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The Uncertainty of Measurements as a Tool for Evaluating the Adequacy of the Mathematical Measurement Model 测量的不确定度作为评估数学测量模型充分性的工具
Pub Date : 2019-03-25 DOI: 10.33955/2307-2180(1)2019.51-55
A. Korobko, O. Nazarko
The article offers a new way of estima-ting the influence of random and methodical errors to the result of measurement for the measurement uncertainty index. The ratio of the difference between theo-retical and experimental data is proposed from the average error of their determination for the quantitative indicator of the influence of methodical error. The ratio of the uncertainty in the measurement of experimental data to the uncertainty in measuring theoretical data for a quantitative measure of the effect of a random error is proposed. These indicators are based on the assumption that the theoretical and experimental data are normally distributed. The theoretical distribution va-ries within the total uncertainty of measurement of type B of the parameter under study. The physical essence of the indicator of the influence of the metho-dical error is the probability with which the results of measuring the average value of the indicator (determined experimentally) are within the li-mits of a possible deviation of the theoretical value of this indicator. Figure — 3. Table 1. References — 14.
本文提出了一种新的方法来估计测量不确定度指标中随机误差和系统误差对测量结果的影响。根据测定的平均误差,提出了理论数据和实验数据之间的差值比率,作为系统误差影响的定量指标。为了定量测量随机误差的影响,提出了实验数据测量中的不确定度与理论数据测量中不确定度的比值。这些指标是基于理论和实验数据正态分布的假设。理论分布在所研究参数的B型测量的总不确定度范围内。方法误差影响指标的物理本质是测量指标平均值(实验确定)的结果在该指标理论值可能偏差的范围内的概率。图-3。表1。参考文献-14。
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引用次数: 0
Manage the Selectivity of the Analysis 管理分析的选择性
Pub Date : 2019-03-25 DOI: 10.33955/2307-2180(1)2019.62-65
V. Kozubovskyy
In the traditional analyzers of the total concentration of combustible gases (a mixture of concentrations of combustible gases), the dependence of the signal value for each component of the mixture is determined by from their concentrations. This signal should be enclosed in the range from 0.5% LEL to 50% of the LEL. The calibration of this analyzer is carried out on some gas that lies within the this range. Usually methane or propane is used for this purpose [1,2]. In the article the possibility of controlling the selectivity of the analysis of gas components by the methods of negative filtration [3] of the useful signal in the optical path of the gas analyzer is considered. There are many analytical tasks for which it is necessary to achieve the same sensitivity to the measured gas components. For example, in the analyzer mentioned above, the total concentration of combustible gases in the air. Indeed, different combustible gases can lead to similar effects and it is not possible to determine the concentration of each. The most common are flammable gases such as methane, butane, propane. Of course, it is desirable that the combustion gas alarm has the same sensitivity to these gases and does not respond to interfering, such as CO2.
在传统的可燃气体总浓度分析仪(可燃气体浓度的混合物)中,混合物中每个成分的信号值的依赖性由其浓度确定。该信号应包含在LEL的0.5%至50%的范围内。该分析仪的校准是在该范围内的一些气体上进行的。通常甲烷或丙烷用于此目的[1,2]。本文考虑了通过对气体分析仪光路中的有用信号进行负过滤[3]的方法来控制气体成分分析的选择性的可能性。有许多分析任务需要对测量的气体成分实现相同的灵敏度。例如,在上述分析仪中,空气中可燃气体的总浓度。事实上,不同的可燃气体可能会产生类似的影响,并且不可能确定每种气体的浓度。最常见的是易燃气体,如甲烷、丁烷、丙烷。当然,希望燃烧气体报警器对这些气体具有相同的灵敏度,并且不对干扰(例如CO2)作出响应。
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引用次数: 0
Determination of Radar Features During Simulator Space Sensing with Radio Pulses of Short Duration 短持续时间无线电脉冲模拟器空间传感中雷达特征的确定
Pub Date : 2019-03-25 DOI: 10.33955/2307-2180(1)2019.42-46
G. Baranov, R. Gabruk, I. Gorishna
In this paper, we analyzed the features of obtaining radar information, and also determined the advantages of using short pulses in comparison with pulses of long duration. In the course of the study it was determined that the range is limited by the characteristics of the pulse and the propagation loss. Long pulses can be superimposed and interpreted as a single reflected echo or object. Short pulses improve the radar’s resolution by returning individual echoes, but they require a system with a wider bandwidth.
