Pub Date : 2022-10-01DOI: 10.2478/ejss.v1i1.p21-30
Ismail Burak Küntay
Abstract In American politics, it has been seen that the presidents, who came to power from an isolationist perspective, contrary to their rhetoric, find themselves in the greatest wars in American History. In this study, it was researched whether the isolationist rhetoric of some Presidents who were sitting in the presidency during the period of the great chaos experienced in the USA and the world resulted in great wars, or whether the discourses that winning the elections to these Presidents should have an isolationist approach as a result of decomposition of the world and reflection of economic problems to their countries. The assumption of this study is that the Presidents who won the elections with their isolationist rhetoric were later faced with major wars during their presidency as a result of the processes that had laid their foundations before they were President and their infrastructure had been formed in the light of developments in the world. In this context, the internal political and international conjuncture of William McKinley, Woodrow Wilson and Franklin D. Roosevelt periods will be evaluated. Accordingly, domestic and foreign policy statements and decisions of the presidents will be analyzed. As a result of the analysis carried out in the conclusion section, there will be an inference and foresight on American internal policy and foreign policy regarding the isolationist discourse in the Donald Trump period that is on the agenda.
{"title":"Would Isolationist Presidents Cause War?","authors":"Ismail Burak Küntay","doi":"10.2478/ejss.v1i1.p21-30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ejss.v1i1.p21-30","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In American politics, it has been seen that the presidents, who came to power from an isolationist perspective, contrary to their rhetoric, find themselves in the greatest wars in American History. In this study, it was researched whether the isolationist rhetoric of some Presidents who were sitting in the presidency during the period of the great chaos experienced in the USA and the world resulted in great wars, or whether the discourses that winning the elections to these Presidents should have an isolationist approach as a result of decomposition of the world and reflection of economic problems to their countries. The assumption of this study is that the Presidents who won the elections with their isolationist rhetoric were later faced with major wars during their presidency as a result of the processes that had laid their foundations before they were President and their infrastructure had been formed in the light of developments in the world. In this context, the internal political and international conjuncture of William McKinley, Woodrow Wilson and Franklin D. Roosevelt periods will be evaluated. Accordingly, domestic and foreign policy statements and decisions of the presidents will be analyzed. As a result of the analysis carried out in the conclusion section, there will be an inference and foresight on American internal policy and foreign policy regarding the isolationist discourse in the Donald Trump period that is on the agenda.","PeriodicalId":52999,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Economics Law and Social Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82843973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-15DOI: 10.53974/unza.jlss.5.1.791
Munalula Imbuwa
Among internet content produced by internet users, are memes. Facebook and WhatsApp have become an integral part of society in this age of social media where the young generation and older adults engage in social interaction. These memes, sometimes, carry wrong perceptions and messages that can create false consciousness among the people. The notion of gender is culturally and socially constructed. Social media sites have reinforced the concept of gender stereotyping through its content. These sites are invisibly controlling people’s lives by transferring the stereotyped ideology. Stereotypes have been a central theme in memes on social media. Some Facebook and WhatsApp memes are portraying women in the way gender roles have been represented. The study adopted a disparagement or superiority theory and social constructionism theory to examine the content of Zambian memes. Data for this article was drawn from general scanning of Facebook and WhatsApp. This study analyses how women are portrayed in Zambian memes on social media, particularly Facebook and WhatsApp. In this regard, this study used purposive sampling and selected 100 Facebook and WhatsApp memes as samples but only thirty were analysed in this study. Using thematic analysis of the sample, the representations of women in the Zambian memes sampled exhibited negative constructions of women and womanhood. Further, the findings showed that the language used in Zambian memes not only imparts joy and laughter, but also some statements that convey hatred, sarcasm, viciousness, and vulgarity to women
{"title":"Portrayal of Women Through Zambian Memes","authors":"Munalula Imbuwa","doi":"10.53974/unza.jlss.5.1.791","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53974/unza.jlss.5.1.791","url":null,"abstract":"Among internet content produced by internet users, are memes. Facebook and WhatsApp have become an integral part of society in this age of social media where the young generation and older adults engage in social interaction. These memes, sometimes, carry wrong perceptions and messages that can create false consciousness among the people. The notion of gender is culturally and socially constructed. Social media sites have reinforced the concept of gender stereotyping through its content. These sites are invisibly controlling people’s lives by transferring the stereotyped ideology. Stereotypes have been a central theme in memes on social media. Some Facebook and WhatsApp memes are portraying women in the way gender roles have been represented. The study adopted a disparagement or superiority theory and social constructionism theory to examine