with a total area of 154,548.5 ha located in the northwest lowland of Blue Nile basin Ethiopia using USLE/GIS approach. Sixteen years of rainfall data, 53 soil sample data, a 30m by 30m digital elevation model (DEM), a land-use/land-cover map, and support practice factor were used to determine high erosion risk areas. The USLE parameters were integrated and analyzed using a raster calculator in the ArcGIS platform to predict and map the mean annual soil loss of Genda-wuha watershed. The result showed that the annual soil loss of the watershed extends from none in the lower and middle part of the watershed to 75.36 Megagram (Mg) ha-1yr-1 in the steeper parts of the watershed with a mean annual soil loss of 7.9 Mg ha-1yr-1. Most of the soil erosion affected areas are spatially situated in the upper steep slope parts of Genda-wuha watershed, which could be as a result of an increased slope gradient and length in the specified location. However, the majority of the watershed (82.62%) was estimated to be low erosion rates varying from 0 to 5 Mg ha–1 yr–1 and these areas correspond primarily to nearly flat landscapes of the watershed.","PeriodicalId":52800,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Science Annals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91069971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mujahed I. Mustafa, A. H. Abdelmoneim, Nafisa M Elfadol, Soada A. Osman, Tebyan A. Abdelhameed, Mohamed A. Hassan
Hereditary pancreatitis (HP) is a rare heterogeneous disease with partial penetrance identified by frequent episodes of severe abdominal pain, often showing in young aged children. It is complicating by chronic pancreatitis, and high rate of pancreatic cancer (up to 40-50%). The aim of this work was to classify the most deleterious mutation in PRSS1 gene and to predict their influence on the functional and structural level by a variety of bioinformatics analysis tools. The raw data of PRSS1 gene were recovered from SNP database, and further used to examine a deleterious effect using SIFT, PolyPhen-2, PROVEAN, SNAP2, SNPs&GO, PHD-SNP, PANTHER and P-Mut. The functional analysis predicted that two SNPs “rs1366278558 and rs767036052” have a deleterious effect at functional level. Additionally, we submitted them to I-mutant 3.0, and MUPro respectively to investigate their effect on structural level; the two tools revealed that; two mutations have a dramatic decrease of the protein stability, thus suggesting that the M1R and L4P mutations of PRSS1 gene could destabilize the amino acid interactions causing functional abnormalities of PRSS1 protein. The 3D structure of PRSS1 was predicted by RaptorX and modeled using UCSF Chimera to compare the differences between the native and the mutant amino acids. From the comparative analysis at the functional and structural level, these two SNPs “M1R and L4P” have a deleterious effect and thus could be used as diagnostic markers to predict HP. These findings can be used as a platform to develop large-scale studies in the future.
{"title":"Novel Mutations within PRSS1 Gene that Could Potentially Cause Hereditary Pancreatitis: Using Bioinformatics Approach","authors":"Mujahed I. Mustafa, A. H. Abdelmoneim, Nafisa M Elfadol, Soada A. Osman, Tebyan A. Abdelhameed, Mohamed A. Hassan","doi":"10.21467/ias.8.1.96-113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21467/ias.8.1.96-113","url":null,"abstract":"Hereditary pancreatitis (HP) is a rare heterogeneous disease with partial penetrance identified by frequent episodes of severe abdominal pain, often showing in young aged children. It is complicating by chronic pancreatitis, and high rate of pancreatic cancer (up to 40-50%). The aim of this work was to classify the most deleterious mutation in PRSS1 gene and to predict their influence on the functional and structural level by a variety of bioinformatics analysis tools. The raw data of PRSS1 gene were recovered from SNP database, and further used to examine a deleterious effect using SIFT, PolyPhen-2, PROVEAN, SNAP2, SNPs&GO, PHD-SNP, PANTHER and P-Mut. The functional analysis predicted that two SNPs “rs1366278558 and rs767036052” have a deleterious effect at functional level. Additionally, we submitted them to I-mutant 3.0, and MUPro respectively to investigate their effect on structural level; the two tools revealed that; two mutations have a dramatic decrease of the protein stability, thus suggesting that the M1R and L4P mutations of PRSS1 gene could destabilize the amino acid interactions causing functional abnormalities of PRSS1 protein. The 3D structure of PRSS1 was predicted by RaptorX and modeled using UCSF Chimera to compare the differences between the native and the mutant amino acids. From the comparative analysis at the functional and structural level, these two SNPs “M1R and L4P” have a deleterious effect and thus could be used as diagnostic markers to predict HP. These findings can be used as a platform to develop large-scale studies in the future.","PeriodicalId":52800,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Science Annals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80177466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-03DOI: 10.21467/ias.8.1.114-119