本文分析了获取雷达信息的特点,并确定了短脉冲与长脉冲相比的优势。在研究过程中,确定了该范围受到脉冲特性和传播损耗的限制。长脉冲可以叠加并解释为单个反射回波或物体。短脉冲通过返回单个回波来提高雷达的分辨率,但它们需要一个带宽更宽的系统。
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引用次数: 0
Metrological Support of Measurements Tension Power Cables 张力电缆测量的计量支持
Pub Date : 2019-03-25 DOI: 10.33955/2307-2180(1)2019.47-50
G. Leonov, V. Koval, A. Demchenko
In the article the sphere of use of tension of ropes and cables in buildings and structures is considered. The methods of measurements are analyzed and examples of devices for measuring tension power cables. The results of calibration of devices on a special stand are given. The information on the scientific and practical seminar devoted to the issues of the influence of an effective system of control of the tension of cables on the parameters of the safety of structures and structures is given.
本文考虑了建筑物和结构中绳索和电缆张力的使用范围。分析了张力电缆的测量方法,并举例说明了张力电缆测量装置。给出了在专用台架上对装置进行标定的结果。提供了关于科学和实用研讨会的信息,该研讨会专门讨论有效的电缆张力控制系统对结构和结构安全参数的影响问题。
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引用次数: 0
Procedures for Assessing the Conformity of Measuring Instruments — Structure, Design Principles and Approaches to Their Choice 测量仪器合格性评定程序——结构、设计原则和选择方法
Pub Date : 2019-03-25 DOI: 10.33955/2307-2180(1)2019.56-61
S. Cherepkov, V. Dulya, V. Maliavskyi
Since January 01, 2016, new legislation in the field of metrology came in force in Ukraine. There have been significant changes in the regulation of metrological activity in accordance with the new Law of Ukraine “On Metrology and Metrological Activity”, which is harmonized with European legislation, in the country. Thus, the new Law lacks such forms of metrological control as state acceptance tests and state control tests, as well as state metrological certification of measuring instruments. Instead of these types of metrological control the conformity assessment system of measuring instruments according to established requirements has been implemented. Therefore, this article considers new approaches of the conformity assessment system of measuring instruments according to established requirements and is a logical continuation of an article published in Metrology and Instruments journal (1 (69), 2018), which considered the basics of development and operating the conformity assessment system of measuring instruments. This article considers some issues related to conformity assessment procedures. Criteria for the selection of modules for the conformity assessment procedure and their description are defined. The existing approaches for selection of conformity assessment procedures of measuring instruments and the cooperation of manufacturers (suppliers) of measuring instruments with designated conformity assessment bodies on the market are given. The article offers practical interest for manufacturers of measuring instruments for the legal regulated sphere.
自2016年1月1日起,乌克兰计量领域的新立法开始生效。根据乌克兰新的《计量和计量活动法》,该国的计量活动监管发生了重大变化,该法与欧洲立法相一致。因此,新法律缺乏国家验收测试和国家控制测试以及计量器具的国家计量认证等计量控制形式。已实施符合既定要求的测量仪器合格评定系统,而不是这些类型的计量控制。因此,本文根据既定要求考虑了测量仪器合格评定系统的新方法,是《计量与仪器》杂志(1(69),2018)上发表的一篇文章的逻辑延续,该文章考虑了测量仪表合格评定系统开发和运行的基础。本文讨论了与合格评定程序有关的一些问题。定义了合格评定程序模块的选择标准及其说明。给出了现有的计量器具合格评定程序的选择方法以及计量器具制造商(供应商)与市场上指定的合格评定机构的合作方法。本文为法律监管领域的测量仪器制造商提供了实际利益。
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引用次数: 1
Accuracy of Location Currency and Processing of Received Data on International Transport Corridors and High-Speed Masters 国际运输通道和高速主机上定位货币的准确性和接收数据的处理
Pub Date : 2019-03-25 DOI: 10.33955/2307-2180(1)2019.21-24
V. Pogrebnyak, A. Shevchenko, A. Matvienko
The main stages of geodetic survey of the railway are considered, both in the new construction and in the reconstruction of existing sites. The analysis of the line plan on curves and direct sections of the railways of Ukrainian international transport corridors is given. Calculations are made on the method of recording the accuracy of measurements at high speed and extra-high speed, confi rmed the need to take into account the type of volumes of work, the establishment of rational parameters of the plan in accordance with the specifi ed levels of maximum speed.
