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Synthesis of Measurement Method of Stressed — Deformed Condition of Complex Structures 复杂结构应力变形状态测量方法的综合
Pub Date : 2019-07-03 DOI: 10.33955/2307-2180(3)2019.12-18
L. Kuzmych
Nowadays the most common instruments of measuring the stress-strain state of complex structures are strain gauges. As a rule, strain gages are connected to the measuring system according to the bridge scheme, it provides elimination of systematic errors of measurement and compensation of temperature deformations. The principles of constructing, designing and mathematical modeling of deformation and stresses of complex technical constructions with the help of strain gauges taking into account destabilizing factors are developed, which allows to significantly reduce the level of errors in relation to existing methods of measurement and known analogues. The analysis of the main destabilizing factors that limit the accuracy of measurement using strain gauge is carried out, are (Fig. 1—4): the random processes (noises, obstacles, etc.); the time changes of parameters of measuring transducers due to aging and physical degradation; the influence of external climatic and mechanical factors (temperature, humidity, etc.). The temperature error values are set for the most common alloys used for the manufacture of strain gauges, namely: constantan and karma. This work is aimed at finding ways to improve the accuracy of remote measurements and impedance of measuring devices of the stress — strain state, in particular strain gauges and strain gauges, by introducing improved theoretical calculations taking into account destabilizing factors, which makes it possible to reduce the level of errors with respect to known analogs in dozens of times.
目前最常用的测量复杂结构应力-应变状态的仪器是应变片。通常情况下,应变片按照桥式方案连接到测量系统,这样可以消除测量的系统误差和补偿温度变形。在考虑不稳定因素的情况下,利用应变片对复杂技术结构的变形和应力进行构造、设计和数学建模的原则得到了发展,这使得与现有的测量方法和已知的类似物相比,大大降低了误差水平。对限制应变片测量精度的主要不稳定因素进行了分析,如图1-4所示:随机过程(噪声、障碍物等);测量传感器参数因老化和物理退化而随时间变化;外部气候和机械因素(温度、湿度等)的影响。温度误差值是为制造应变片最常用的合金设定的,即:康士坦和卡玛。本工作旨在通过引入考虑不稳定因素的改进理论计算,寻找提高应力-应变状态测量装置(特别是应变片和应变片)的远程测量精度和阻抗的方法,从而使相对于已知类似物的误差水平降低数十倍。
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引用次数: 0
Determination of Nitrogen Content in the Slags of CaO — Al2O3 System by Kjeldahl Method 用凯氏定氮法测定CaO - Al2O3体系渣中的氮含量
Pub Date : 2019-07-03 DOI: 10.33955/2307-2180(3)2019.55-60
R. Kozin, L. Kuznetsova, N. Hulyanytska, I. Mossokovska
Due to the expansion of the nomenclature of steel grades in the industry and the development of new special alloys with increased strength and corrosion-resistant properties, both in the metallurgical industry and in welding, researchers are very interested in the dissolution of nitrogen in metals and slag. Gas permeability of slag is one of the reasons for the appearance of gases in both the base metal and the weld metal. It is determined by two properties: solubility and mass transfer of gases in slag. In addition, in real conditions, the process of dissolving gases in slag is influenced by the transmission of gases by convection and the initial content of gases in the slag. The transfer of gases to the metal through slag is observed mainly in electroslag processes and welding under flux when there is no direct contact of molten metal with a gas phase. To evaluate the nitrogen permeability of the slag and the mechanism of nitrogen solubility in the high alloys it is necessary to have a reliable, highly sensitive and economical method of gas analysis of nitrogen in metals and slags. A review of nitrogen determination methods in steels is presented. The method of analysis of nitrogen in slags of the CaO — АL2O3 system by the Kjeldahl method was tested. The results of the analysis of slag compositions of the CaO — АL2O3 system allowed us to conclude that it is possible to use the Kjeldahl method (determination of nitrogen content in steels) for the determination of nitrogen content in slags. This technique and installation can be recommended for use by metallurgists and welders as a reliable, simple and inexpensive method for nitrogen content analysis in metals and slags.