Olufemi Dayo-Olagbende, O. O. Akingbola, G. S. Afolabi, B. S. Ewulo
Towards a more sustainable soil management through recycling of readily available weeds in Akure, Nigeria, different rates of Tithonia diversifolia (tithonia) were compared on a field trial to evaluate its effect on soil properties. The experiment was sited at two locations in South gate of the Federal University of Technology, Akure. Prior to the field establishment, a composite soil sample was collected and analyzed for physico-chemical properties. The sites were cleared and tilled. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates. The treatments consisted of three levels of tithonia application which are 0, 3 and 6 t ha-1. Each experimental unit size was 2 m x 2 m with 1 m alleyway. Maize (Zea mays L. var.TZB-SR) seeds were sown at a spacing of 75 cm by 25 cm and 10 were randomly sampled per plot for growth and yield parameters. Data were collected on maize yield and soil physical and chemical properties after harvest to ascertain sustainability of the mulch material after cropping. Application of tithonia mulch improved growth, and yield indices of maize as well as soil physical and chemical properties. The contents of soil total N, exchangeable cations, , CEC, Organic matter content, total porosity, moisture content and infiltration rate were found to significantly (p>0.05) increase in treatments with tithonia mulch. The best result was from the application rate 6 tha-1 because it improved and left the soil conserved after harvesting maize. Similar trends were observed at the two sites despite variation in inherent soil properties.
在尼日利亚的Akure，为了通过回收可利用杂草实现更可持续的土壤管理，在田间试验中比较了不同比例的Tithonia多样性(Tithonia)，以评估其对土壤性质的影响。实验地点设在阿库尔联邦科技大学南门的两个地点。在实地建立之前，收集了复合土壤样品并分析了其物理化学性质。这些地方被清理和耕种。试验采用随机完全区组设计(RCBD)，设3个重复。处理分为3个水平，分别为0、3和6 t hm -1。每个实验单元尺寸为2 m × 2 m，巷道长度为1 m。玉米(Zea mays L. var.TZB-SR)种子间距为75 cm × 25 cm，每小区随机抽样10粒，测定其生长和产量参数。收集了玉米产量和收获后土壤理化性质的数据，以确定覆膜材料在种植后的可持续性。地膜覆盖改善了玉米的生长、产量指标和土壤理化性质。土壤全氮、交换阳离子、CEC、有机质含量、总孔隙度、水分含量和入渗速率均显著(p>0.05)提高。以6比1施用效果最好，因为它改善了玉米收获后的土壤，并保持了土壤。在两个地点观察到相似的趋势，尽管内在土壤性质有所不同。
{"title":"Influence of Tithonia Diversifolia on Maize (Zea mays L.) Yield, Fertility and Infiltration Status of Two Clay Varied Soils","authors":"Olufemi Dayo-Olagbende, O. O. Akingbola, G. S. Afolabi, B. S. Ewulo","doi":"10.21467/ias.8.1.114-119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21467/ias.8.1.114-119","url":null,"abstract":"Towards a more sustainable soil management through recycling of readily available weeds in Akure, Nigeria, different rates of Tithonia diversifolia (tithonia) were compared on a field trial to evaluate its effect on soil properties. The experiment was sited at two locations in South gate of the Federal University of Technology, Akure. Prior to the field establishment, a composite soil sample was collected and analyzed for physico-chemical properties. The sites were cleared and tilled. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates. The treatments consisted of three levels of tithonia application which are 0, 3 and 6 t ha-1. Each experimental unit size was 2 m x 2 m with 1 m alleyway. Maize (Zea mays L. var.TZB-SR) seeds were sown at a spacing of 75 cm by 25 cm and 10 were randomly sampled per plot for growth and yield parameters. Data were collected on maize yield and soil physical and chemical properties after harvest to ascertain sustainability of the mulch material after cropping. Application of tithonia mulch improved growth, and yield indices of maize as well as soil physical and chemical properties. The contents of soil total N, exchangeable cations, , CEC, Organic matter content, total porosity, moisture content and infiltration rate were found to significantly (p>0.05) increase in treatments with tithonia mulch. The best result was from the application rate 6 tha-1 because it improved and left the soil conserved after harvesting maize. Similar trends were observed at the two sites despite variation in inherent soil properties.","PeriodicalId":52800,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Science Annals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88433379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study was designed to evaluate the processing of yam paste (amala): A product of fermented yam (Discorea rotundata) flour. The sliced yam samples were