在新建和重建现有场地时,考虑了铁路大地测量的主要阶段。对乌克兰国际运输走廊铁路曲线和直达段的线路方案进行了分析。对记录高速和超高速测量精度的方法进行了计算,确认需要考虑工作量的类型,并根据规定的最高速度水平建立合理的计划参数。
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引用次数: 1
Development of the System for Control of Environmental Parameters in the Aquarium 水族馆环境参数控制系统的研制
Pub Date : 2019-03-25 DOI: 10.33955/2307-2180(1)2019.66-71
I. Hrihorenko, S. Hrihorenko
The paper considers the solution of the scientific and practical task of developing a system for monitoring environmental parameters in an aquarium from creating a structural diagram and an algorithm to working up to developing a basic electrical circuit. The factors affecting the livelihoods of fish in an aquarium are analyzed, and the main ones that need to be controlled are established. The uncertainty of the measurement results of the established basic parameters of the medium, namely temperature and dissolved oxygen, was calculated, which proved the possibility of ensuring high accuracy and reliability of measurement results obtained using the developed control system. The developed control system allows to ensure the relative measurement error not worse than 0.5%. The need to develop a control system is connec-ted with the fact that in order to ensure the normal development of fish and plants in the aquarium, it is necessary to create an environment that is as much as possible natural. This requires timely temperature control, as well as control of the pH and dissolved oxy-gen, which is possible only with the help of an automatic control system. The system allows the sending of SMS commands for switching on/off the heating and aeration of water in the aquarium, receiving reports on the condition of the heater and the aerator (on/off) and the measured environmental parameters. It is possible to program, for example, sending messa-ges with abnormal increase or decrease in temperature or the suspicious rate of its change. In the course of the work the structural and electrical principles of the control system were created, the algorithm of its work was being compiled, the uncertainty of the measurement of the main parameters of the environment in the aquarium was carried out, which proved the possibility of providing high accuracy and reliability of the results of measurements obtained with the help of the developed control system.
本文从构造结构图和算法到基本电路的设计,研究了开发水族馆环境参数监测系统的科学和实际任务的解决方案。分析了影响水族鱼类生计的因素,确定了需要控制的主要因素。对所建立的介质基本参数即温度和溶解氧的测量结果的不确定度进行了计算,证明了采用所开发的控制系统可以保证测量结果的高精度和可靠性。开发的控制系统可确保相对测量误差不大于0.5%。开发控制系统的需要与这样一个事实有关,即为了确保水族馆中鱼类和植物的正常发育,有必要创造一个尽可能自然的环境。这需要及时控制温度,以及控制pH值和溶解氧,这只有在自动控制系统的帮助下才能实现。该系统允许发送SMS命令来打开/关闭水族箱中的加热和曝气水,接收加热器和曝气器的状态报告(打开/关闭)以及测量的环境参数。例如,它可以编程,发送有关温度异常升高或降低或其变化的可疑速率的信息。在工作过程中,创建了控制系统的结构和电气原理,编写了其工作算法,进行了水族馆环境主要参数测量的不确定度,证明了利用开发的控制系统提供高精度和可靠性测量结果的可能性。
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引用次数: 0
Automation of Dosimetric Control for Laser Radiation 激光辐射剂量控制的自动化
Pub Date : 2018-12-28 DOI: 10.33955/2307-2180(6)2018.28-35
P. Neyezhmakov, E. Tymofeiev, О. Lyashenko
The wide application of laser systems and the increase in the values of their energy characteristics, which may hazard to the health of staff and other people in the area of direct and reflected laser radia­tion, necessitates a permanent dosimetric monito­ring in these areas. However, the methods of mea­suring the parameters of laser radiation at a given point in space to determine the degree of radiation safety for the human body, established in the stan­dard DSTU EN 60825-1: 2016, are difficult to implement when using obsolete monitoring equipment. Therefore, the development of an automated method for determining the characteristics of a laser system and the rapid detection and determination of the direction and coordinates of laser radiation is relevant. The proposed method for automated determination of the laser system characteristics differs by applying an additional measurement channel with a photodetector, as in the main channel, and a compensated filter to ensure the difference of the rea­dings in the channels, so that each difference of measured channel values corresponds to the one wavelength