由于工业上钢牌号的命名范围的扩大以及冶金工业和焊接中具有更高强度和耐腐蚀性能的新型特殊合金的开发,研究人员对金属和炉渣中氮的溶解非常感兴趣。渣的透气性是导致母材和焊缝金属均出现气体的原因之一。它是由渣中气体的溶解度和传质两个性质决定的。此外,在实际条件下,气体在炉渣中的溶解过程受气体对流传输和炉渣中气体初始含量的影响。气体通过炉渣向金属的转移主要发生在电渣工艺和焊剂作用下的焊接过程中,此时熔融金属与气相没有直接接触。为了评价炉渣中氮的渗透性和氮在高合金中的溶解度机理,需要一种可靠、高灵敏度和经济的金属和炉渣中氮气体分析方法。综述了钢中氮的测定方法。试验了用凯氏定氮法分析CaO - АL2O3体系炉渣中氮的方法。CaO - АL2O3体系的炉渣成分分析结果使我们得出结论,可以使用凯氏定氮法(测定钢中的氮含量)来测定炉渣中的氮含量。这种技术和装置可以推荐给冶金学家和焊工使用,作为一种可靠、简单和廉价的方法来分析金属和炉渣中的氮含量。
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引用次数: 1
Features of measuring the brightness of the screens 测量屏幕亮度的功能
Pub Date : 2019-07-03 DOI: 10.33955/2307-2180(3)2019.4-11
O. Kupko
The situation with the metrological assurance of brightness measurements in Ukraine is analyzed. The main regulatory documents for the characterization of lux meters are considered. It was noted, that the components of the uncertainty of brightness due to the difference in the spectral composition of radiation, during calibration and measurement, as well as uncertainties due to spatial heterogeneity of the screens, are not fully considered. The characteristic values of these uncertainties are calculated by the method of mathematical modeling, using generally accepted calculation methods. To calculate the spectral errors, the literature data on the spectra of CCFL and LED monitors were used, as well as the modeling of the spectra of blue, green and red radiation sources, using Gaussian distribution with varying widths. It is shown, that for а brightness meter calibrated by а type A source, the use of white screens for measuring the brightness will result in errors, less than 7%. It is shown, that when calibrating the brightness meter using the CCFL screen and then using the LED for the screen, the errors will be about 1%. Simple formulas are given to evaluate the effect of screen heterogeneity. For а refined assessment of the influence of spatial inhomogeneity, mathematical modeling was carried out — 3 types of brightness distribution, were used with decreasing radiation distribution density and two types of viewing area — а circle (imitation of brightness measurement, using а diaphragm) and а Gaussian distribution (imitation of brightness measurement with а lens) equal widths. It is shown, that for the field of sight in the form of а Gaussian distribution, the influence of the inhomogeneity of the distribution of screen illumination, when moving and changing the width of the field of sight is insignificant. Two approaches have been proposed for building the material base for metrological assurance of brightness measurements.