the content of Zambian memes. Data for this article was drawn from general scanning of Facebook and WhatsApp. This study analyses how women are portrayed in Zambian memes on social media, particularly Facebook and WhatsApp. In this regard, this study used purposive sampling and selected 100 Facebook and WhatsApp memes as samples but only thirty were analysed in this study. Using thematic analysis of the sample, the representations of women in the Zambian memes sampled exhibited negative constructions of women and womanhood. Further, the findings showed that the language used in Zambian memes not only imparts joy and laughter, but also some statements that convey hatred, sarcasm, viciousness, and vulgarity to women","PeriodicalId":52999,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Economics Law and Social Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84322906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-15DOI: 10.53974/unza.jlss.5.1.790
O. Tope, Mejabi Olorundare
Retirement is a normal and ubiquitous phenomenon in the world of work. Every worker must retire owing to the fact that retirement is inevitable and no individual can work for eternity due to senescence. However, retirement comes with adjustment and adaptation in relation to different professions and skills or vocations. This study adopted a survey research method; using accidental and snowballing sampling technique with key informant interview (KII) and focus group discussion (FGD) as research instruments. The analysis was done using a qualitative method of content analysis to present the peculiarity of retirement adjustment among selected retired military officers in Nigeria. From the analysis, the adjustment is divided into two namely: social and economy retirement. The social adjustment includes changes in lifestyle in general. It includes but is not limited to changes in the living environment that warrants adapting to the lack of appropriate space to exercise and other recreational facilities such as visit to Officers’ Mess and complying with community security instructions amongst others. Economy retirement adjustment is characterised by less income, gratuity (less than salary) and increased spending owing to the need to budget for payment of bills such as security, electricity, transportation and even accommodation in some instances. Meanwhile, officers become more frugal and thus, have to reduce financial commitment to family and friends resulting from less income. Financial adjustment has been found to affect social adjustment as finance is a major factor that determines social involvement, especially in relation to financial commitment to family and friends. Recommendations such as the need for retirement education and training of officers in choiced occupation before and after retirement becomes imperative among others.
{"title":"Peculiarity of Retirement Adjustment: A Study of Selected Retired Military Officers in Nigeria","authors":"O. Tope, Mejabi Olorundare","doi":"10.53974/unza.jlss.5.1.790","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53974/unza.jlss.5.1.790","url":null,"abstract":"Retirement is a normal and ubiquitous phenomenon in the world of work. Every worker must retire owing to the fact that retirement is inevitable and no individual can work for eternity due to senescence. However, retirement comes with adjustment and adaptation in relation to different professions and skills or vocations. This study adopted a survey research method; using accidental and snowballing sampling technique with key informant interview (KII) and focus group discussion (FGD) as research instruments. The analysis was done using a qualitative method of content analysis to present the peculiarity of retirement adjustment among selected retired military officers in Nigeria. From the analysis, the adjustment is divided into two namely: social and economy retirement. The social adjustment includes changes in lifestyle in general. It includes but is not limited to changes in the living environment that warrants adapting to the lack of appropriate space to exercise and other recreational facilities such as visit to Officers’ Mess and complying with community security instructions amongst others. Economy retirement adjustment is characterised by less income, gratuity (less than salary) and increased spending owing to the need to budget for payment of bills such as security, electricity, transportation and even accommodation in some instances. Meanwhile, officers become more frugal and thus, have to reduce financial commitment to family and friends resulting from less income. Financial adjustment has been found to affect social adjustment as finance is a major factor that determines social involvement, especially in relation to financial commitment to family and friends. Recommendations such as the need for retirement education and training of officers in choiced occupation before and after retirement becomes imperative among others.","PeriodicalId":52999,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Economics Law and Social Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87455512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-15DOI: 10.53974/unza.jlss.5.1.789
Cheela Chilala
This essay analyses Namwali Serpell’s seminal novel The Old Drift from a postcolonial perspective. In pursuing this goal, the essay utilises some aspects of postcolonial theory, semiotics, onomastics and linguistics. In particular, it looks at how Serpell reinterprets the history of colonial Zambia as projected and interpreted by colonial writers. The findings suggest that the novel epitomises a new drift in Zambian literature. The novel problematises the views of the imperial centre as exemplified in colonial literature and suggests that the colonisers used the gun, fraud, deception, language and names as some of the means of subjugating the local people and dispossessing them of their land. Therefore, the whole colonial enterprise was pursued for the benefit of the white settlers at the expense of the local people and was motivated by greed, selfishness and self-aggrandisement.