fermented for 72 hours. The microorganisms were isolated and identified. The pH, TTA, temperature, proximate, anti-nutrient, mineral composition and sensory analyses of the sample were determined. The microbial loads increased with fermentation time. The isolates identified were Pseudomonas aureginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactococcus lactis, Aspergillus niger, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Fusarium oxysporium, and Candida tropicalis. pH decreased from 6.4 to 4.9 while TTA and temperature increased from 0.16 to 4.24% and 28oC to 34oC. The crude protein (2.46%) and moisture contents (12.32%) increased in the fermented sample with a decrease in ash (0.70%), fat (0.19%) and carbohydrate contents (80.76%). The saponin and phytate decreased from 31.29 to 11.45mg/g and 11.12 to 5.77mg/g. The fermented sample showed an overall acceptability. Improvement in the nutritional and reduction in antinutritional contents of the fermented sample suggests its usefulness as a food source for humans. The microorganisms associated with fermented yam tubers, processing of yam tubers into flour to produce amala and determining the nutritional and antinutrient content of both unfermented and fermented yam. The fermentation process improving the quality and nutrient content of the yam tubers suggested the method as more promising in producing food for humans.
{"title":"Processing of Yam Paste (Amala): A Product of Fermented Yam (Dioscorea rotundata) Flour","authors":"A. Ojokoh, B. Adeleke","doi":"10.21467/ias.8.1.87-95","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21467/ias.8.1.87-95","url":null,"abstract":"This study was designed to evaluate the processing of yam paste (amala): A product of fermented yam (Discorea rotundata) flour. The sliced yam samples were fermented for 72 hours. The microorganisms were isolated and identified. The pH, TTA, temperature, proximate, anti-nutrient, mineral composition and sensory analyses of the sample were determined. The microbial loads increased with fermentation time. The isolates identified were Pseudomonas aureginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactococcus lactis, Aspergillus niger, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Fusarium oxysporium, and Candida tropicalis. pH decreased from 6.4 to 4.9 while TTA and temperature increased from 0.16 to 4.24% and 28oC to 34oC. The crude protein (2.46%) and moisture contents (12.32%) increased in the fermented sample with a decrease in ash (0.70%), fat (0.19%) and carbohydrate contents (80.76%). The saponin and phytate decreased from 31.29 to 11.45mg/g and 11.12 to 5.77mg/g. The fermented sample showed an overall acceptability. Improvement in the nutritional and reduction in antinutritional contents of the fermented sample suggests its usefulness as a food source for humans. The microorganisms associated with fermented yam tubers, processing of yam tubers into flour to produce amala and determining the nutritional and antinutrient content of both unfermented and fermented yam. The fermentation process improving the quality and nutrient content of the yam tubers suggested the method as more promising in producing food for humans.","PeriodicalId":52800,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Science Annals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80291212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Charles Langat, O. Ombori, R. Cheruiyot, M. Gathaara, D. Karanja, P. Leley
Many of the common bean growing regions around the world are prone to drought stress, making drought the major challenge to production and yield stability in rainfed environments. Mapping of yield-associated loci under drought stress will offer a better understanding of the genetics of drought tolerance to the plant breeders and therefore, will accelerate the selection of drought-tolerant crop varieties through marker-assisted selection (MAS). The current study reports the identification of quantitative trait loci (QTL) linked to physiological, phenological, yield and yield-related traits using 120 F2 population derived from a cross between two common bean genotypes, KAT B1 (drought tolerant) and GLP2 (drought susceptible) evaluated under drought stress and well-watered conditions. The research was conducted at the Agricultural and Mechanization Institute, Machakos, Kenya. The F2 population showed significant variation in traits under drought stress. From the 374 polymorphic SNP markers surveyed, 20 genomic regions were identified for various traits under drought stress, individually explaining 2.6 to 21.3% of phenotypic variation. The number of QTLs identified per trait were: 2-grain/seed yield (GY); 1-number of branches (NBP); 2-stem biomass (SB); 1-leaf biomass (LB); 1-pod biomass (PB); 3-days to flowering; 2-days to maturity (DM); 4- number of pods per plant (NPP); 1-seed weight (SW); 2-stomatal conductance (SMTL) and 1-leaf water potential (LWP). QTLs for number of pods per plant, number of grains/seeds per pod, days to flowering, leaf biomass and stem biomass were found co-locating with QTLs for grain yield on chromosome Pv02 under drought stress treatment. The cumulative effects of these QTLs on chromosomes 2 resulted in higher grain/seed yield. This study has provided information on QTLs in common bean that could be used in selection purposes for grain yield under drought conditions.