分析了乌克兰亮度测量的计量保证情况。考虑了用于表征照度计的主要监管文件。有人指出,在校准和测量过程中,由于辐射光谱组成的差异而导致的亮度不确定度的分量,以及由于屏幕的空间异质性而导致的不确定度,都没有得到充分考虑。这些不确定性的特征值是通过数学建模的方法,使用公认的计算方法来计算的。为了计算光谱误差,使用了关于CCFL和LED监视器光谱的文献数据,以及使用不同宽度的高斯分布对蓝色、绿色和红色辐射源的光谱进行建模。结果表明,对于用A型光源校准的亮度计,使用白色屏幕测量亮度会产生小于7%的误差。结果表明,当使用CCFL屏幕校准亮度计,然后使用LED进行屏幕校准时,误差约为1%。给出了评价屏幕异质性影响的简单公式。为了精确评估空间不均匀性的影响,进行了数学建模——3种类型的亮度分布,在辐射分布密度降低的情况下使用,并且两种类型的观看区域——а圆形(使用а光圈模拟亮度测量)和а高斯分布(使用а。结果表明,对于а高斯分布形式的视场,当移动和改变视场宽度时,屏幕照明分布的不均匀性的影响是微不足道的。提出了两种方法来建立亮度测量的计量保证材料基础。
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引用次数: 0
Correction for the deviation of power system frequency in the measurement of power by digital techniques 用数字技术校正功率测量中电力系统频率的偏差
Pub Date : 2019-07-03 DOI: 10.33955/2307-2180(3)2019.27-32
E. Volodarskyi, A. Voloshko
The saturation of power supply systems with nonlinear and powerful sources both from sources and consumers of electricity has led to the fact that signals in the network become non-stationary, nonlinear, and with significant frequency fluctuations. The purpose of the work is to reduce the methodological error of determining the parameters of the mode of electricity consumption due to the frequency deviation in the electrical network. The article proposes methods based on the determination of the frequency deviation value and the introduction of correction coefficients (for example, the calculation of active power and voltage in the electric network). The proposed methods are applied to both sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal signal forms. The results show that these methods have high accuracy, even with signals containing harmonics, and for a frequency deviating from the nominal value.
具有来自电力来源和用户的非线性和强大电源的供电系统的饱和导致网络中的信号变得非平稳、非线性,并且具有显著的频率波动。这项工作的目的是减少由于电网中的频率偏差而导致的确定用电模式参数的方法误差。文章提出了基于确定频率偏差值和引入校正系数的方法(例如,计算电网中的有功功率和电压)。所提出的方法适用于正弦和非正弦信号形式。结果表明,即使信号含有谐波,并且频率偏离标称值,这些方法也具有高精度。
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引用次数: 0
Problems of Metrological Provision of Activities of Primary Medical-Sanitary Assistance Bodies 基层医疗卫生援助机构活动计量供给的问题
Pub Date : 2019-07-03 DOI: 10.33955/2307-2180(3)2019.67-71
K. Kushnir
Розглянуто стан забезпечення єдності вимірювань під час надання населенню медичних послуг новоутвореними центрами первинноїмедико-санітарноїдопомоги, описано проблеми, які на практиці виникають з метрологічним забезпеченням їх діяльності та запропоновано шляхи вирішення цих проблем.
一项关于新设立的初级卫生保健中心向人口提供医疗服务时计量统一状况的审查描述了一些问题,•在实践中,这些问题源于其活动的计量规定以及这些问题的拟议解决方案。
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引用次数: 1
Problems and Ways to take Objectives with the Control and Management by the Transmission of Ethnic Time and Frequency Signals in the Armed Forces of Ukraine 乌克兰武装部队民族时频信号传输控制与管理存在的问题及目的
Pub Date : 2019-05-03 DOI: 10.33955/2307-2180(2)2019.57-61
E. Koretsky, S. Shevkun, M. Golovnya, O. Mesheryak, V. Bojko, A. Gavrilov, M. Svitenko, M. Trotsko
Within the limits of the functioning of the military segment of the single time service and reference frequencies, the problems and ways of solving the tasks of controlling and controlling the transmission of reference signals used by the Armed Forces of Ukraine are outlined. The experimental research on the determination of the accuracy characteristics of the time synchronization system (using the PTP protocol IEEE 1588v2) was implemented for its use in telecommunication networks. As a communication channel, an optical fiber network is specially built to create a synchronization system. Experimental studies confirmed the possibility of transmitting reference signals of time and frequency synchronization with the use of modern digital and fiber-optic technologies from the National Standard of Time and Frequency units to the source standard of the Armed Forces of Ukraine units of time and frequency (VEZSU) with an error that is not exceeds 1 цs And also from VESZU to consumers with an error of less than 10 microseconds at a distance of 600 km via fiber-optic communication channel L2. The creation of a corresponding complex of equipment for monitoring and control of the transmission of reference signals used by the Armed Forces of Ukraine remains relevant.