{"title":"Namwali Serpell's The Old Drift as a Postcolonial Text: A Semiotic, Linguistic and Onomastic Analysis","authors":"Cheela Chilala","doi":"10.53974/unza.jlss.5.1.789","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53974/unza.jlss.5.1.789","url":null,"abstract":"This essay analyses Namwali Serpell’s seminal novel The Old Drift from a postcolonial perspective. In pursuing this goal, the essay utilises some aspects of postcolonial theory, semiotics, onomastics and linguistics. In particular, it looks at how Serpell reinterprets the history of colonial Zambia as projected and interpreted by colonial writers. The findings suggest that the novel epitomises a new drift in Zambian literature. The novel problematises the views of the imperial centre as exemplified in colonial literature and suggests that the colonisers used the gun, fraud, deception, language and names as some of the means of subjugating the local people and dispossessing them of their land. Therefore, the whole colonial enterprise was pursued for the benefit of the white settlers at the expense of the local people and was motivated by greed, selfishness and self-aggrandisement.","PeriodicalId":52999,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Economics Law and Social Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73919131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-15DOI: 10.53974/unza.jlss.5.1.793
Ian Mbewe
The study attempted to demonstrate how political satire is applied in a pre-independence African fiction Mission to Kala and a post- independence African fiction Devil on the Cross. Satire, mild or bitter, has a history of being used to expose the negative socio-economic and political realities perpetrated by both the sympathisers of colonialism and later the agents of neo-colonialism in the post-independence phase. The study employed the Marxist literary theory and Literary Onomastics through stylistic analysis and demonstrated how satire exposed the evils and how a ‘training camp’ in the colonial era was transformed into a ‘jungle’ in post-independent Africa. Character types in both periods exhibited parasitic traits such as greed, selfishness, narrow appetites and sadistic violence leading to exploitation and oppression. This historical transition was delineated on the basis of the colonised African elite and subordinates as the direct off-shoot of the African bourgeoisie groups, which created a symbolic connection between the two periods of time in the African context. The findings indicated that both texts maintained the Marxist outlook, employed ironic juxtaposition to satirise capitalism, each satirist employed a different style and Beti had the colonised African elite and subordinates as his targets of satire as opposed to Ngugi’s comprador politicians, comprador and national bourgeoisie. The masses were not spared of criticism.
{"title":"Application of Political Satire in Mission to Kala and Devil on The Cross","authors":"Ian Mbewe","doi":"10.53974/unza.jlss.5.1.793","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53974/unza.jlss.5.1.793","url":null,"abstract":"The study attempted to demonstrate how political satire is applied in a pre-independence African fiction Mission to Kala and a post- independence African fiction Devil on the Cross. Satire, mild or bitter, has a history of being used to expose the negative socio-economic and political realities perpetrated by both the sympathisers of colonialism and later the agents of neo-colonialism in the post-independence phase. The study employed the Marxist literary theory and Literary Onomastics through stylistic analysis and demonstrated how satire exposed the evils and how a ‘training camp’ in the colonial era was transformed into a ‘jungle’ in post-independent Africa. Character types in both periods exhibited parasitic traits such as greed, selfishness, narrow appetites and sadistic violence leading to exploitation and oppression. This historical transition was delineated on the basis of the colonised African elite and subordinates as the direct off-shoot of the African bourgeoisie groups, which created a symbolic connection between the two periods of time in the African context. The findings indicated that both texts maintained the Marxist outlook, employed ironic juxtaposition to satirise capitalism, each satirist employed a different style and Beti had the colonised African elite and subordinates as his targets of satire as opposed to Ngugi’s comprador politicians, comprador and national bourgeoisie. The masses were not spared of criticism.","PeriodicalId":52999,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Economics Law and Social Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86586591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-15DOI: 10.53974/unza.jlss.5.1.792
Christopher Kwachakale Kavute, Agness Chimangeni Chaliwa Hara
This study aimed at analysing errors in essays written by Malawian students who were learning English as a Second Language (ESL). Its specific focus was three-fold: to analyse errors using Corder’s (1974) five-stage approach to Error Analysis, to assess sources of the errors and to identify measures that could be applied to help students attain proficiency in English. The study utilised qualitative and quantitative designs. The participants in this study were students and teachers. The former were required to write essays which were analysed using Corder’s (1974) five-stage approach to Error Analysis while the latter were interviewed to establish sources of errors and ways to overcome them. The study has revealed that the following were the most frequent errors: tense, spelling, subject-verb agreement, articles, nouns, capitalisation and fragment. The study has further revealed that inter- lingual and intra-lingual interferences were the main sources of errors. The study has further demonstrated that other factors such as a lapse in reading culture, carelessness and social media’s writing style influence students’ errors. This study has shown that Error Analysis is helpful to teachers because it enables them to identify specific and common problems. Teachers can, therefore, focus more attention on the identified problems. The findings have pedagogical implications for ESL teachers because they would employ appropriate pedagogy to minimise students’ errors in the area of grammar and sentence structures. The findings also have practical implications in the sense that some platforms could be organised in order to grill teachers on how to improve their content and pedagogical skills in ESL writing. Teachers could also use these platforms to share their experiences with fellow teachers and map the way forward to improve their instruction skills.