{"title":"Mapping of Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) Related to Drought Tolerance in Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Using F2 Population from (KATB1 Χ GLP2)","authors":"Charles Langat, O. Ombori, R. Cheruiyot, M. Gathaara, D. Karanja, P. Leley","doi":"10.21467/ias.8.1.75-86","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21467/ias.8.1.75-86","url":null,"abstract":"Many of the common bean growing regions around the world are prone to drought stress, making drought the major challenge to production and yield stability in rainfed environments. Mapping of yield-associated loci under drought stress will offer a better understanding of the genetics of drought tolerance to the plant breeders and therefore, will accelerate the selection of drought-tolerant crop varieties through marker-assisted selection (MAS). The current study reports the identification of quantitative trait loci (QTL) linked to physiological, phenological, yield and yield-related traits using 120 F2 population derived from a cross between two common bean genotypes, KAT B1 (drought tolerant) and GLP2 (drought susceptible) evaluated under drought stress and well-watered conditions. The research was conducted at the Agricultural and Mechanization Institute, Machakos, Kenya. The F2 population showed significant variation in traits under drought stress. From the 374 polymorphic SNP markers surveyed, 20 genomic regions were identified for various traits under drought stress, individually explaining 2.6 to 21.3% of phenotypic variation. The number of QTLs identified per trait were: 2-grain/seed yield (GY); 1-number of branches (NBP); 2-stem biomass (SB); 1-leaf biomass (LB); 1-pod biomass (PB); 3-days to flowering; 2-days to maturity (DM); 4- number of pods per plant (NPP); 1-seed weight (SW); 2-stomatal conductance (SMTL) and 1-leaf water potential (LWP). QTLs for number of pods per plant, number of grains/seeds per pod, days to flowering, leaf biomass and stem biomass were found co-locating with QTLs for grain yield on chromosome Pv02 under drought stress treatment. The cumulative effects of these QTLs on chromosomes 2 resulted in higher grain/seed yield. This study has provided information on QTLs in common bean that could be used in selection purposes for grain yield under drought conditions.","PeriodicalId":52800,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Science Annals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80260221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Various yam species are cultivated but white yam (Dioscorea rotundata Poir.), water yam (Dioscorea alata L.) and yellow yam (Dioscorea cayenensis Lam.) are among the most cultivated in Nigeria. The Susceptibility of three tubers of Dioscorea species (D. rotundata, D. alata and D. cayenensis) to dry rot pathogens was investigated. Isolation was made from rotted tuber tissues, followed by pathogenicity test and identification of isolates; two fungal species Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus stolonifer were isolated and identified as the major fungi causing yam tuber dry rot in the study area. There was significant difference (P<0.05) in the susceptibility of the various Dioscorea tuber species studied to rot caused by Aspergillus niger [D. rotundata (20mm), D. alata (11mm) and D. cayenensis (3.5mm)] and Rhizopus stolonifer [ D. rotundata (17.5mm), D. alata (10mm) and D. cayenensis (2mm)]. The phytochemical contents of the three tubers of Dioscorea species examined also varied significantly, with the bioactive substances of D. cayenensis and D. alata relatively higher when compared to D. rotundata. Therefore, this research reveals that three metabolites; Saponin, Flavonoid and Tanin constitute the major trait for resistant ability of D. cayanesis and D. alata to dry rot causing pathogen. Therefore, it is necessary that the differences in susceptibility be considered when developing yam barns. Also, researchers should work on genetically improving the susceptible white yam (D. rotundata) which is commonly eaten by millions of Nigerians with a possibility of increasing the quantities of the deficient phytochemicals.