在单一时间服务和参考频率的军事部分的运作范围内,概述了解决控制和控制乌克兰武装部队使用的参考信号传输任务的问题和方法。针对时间同步系统(采用PTP协议IEEE 1588v2)在电信网络中的应用,对其精度特性的确定进行了实验研究。作为通信通道,光纤网络是专门用来创建同步系统的。实验研究证实的可能性发射参考信号的时间和频率同步使用现代数字和光纤技术的国家标准时间和频率单位源标准乌克兰的军队单位的时间和频率(VEZSU)的误差不超过1цs也从VESZU消费者的误差小于10微秒的距离600公里通过光纤通信通道L2。为监测和控制乌克兰武装部队使用的参考信号的传输而建立相应的成套设备仍然是有意义的。
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引用次数: 0
Calibration of the Plants for Verification of Stopwatchs 秒表检定装置的校正
Pub Date : 2019-05-03 DOI: 10.33955/2307-2180(2)2019.11-15
O. Velychko, S. Shevkun, O. Meshcheriak, M. Dobroliubova
The method of calibration of plants for verification of stopwatches with the help of the electronic-counting CNT-90 frequency meter is presented. The measurement circuits for verification (calibration) of reference plants for verification (calibration) of stopwatches are given. The device for synchronous start, which is based on the transformation of the motion signal of the moving part of the plant into an electrical signal of direct current using optical sensors, is used in the measuring circuit for calibration plants of mechanical stopwatches, and, the device for synchronous start, which is based on the transformation of the audio signal of an electronic stopwatch into an electrical signal of direct current using microphone, is used in the measuring circuit for calibration plants of electronic stopwatches. An example of the applying of the CNT-90 electronic frequency counter software is provided, which allows you to calculate the verification and calibration results (rejections the measurements of time and instability indexes) in the automatic mode. The calibration model and uncertainty budget for calibration of stopwatches are presented. The components of Type A and B, in accordance with calibration model are recorded when calculating the combined standard uncertainty in the form of standard uncertainties. The components of Type B: standard uncertainty due to the electronic counting frequency meter readings from the nominal value is taken from the calibration certificate of the frequency meter; standard uncertainty due to the drift of an electron-counting frequency meter since its last calibration; standard uncertainty due to the discreteness of indications of the plant indicator; standard uncertainty due to the effect of the device for synchronous start. The method of verification and calibration of installations for verification (calibration) of stopwatches, which are describe in the article, can be used in scientific metrological institutions, state enterprises, metrological services of state bodies, by enterprises and organizations, conformity assessment bodies of measuring instruments and in any other laboratories which have appropriate equipment and required standards.
介绍了利用电子计数CNT-90频率计对秒表检定装置进行标定的方法。给出了秒表检定(校准)参考装置的检定(校准)测量电路。同步启动装置是利用光学传感器将装置运动部分的运动信号转换为直流电信号,用于机械秒表校准装置的测量电路中;同步启动装置是利用麦克风将电子秒表的音频信号转换为直流电信号。用于电子秒表校准装置的测量电路。提供了CNT-90电子频率计数器软件的应用示例,该软件允许您在自动模式下计算验证和校准结果(拒绝时间和不稳定指标的测量)。给出了秒表标定的标定模型和不确定度预算。在计算组合标准不确定度时,根据校准模型记录A类和B类的分量,以标准不确定度的形式记录。B类元件:标准不确定度由于电子计数频率计读数的标称值取自频率计的校准证书;电子计数频率计自上次校准以来漂移引起的标准不确定度;由于工厂指示剂指示的离散性引起的标准不确定度;标准不确定度由于装置对同步启动的影响。本条所述秒表检定(校准)装置的检定(校准)方法,适用于科学计量机构、国有企业、国家机关计量部门、企业、团体、计量器具合格评定机构以及其他具备相应设备和标准的实验室。
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引用次数: 0
Features of Usіng Pulse-Doppler Radars for Determіnatіon Low-Altіtude Targets 美国脉冲多普勒雷达用于确定低海拔目标的特点
Pub Date : 2019-05-03 DOI: 10.33955/2307-2180(2)2019.62-66
G. Baranov, R. Gabruk, I. Gorishna