{"title":"An Examination of Common Errors in Essays Written By Secondary School Students in Malawi: Some Implications for Teaching","authors":"Christopher Kwachakale Kavute, Agness Chimangeni Chaliwa Hara","doi":"10.53974/unza.jlss.5.1.792","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53974/unza.jlss.5.1.792","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed at analysing errors in essays written by Malawian students who were learning English as a Second Language (ESL). Its specific focus was three-fold: to analyse errors using Corder’s (1974) five-stage approach to Error Analysis, to assess sources of the errors and to identify measures that could be applied to help students attain proficiency in English. The study utilised qualitative and quantitative designs. The participants in this study were students and teachers. The former were required to write essays which were analysed using Corder’s (1974) five-stage approach to Error Analysis while the latter were interviewed to establish sources of errors and ways to overcome them. The study has revealed that the following were the most frequent errors: tense, spelling, subject-verb agreement, articles, nouns, capitalisation and fragment. The study has further revealed that inter- lingual and intra-lingual interferences were the main sources of errors. The study has further demonstrated that other factors such as a lapse in reading culture, carelessness and social media’s writing style influence students’ errors. This study has shown that Error Analysis is helpful to teachers because it enables them to identify specific and common problems. Teachers can, therefore, focus more attention on the identified problems. The findings have pedagogical implications for ESL teachers because they would employ appropriate pedagogy to minimise students’ errors in the area of grammar and sentence structures. The findings also have practical implications in the sense that some platforms could be organised in order to grill teachers on how to improve their content and pedagogical skills in ESL writing. Teachers could also use these platforms to share their experiences with fellow teachers and map the way forward to improve their instruction skills.","PeriodicalId":52999,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Economics Law and Social Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73164859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"ANALYZING THE DYNAMICS OF THE SWAPTION MARKET USING NEURAL NETWORKS","authors":"S. Kunsági-Máté, G. Fáth, I. Csabai","doi":"10.33422/eje.v1i2.141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33422/eje.v1i2.141","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52999,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Economics Law and Social Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90909727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of this paper is to examine and update the progress toward meeting the macroeconomic and environmental “convergence criteria” outlined in original Maastricht Treaty of 1991, and the Kyoto Protocol of 1997 and its successor climate agreements. Using recently developed econometric models of convergence, this study presents an inventory of the convergence properties of 12 macroeconomic and environmental indicators for a sample of 15 EU member countries with data for the period 1990-2020. While not exhaustive, it is representative of widely accepted macroeconomic and environmental indicators used to gauge progress toward achieving the stated EU convergence criteria, including some that to our knowledge have not yet been formally studied for convergence. We also give an example of how using an inappropriate convergence model can lead to incorrect and misleading results, and suggest a testing strategy to obtain more reliable results. Using the appropriate convergence model, we found evidence for weak Sigma-convergence in 5 of the 12 indicators (4 macroeconomic and 1 environmental). Thus progress toward EU economic and environmental convergence remains mixed.