value. For the formation of a compensation filter with a constant spectral characteristic in the most demanded wavelength range from 0.4 microns to 1.1 microns are used by known methods of calculation and manufacturing. A combination of optical glass NSNU 13 and SZS-9 with varying thickness as a compensation filter is permitting measure of laser irradia­tion doze for radiation in this range with an error that does not exceed 15%. It is necessary to perform the tasks of quickly finding and estimating the angular coordinates of the laser sources for monitoring the parameters of laser radiation in the working area. Improving the design of the device for detecting and determining the angular coordinates of laser radiation is made by using an optical system that directs laser radiation to a photodetector of radiation and an information processing unit, in front of which a volume matted screen is installed so that the distance from the middle of the optical system to the nearest point of the screen is greater distance of the optical system. The photodetector matrix installed in the optical system focus is used as a photodetector of laser radiation. The application of spherical screens for direct laser radiation and cones for diffused and diffused reflec­ted radiation is proposed for the effective and rapid determination of radiation corners in the working zone. Dosimeters with automated wavelength monitoring and detection and determination of the angular coordinates of laser radiation will facilitate and reduce the cost of conducting dosimetry monitoring.
激光系统的广泛应用及其能量特性值的增加可能危害直接和反射激光辐射领域的工作人员和其他人的健康,因此需要在这些领域建立永久的剂量学监测环。然而,在使用过时的监测设备时,DSTU EN 60825- 1:20 16标准中建立的测量空间中给定点的激光辐射参数以确定人体辐射安全程度的方法难以实施。因此,开发一种自动化的方法来确定激光系统的特性,并快速检测和确定激光辐射的方向和坐标是相关的。所提出的自动确定激光系统特性的方法是通过在主通道中应用带有光电探测器的附加测量通道和补偿滤波器来确保通道中读数的差异,从而使测量通道值的每个差异对应于一个波长值。为了在0.4微米至1.1微米的最需要波长范围内形成具有恒定光谱特性的补偿滤波器,使用已知的计算和制造方法。采用不同厚度的光学玻璃NSNU 13和sz -9作为补偿滤光片,可以测量该范围内的激光辐射,误差不超过15%。为了实现对工作区域内激光辐射参数的监测,有必要完成快速查找和估计激光源角坐标的任务。改进了激光辐射角坐标检测和确定装置的设计,采用光学系统,将激光辐射引导到光电辐射探测器和信息处理单元,在光电辐射探测器和信息处理单元的前面安装体抠图屏,使光学系统中间到屏幕最近点的距离大于光学系统的距离。安装在光学系统焦点上的光电探测器矩阵被用作激光辐射的光电探测器。为了有效、快速地确定工作区内的辐射角点,提出了应用激光直接辐射球面屏和扩散反射和扩散反射辐射锥的方法。具有自动波长监测和检测和确定激光辐射角坐标的剂量计将促进并降低进行剂量学监测的成本。
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引用次数: 0
Some Features of the Calibration Equipment for Measuring the Parameters of Impedance 阻抗参数测量校准设备的一些特点
Pub Date : 2018-12-28 DOI: 10.33955/2307-2180(6)2018.21-27
M. Surdu
Peculiarities of the accurate impedance meters calibration are considered. Author show that most important and complicate part of calibration procedure consists in determination of two uncertainty components: additive error and error, caused by nonlinearity of the meter transfer function. Problems of the determination of the additive error are caused by the fact, that there no exist accurate standard of the zero impedance. Author considers the creation of proper zero impedance standard, whose impedance can be arbitrarily close to zero and its impedance remnant can be estimated on the base of its geometrical dimensions. Implementation of such standard is very simple, cheap, and easily carried out. This standard works well on DC. Standard of zero impedance for AC measurement consists of two coaxial T-branches, which are connected through insertion piece. Such standard eliminates influence of the possible mutual inductive connection between current and voltage loops of the proper cables, which connect the “zero impedance standard” and measuring devise. To determine nonlinearity of the transfer function author analyze using of the non accurate resistive or alternative impedance dividers. To use such dividers in whole range of measurements special structures of these dividers where developed. In these structures measurement of the divider standards are provided together with impedance of their terminals. It eliminates influence of the impedance of these terminals on the accuracy of meter calibration or unit transfer. Special complex of two-standards dividers were developed to simplify the accurate calibration of the impedance meters.