In this paper, we analyzed the features of Doppler processing in radars. In ground based radars, the amount of clutter in the radar receiver depends heavily on the radar-to-target geometry. The amount clutter is considerably higher when the radar beam has to face toward the ground. Furthermore, radars employing high PRFs have to deal with an increased amount of clutter due to folding in range. Clutter introduces additional difficulties for airborne radars when detecting ground targets and other targets flying at low altitudes. This is illustrated in Fig. 10.5. Returns from ground clutter emanate from ranges equal to the radar altitude to those which exceed the slant range along the main-beam, with considerable clutter returns in the side-lobes and main-beam. The presence of such large amounts of clutter interferes with radar detection capabilities and makes it extremely difficult to detect targets in the look-down mode. This difficulty in detecting ground or low altitude targets has led to the development of pulse Doppler radars where other targets, kinematics such as Doppler effects are exploited to enhance detection. Pulse Doppler radars utilize high PRFs to increases the average transmitted power and rely on target's Doppler frequency for detection. The increase in the average transmitted power leads to an improved SNR which helps the detection process. However, using high PRFs compromise the radar's ability to detect long range target because of range ambiguities associated with high PRF applications. Techniques such as using specialized Doppler filters to reject clutter are very effective and are often employed by pulse Doppler radars. Pulse Doppler radars can measure target Doppler frequency (or its range rate) fairly accurately and use the fact that ground clutter typically possesses limited Doppler shift when compared with moving targets to separate the two returns. Clutter filtering is used to remove both main-beam and altitude clutter returns, and fast moving target detection is done effectively by exploiting its Doppler frequency. In many modern pulse Doppler radars the limiting factor in detecting slow moving targets is not clutter but rather another source of noise referred to as phase noise generated from the receiver local oscillator instabilities.  
本文分析了雷达多普勒处理的特点。在地面雷达中,雷达接收机中的杂波量在很大程度上取决于雷达到目标的几何形状。当雷达波束必须朝向地面时,杂波的数量要高得多。此外,采用高PRF的雷达必须处理由于范围折叠而增加的杂波。杂波给机载雷达探测地面目标和其他低空飞行目标带来了额外的困难。如图10.5所示。地面杂波的回波从等于雷达高度的范围到超过主波束倾斜范围的范围,在旁瓣和主波束中有相当大的杂波回波。如此大量的杂波干扰了雷达的检测能力,并使在俯视模式下检测目标变得极其困难。探测地面或低空目标的这种困难导致了脉冲多普勒雷达的发展,其中利用其他目标的运动学,如多普勒效应来增强探测。脉冲多普勒雷达利用高PRF来增加平均发射功率,并依靠目标的多普勒频率进行检测。平均发射功率的增加导致SNR的提高,这有助于检测过程。然而,由于与高重频应用相关的距离模糊性,使用高重频会损害雷达检测远程目标的能力。诸如使用专门的多普勒滤波器来抑制杂波的技术是非常有效的,并且经常被脉冲多普勒雷达所采用。脉冲多普勒雷达可以相当准确地测量目标多普勒频率(或其测距率),并利用地杂波与运动目标相比通常具有有限的多普勒频移这一事实来分离两个回波。杂波滤波用于去除主波束和高度杂波回波,并利用其多普勒频率有效地进行快速运动目标检测。在许多现代脉冲多普勒雷达中,检测慢速移动目标的限制因素不是杂波,而是另一种噪声源,称为接收器本地振荡器不稳定性产生的相位噪声。
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引用次数: 0
Features of Dynamic Error Analysis in the Process of Evaluation of Metrological Reliability of Measuring Equipment 测量设备计量可靠性评价过程中动态误差分析的特点
Pub Date : 2019-05-03 DOI: 10.33955/2307-2180(2)2019.36-42
V. Ignatkin
The article discusses metrological reliability of measuring equipment (ME), argues that ME imprecision must be considered not in statics, 'out in dynamics, taking into account the change of its characteristics over time. Measurement imprecision and its components are considered as random processes that are fully characterized by multidimensional distribution. It is advisable to determine the probability of metrological measurements directly from the experiment due to the difficulties of analytical solution to the problem. The characteristics of dynamic imprecision depend on both the values of the measured object and the ME properties. The physical cause of dynamic imprecision taking place is inertia of ME, its exhaustive description relies on the use of Duamel integral, which determines the response of inertial link to the input influence. As a criterion for signal differences one can use quite different functionals, taking into account further use of measurement results, the convenience of computing, the properties or input influences, and so on. It is most expedient to use the dispersion of signal differences. To calculate the parameters of dynamic imprecision it is necessary to know the energy spectrum of the input signal. The given ratios can be used for both stationary and non-stationary processes. The paper provides examples of using these ratios, recommendations for reducing measurement errors in each particular case.