{"title":"An Analysis of Progress Toward EU Macroeconomic and Environmental Indicator Convergence","authors":"T. Daniel Coggin","doi":"10.33422/eje.v1i2.77","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33422/eje.v1i2.77","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this paper is to examine and update the progress toward meeting the macroeconomic and environmental “convergence criteria” outlined in original Maastricht Treaty of 1991, and the Kyoto Protocol of 1997 and its successor climate agreements. Using recently developed econometric models of convergence, this study presents an inventory of the convergence properties of 12 macroeconomic and environmental indicators for a sample of 15 EU member countries with data for the period 1990-2020. While not exhaustive, it is representative of widely accepted macroeconomic and environmental indicators used to gauge progress toward achieving the stated EU convergence criteria, including some that to our knowledge have not yet been formally studied for convergence. We also give an example of how using an inappropriate convergence model can lead to incorrect and misleading results, and suggest a testing strategy to obtain more reliable results. Using the appropriate convergence model, we found evidence for weak Sigma-convergence in 5 of the 12 indicators (4 macroeconomic and 1 environmental). Thus progress toward EU economic and environmental convergence remains mixed.","PeriodicalId":52999,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Economics Law and Social Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88529418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this paper is to re-examine the relationship between financial development and international trade within the structural gravity model. Unlike the previous literature, we implement an identification strategy that considers intra-national trade flows in addition to international trade data in order to deal with the issues of perfect collinearity and the multilateral resistances terms (MRTs). Using a sample of 64 countries and two data frameworks (cross-sectional and panel) and applying the OLS/2SLS estimator and the PPMLHDFE estimator, our findings support the promoting effect of financial indicators on exports of all manufacturing goods relative to domestic trade. This performance is disproportionately higher for final goods than intermediate inputs. Importantly, this research demonstrates the existence of the heterogeneous direct impact of financial development on international trade depending on the level of economic development and across industries.
{"title":"The nexus between financial development and exports performance: A re-assessment with the structural gravity model","authors":"Gilhaimé Mouanda-Mouanda","doi":"10.33422/eje.v1i2.150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33422/eje.v1i2.150","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this paper is to re-examine the relationship between financial development and international trade within the structural gravity model. Unlike the previous literature, we implement an identification strategy that considers intra-national trade flows in addition to international trade data in order to deal with the issues of perfect collinearity and the multilateral resistances terms (MRTs). Using a sample of 64 countries and two data frameworks (cross-sectional and panel) and applying the OLS/2SLS estimator and the PPMLHDFE estimator, our findings support the promoting effect of financial indicators on exports of all manufacturing goods relative to domestic trade. This performance is disproportionately higher for final goods than intermediate inputs. Importantly, this research demonstrates the existence of the heterogeneous direct impact of financial development on international trade depending on the level of economic development and across industries.","PeriodicalId":52999,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Economics Law and Social Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85315159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The effect of innovations on the performance of SMEs in Nigeria was studied in this study using firm-level data from the Enterprise Survey Panel Data for the years 2007-200. Meanwhile, to investigate the relationships between innovation outcomes and firms’ performance, we used static panel data models. The Hausman test statistic, which Hausman created, was used to choose between fixed and random effects estimators. The result showed that 52.05 percent of the 1729 companies polled claimed they had developed a new or significantly improved product, and 52.54 percent said they had developed a new or significantly better process. In the last three years, however, less than half of the organizations (41.87 percent) had undergone organizational transformation. Finally, we noticed that there was a transition from one form of innovation to another throughout time. Furthermore, there was a significant and favorable link between innovation outcomes and R&D spending, as well as employee training. The studies also demonstrated a positive and statistically significant link between firm’s productivity and innovation outcomes. As a result, we recommend that the government encourage strategic coordination of both human and non-human capital in SMEs, such as R&D personnel, FDI inflows, technology, and information. Increased access to funds for research and innovation in formal institutional contexts, as well as policy packages that are highly supportive of innovation
{"title":"FIRMS’ PERFORMANCE AND INNOVATION: EVIDENCE FROM SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES (SMES) IN NIGERIA","authors":"F. Quadri","doi":"10.33422/eje.v1i2.62","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33422/eje.v1i2.62","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of innovations on the performance of SMEs in Nigeria was studied in this study using firm-level data from the Enterprise Survey Panel Data for the years 2007-200. Meanwhile, to investigate the relationships between innovation outcomes and firms’ performance, we used static panel data models. The Hausman test statistic, which Hausman created, was used to choose between fixed and random effects estimators. The result showed that 52.05 percent of the 1729 companies polled claimed they had developed a new or significantly improved product, and 52.54 percent said they had developed a new or significantly better process. In the last three years, however, less than half of the organizations (41.87 percent) had undergone organizational transformation. Finally, we noticed that there was a transition from one form of innovation to another throughout time. Furthermore, there was a significant and favorable link between innovation outcomes and R&D spending, as well as employee training. The studies also demonstrated a positive and statistically significant link between firm’s productivity and innovation outcomes. As a result, we recommend that the government encourage strategic coordination of both human and non-human capital in SMEs, such as R&D personnel, FDI inflows, technology, and information. Increased access to funds for research and innovation in formal institutional contexts, as well as policy packages that are highly supportive of innovation","PeriodicalId":52999,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Economics Law and Social Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75623765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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