考虑了精确阻抗计校准的特殊性。作者指出,校准过程中最重要和最复杂的部分是确定两个不确定度分量:附加误差和由仪表传递函数的非线性引起的误差。加性误差的确定问题是由于目前并没有精确的零阻抗标准。作者考虑建立合适的零阻抗标准,该标准的阻抗可以任意接近零,其阻抗残差可以根据其几何尺寸来估计。这种标准的实施非常简单、廉价且易于实施。此标准在DC上运行良好。用于交流测量的零阻抗标准由两个同轴T形分支组成,它们通过插入件连接。该标准消除了连接“零阻抗标准”和测量装置的适当电缆的电流和电压回路之间可能存在的互感连接的影响。为了确定传递函数的非线性,作者分析了使用非精确电阻或替代阻抗分配器。为了在整个测量范围内使用这种分隔器,开发了这些分隔器的特殊结构。在这些结构中,分配器标准的测量与它们的端子的阻抗一起提供。它消除了这些端子的阻抗对仪表校准或单位传输精度的影响。开发了两个标准分频器的特殊复合体,以简化阻抗计的精确校准。
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引用次数: 0
Identification of Distribution Laws Using the Correlation Coefficient Using Python 利用Python中的相关系数识别分布规律
Pub Date : 2018-12-28 DOI: 10.33955/2307-2180(6)2018.36-38
D. Losikhin, O. Oliynyk, O. Chorna, О. Gnatko
The article is devoted to the development of a new method for identifying the distribution laws when evaluating the results of multiple measurements. The identification of the distribution laws is today an urgent metrological task, since the adopted restrictions on the number of measurements and assumptions about the distribution law of random error may introduce additional uncertainty in the assessment of the measurement result. The use of well-known classical approaches to the identification of distribution laws is associated with a number of difficulties associated with the need to use the completeness of the considered set of models and the correct application of the corresponding statistical methods. The main limitation associated with the use of classical approaches to the identification of distribution laws is that they are designed for use in data processing systems based on Gaussian distribution (normal) and, thus, are not universal. The imperfection of mathematical models of processing measurement information leads to the possible erroneous identification of the distribution law. The paper proposes a method for identifying the distribution laws for data outside the Gaussian distribution region. The model is based on the calculation of correlation coefficients for data with different distribution laws. The correlation coefficient is used to estimate the proximity of probability density functions and is calculated for pairs of different probability densities represented by histograms in a multidimensional vector space on an orthonormal basis of unit sampling intervals. Based on the obtained matrix of the values ​​of the correlation coefficients, a classification estimate of the unknown distribution laws is performed based on the experimental data of the simulated samples. A listing of the software implementation of the model in the Python software environment is given.
本文致力于发展一种新的方法,用于在评价多次测量结果时识别分布规律。由于对测量次数的限制和对随机误差分布规律的假设可能会给测量结果的评定带来额外的不确定性,因此确定分布规律是当今一项紧迫的计量任务。使用众所周知的经典方法来确定分布规律,与需要使用所考虑的模型集的完整性和正确应用相应的统计方法的许多困难有关。与使用经典方法识别分布规律相关的主要限制是,它们是为基于高斯分布(正态)的数据处理系统设计的,因此,不是通用的。由于测量信息处理数学模型的不完善,可能导致对分布规律的错误识别。本文提出了一种识别高斯分布区外数据分布规律的方法。该模型基于计算不同分布规律的数据的相关系数。相关系数用于估计概率密度函数的接近性,并在单位采样间隔的正交基础上计算多维向量空间中由直方图表示的不同概率密度对。根据得到的相关系数值矩阵,根据模拟样本的实验数据对未知分布规律进行分类估计。给出了该模型在Python软件环境中的软件实现清单。
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引用次数: 0
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Metrologiia ta priladi
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