{"title":"Comparative Studies on the Susceptibility of Three Tubers of Dioscorea Species to Dry Rot in Anyigba, Kogi State","authors":"A. Adeniji, A. Taiga, M. Ayodele","doi":"10.21467/ias.8.1.70-74","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21467/ias.8.1.70-74","url":null,"abstract":"Various yam species are cultivated but white yam (Dioscorea rotundata Poir.), water yam (Dioscorea alata L.) and yellow yam (Dioscorea cayenensis Lam.) are among the most cultivated in Nigeria. The Susceptibility of three tubers of Dioscorea species (D. rotundata, D. alata and D. cayenensis) to dry rot pathogens was investigated. Isolation was made from rotted tuber tissues, followed by pathogenicity test and identification of isolates; two fungal species Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus stolonifer were isolated and identified as the major fungi causing yam tuber dry rot in the study area. There was significant difference (P<0.05) in the susceptibility of the various Dioscorea tuber species studied to rot caused by Aspergillus niger [D. rotundata (20mm), D. alata (11mm) and D. cayenensis (3.5mm)] and Rhizopus stolonifer [ D. rotundata (17.5mm), D. alata (10mm) and D. cayenensis (2mm)]. The phytochemical contents of the three tubers of Dioscorea species examined also varied significantly, with the bioactive substances of D. cayenensis and D. alata relatively higher when compared to D. rotundata. Therefore, this research reveals that three metabolites; Saponin, Flavonoid and Tanin constitute the major trait for resistant ability of D. cayanesis and D. alata to dry rot causing pathogen. Therefore, it is necessary that the differences in susceptibility be considered when developing yam barns. Also, researchers should work on genetically improving the susceptible white yam (D. rotundata) which is commonly eaten by millions of Nigerians with a possibility of increasing the quantities of the deficient phytochemicals.","PeriodicalId":52800,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Science Annals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87694618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In recent times, medicinal plants are being greatly used ethnomedicinally for the management and treatment of diseases and health conditions. One of such medicinal plants is Tithonia diversifolia. This study aimed at determining the phytochemical, elemental and proximate content of the powdered plant part to help infer what is responsible for the reported therapeutic characteristics of the plant as well as determine the quality, purity and safety profile of the plant. Leaves of T.diversifolia were subjected to phytochemical, proximate and mineral screening using standard laboratory procedures. Qualitative phytochemical observation revealed the presence of Tannins, saponins, flavonoids and terpenoids. Crude Protein content was the highest with 27.69% followed by Crude Fibre (14.89%), Ash (13.86%), Moisture Content (10.92%) and the least value 1.14% for Fat. Magnesium (Mg) content was highest with 6712.50mg/kg which is 22, 35, 122 & 144 times higher than the content of Iron (Fe) (291.5mg/kg), Manganese (Mn) (191.0mg/kg), Zinc (Zn) (54.9mg/kg) and Copper (Cu) (15.1mg/kg). However, elements (heavy metals) Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr) and Cobalt (Co) were not detected. Results obtained in the study is indicative of a potential drug substitute which can be used to help manage and treat diseases due to the phytochemicals, nutrients, and minerals present in them. Also, the safety indices of this plant part have been established, thus, information obtained from the study can serve as a reference standard for the plant monograph.