本文讨论了测量设备的计量可靠性,认为测量设备的不精度不应考虑静力学,而应考虑动力学,并考虑其特性随时间的变化。测量不精度及其分量被认为是完全具有多维分布特征的随机过程。由于解析求解的困难,建议直接从实验中确定计量测量的概率。动态不精度的特性取决于被测对象的值和ME特性。动态不精确发生的物理原因是惯性,其详尽的描述依赖于Duamel积分的使用,它决定了惯性环节对输入影响的响应。作为信号差异的标准,可以使用完全不同的函数,考虑到测量结果的进一步使用、计算的便利性、属性或输入影响等等。用信号差的色散是最方便的。为了计算动态不精度参数,需要知道输入信号的能谱。给定的比率既可以用于平稳过程,也可以用于非平稳过程。本文提供了使用这些比率的例子,并建议在每个特定情况下减少测量误差。
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引用次数: 0
Mathematical Models of Additional Measurement Errors of Control Means 控制手段附加测量误差的数学模型
Pub Date : 2019-05-03 DOI: 10.33955/2307-2180(2)2019.43-51
Y. Stentsel, O. Porkuian, K. Litvinov, T. Sotnikova
Studies have shown that under industrial conditions there is rarely a correction of the current measurement result when the influencing parameter deviates from the normalized value. The existing method of determining the additional measurement error is that in order to obtain the real value of the measurement result, the correction is calculated, which leads to the current value of indexes of control means. The correction value is determined by dividing the degree of the influencing parameter deviation by the normalized value of the additional error. This method of determining the correction is not accurate enough, since it does not take into account the nonlinear dependence of the additional measurement error on the change in the influencing parameter, as well as on the current value of the output signal of control means. To determine the real value of the measured parameter and the additional error, the method of integral-type functional is proposed. The essence of the method is in determining the difference of planes under the nominal and current parts of the static characteristic, limited by the measurement range. It is shown that the planes difference depends on the current and real values of the output signal of control means, as well as on the influencing parameter deviation. The method allows calculating the real values of the measured parameter only by the output signal of control means and the current values of the influencing parameter. The dependencies between the real value of the measured parameter, the current value of the output signal of control means and the influencing parameter deviation are established.
研究表明,在工业条件下,当影响参数偏离归一化值时,很少对当前测量结果进行修正。现有的确定附加测量误差的方法是为了获得测量结果的真实值,对其进行修正计算,从而得出控制手段指标的当值。修正值由影响参数偏差的程度除以附加误差的归一化值确定。这种确定修正量的方法不够精确,因为它没有考虑附加测量误差对影响参数变化的非线性依赖,以及对控制手段输出信号的电流值的非线性依赖。为了确定测量参数的实值和附加误差,提出了积分型泛函方法。该方法的实质是在受测量范围限制的情况下,确定不同平面下标称和电流部件的静态特性。结果表明,平面差取决于控制手段输出信号的电流值和实值,以及影响参数的偏差。该方法允许仅通过控制手段的输出信号和影响参数的电流值计算被测参数的实际值。建立了测量参数的实值、控制手段输出信号的电流值与影响参数偏差之间的依赖关系。
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引用次数: 0
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Metrologiia ta priladi
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