{"title":"Phytochemical, Proximate and Elemental Composition of Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsley) A. Gray leaves","authors":"T. O. Omolola","doi":"10.21467/ias.8.1.54-61","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21467/ias.8.1.54-61","url":null,"abstract":"In recent times, medicinal plants are being greatly used ethnomedicinally for the management and treatment of diseases and health conditions. One of such medicinal plants is Tithonia diversifolia. This study aimed at determining the phytochemical, elemental and proximate content of the powdered plant part to help infer what is responsible for the reported therapeutic characteristics of the plant as well as determine the quality, purity and safety profile of the plant. Leaves of T.diversifolia were subjected to phytochemical, proximate and mineral screening using standard laboratory procedures. Qualitative phytochemical observation revealed the presence of Tannins, saponins, flavonoids and terpenoids. Crude Protein content was the highest with 27.69% followed by Crude Fibre (14.89%), Ash (13.86%), Moisture Content (10.92%) and the least value 1.14% for Fat. Magnesium (Mg) content was highest with 6712.50mg/kg which is 22, 35, 122 & 144 times higher than the content of Iron (Fe) (291.5mg/kg), Manganese (Mn) (191.0mg/kg), Zinc (Zn) (54.9mg/kg) and Copper (Cu) (15.1mg/kg). However, elements (heavy metals) Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr) and Cobalt (Co) were not detected. Results obtained in the study is indicative of a potential drug substitute which can be used to help manage and treat diseases due to the phytochemicals, nutrients, and minerals present in them. Also, the safety indices of this plant part have been established, thus, information obtained from the study can serve as a reference standard for the plant monograph.","PeriodicalId":52800,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Science Annals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91366229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The choice of suitable solvent is essential in the extraction of much needed bioactive phytochemicals present in medicinal plants. This study assessed the phytochemical status of four solvents (methanol, hexane, ethylacetate and aqueous) extracts of Anthocleista djalonensis, leaves of the plants were extracted with the solvents by cold maceration for three days; screening and quantitative determination of saponin, alkaloid, tannin, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids phenols and terpenoids was done using standard methods. Phytochemical screening indicates the presence of all the phytocompound in the methanol extract, while other extracts shows variation in the availability of different phytochemicals, quantitative results shows alkaloid ranged from 1.79-18.90 mg/100g, flavonoids: 2.54-10.53 mg/100g, saponin: 2.00-12.23 mg/100g, tannin: ND-4.83 mg/100g, phenol: ND-6.65 mg/100g, cardiac glycoside: ND-2.08 mg/100g, and terpenoids: ND-1.98 mg/100g; significant difference (p<0.05) exist in each phytochemicals across the solvents where methanol and the aqueous extracts gave the best extraction efficiency for the phytochemicals. Consequently, the optimum extraction of useful phytochemicals from A. djalonensis could be achieved using either methanol and water.
{"title":"Phytochemical Status of Different Solvent Extracts of Anthocleista djalonensis A. Chev Leaves","authors":"O. Popoola","doi":"10.21467/ias.8.1.62-69","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21467/ias.8.1.62-69","url":null,"abstract":"The choice of suitable solvent is essential in the extraction of much needed bioactive phytochemicals present in medicinal plants. This study assessed the phytochemical status of four solvents (methanol, hexane, ethylacetate and aqueous) extracts of Anthocleista djalonensis, leaves of the plants were extracted with the solvents by cold maceration for three days; screening and quantitative determination of saponin, alkaloid, tannin, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids phenols and terpenoids was done using standard methods. Phytochemical screening indicates the presence of all the phytocompound in the methanol extract, while other extracts shows variation in the availability of different phytochemicals, quantitative results shows alkaloid ranged from 1.79-18.90 mg/100g, flavonoids: 2.54-10.53 mg/100g, saponin: 2.00-12.23 mg/100g, tannin: ND-4.83 mg/100g, phenol: ND-6.65 mg/100g, cardiac glycoside: ND-2.08 mg/100g, and terpenoids: ND-1.98 mg/100g; significant difference (p<0.05) exist in each phytochemicals across the solvents where methanol and the aqueous extracts gave the best extraction efficiency for the phytochemicals. Consequently, the optimum extraction of useful phytochemicals from A. djalonensis could be achieved using either methanol and water.","PeriodicalId":52800,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Science Annals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79541006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Antimicrobial drug resistance is increasingly becoming an important global problem. Among the major causes for concern is drug resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae and Salmonella typhi, which have become resistant to at least one antibiotic. This challenge has lead scientists to investigate plants as potential sources of antimicrobial agents since they have been used to treat diseases long before the discovery of antibiotics. In Zimbabwe, typhoid is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity due to poor sanitation and poor treatment regimes. Traditionalists are using Melia azedarach leaves for the treatment of diarrhea, a typhoid symptom. Thus, this study focused on validating the use of M. azedarach leaves for medicinal purposes by determining their antibacterial activity against S. pneumoniae and S.typhi, the causative agent of typhoid fever. Melia azedarach leaf constituents were extracted using ethanol, ethylacetate, hexane, dichloromethane and methanol. Their antibacterial activities were assessed using the agar disk diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) assays. Haemolysis assay was carried out to determine the toxicity of the potent extracts. The ethanol and hexane extracts showed antibacterial activity against S. typhi whilst dichloromethane and hexane extracts showed antibacterial activity against S. pneumoniae. Minimum inhibitory concentrations for ethanol and hexane against S. typhi were < 1 µg/ml and 15.6 µg/ml respectively, whilst their minimum bactericidal concentrations were 31.25 µg/ml and 250 µg/ml. The MICs for dichloromethane and hexane extracts against S. pneumoniae were 31.25 µg/ml and 62.5 µg/ml respectively, whilst their MBCs were 31.25 µg/ml and 125 µg/ml. The extracts ethanol, hexane and dichloromethane had haemolytic activity of 63 %, 62 % and 59 % respectively. Therefore, these results validate the use of M. azedarach leaves for medicinal purposes. However, these leaves may be toxic to human consumption, thus there is need for further investigation on their toxicity in vivo.
{"title":"Antibacterial Activity of Melia azedarach Leaves against Salmonella typhi and Streptococcus pneumoniae","authors":"C. Mwale, Kuda Nelia Makunike, Rumbidzai Mangoyi","doi":"10.21467/ias.8.1.47-53","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21467/ias.8.1.47-53","url":null,"abstract":"Antimicrobial drug resistance is increasingly becoming an important global problem. Among the major causes for concern is drug resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae and Salmonella typhi, which have become resistant to at least one antibiotic. This challenge has lead scientists to investigate plants as potential sources of antimicrobial agents since they have been used to treat diseases long before the discovery of antibiotics. In Zimbabwe, typhoid is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity due to poor sanitation and poor treatment regimes. Traditionalists are using Melia azedarach leaves for the treatment of diarrhea, a typhoid symptom. Thus, this study focused on validating the use of M. azedarach leaves for medicinal purposes by determining their antibacterial activity against S. pneumoniae and S.typhi, the causative agent of typhoid fever. Melia azedarach leaf constituents were extracted using ethanol, ethylacetate, hexane, dichloromethane and methanol. Their antibacterial activities were assessed using the agar disk diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) assays. Haemolysis assay was carried out to determine the toxicity of the potent extracts. The ethanol and hexane extracts showed antibacterial activity against S. typhi whilst dichloromethane and hexane extracts showed antibacterial activity against S. pneumoniae. Minimum inhibitory concentrations for ethanol and hexane against S. typhi were < 1 µg/ml and 15.6 µg/ml respectively, whilst their minimum bactericidal concentrations were 31.25 µg/ml and 250 µg/ml. The MICs for dichloromethane and hexane extracts against S. pneumoniae were 31.25 µg/ml and 62.5 µg/ml respectively, whilst their MBCs were 31.25 µg/ml and 125 µg/ml. The extracts ethanol, hexane and dichloromethane had haemolytic activity of 63 %, 62 % and 59 % respectively. Therefore, these results validate the use of M. azedarach leaves for medicinal purposes. However, these leaves may be toxic to human consumption, thus there is need for further investigation on their toxicity in vivo.","PeriodicalId":52800,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Science Annals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88019812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：