Inspired by Wittgenstein, this article starts with a suggestion that we need to discuss the question of method in literary studies on the basis of a differentiation between different research acts. It argues that a methodical procedure for the interpretation of literary texts is best understood as a response to ethical demands on the reader. Building on Iris Murdoch’s notion of attention, and to a notion of pitfall-awareness that emerges from Stanley Cavell’s reading of Wittgenstein, the article suggests some principles on which such a methodical procedure might be based, and argues for the importance of such an approach as a way of strengthening scholarly literary interpretation as an open and communal field of activity, in which not only the resulting interpretations but also the procedure itself invites and even requires the critical scrutiny of peers.
{"title":"Oppmerksomhet, fallgruvebevissthet og etikk: Vitenskapsfilosofiske refleksjoner","authors":"Anniken Greve","doi":"10.7557/13.4459","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7557/13.4459","url":null,"abstract":"Inspired by Wittgenstein, this article starts with a suggestion that we need to discuss the question of method in literary studies on the basis of a differentiation between different research acts. It argues that a methodical procedure for the interpretation of literary texts is best understood as a response to ethical demands on the reader. Building on Iris Murdoch’s notion of attention, and to a notion of pitfall-awareness that emerges from Stanley Cavell’s reading of Wittgenstein, the article suggests some principles on which such a methodical procedure might be based, and argues for the importance of such an approach as a way of strengthening scholarly literary interpretation as an open and communal field of activity, in which not only the resulting interpretations but also the procedure itself invites and even requires the critical scrutiny of peers.","PeriodicalId":53235,"journal":{"name":"Nordlit Tidsskrift i litteratur og kultur","volume":"503 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78135633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In a novel critics have described as a "thriller-like" coming-of-age story, Louise Erdrich's The Round House (2012) integrates two apparently conflicting approaches to Native American law. First, Felix S. Cohen's Handbook of Federal Indian Law legitimizes the need for working with allies to Indigenous peoples in developing contextual applications of settler state laws. The second draws on the authority of authorless Anishinaabe stories and dreams. While Cohen and his descendants in tribal law practice are allies to the Anishinabeg, dream narrations by the narrator's grandfather affirm the contemporary vitality of Anishinaabe approaches to justice. Finally, Erdrich's narration suggests why restorative justice for women in Indigenous communities in the United States should matter for her international audience.
路易斯·厄德里奇(Louise Erdrich)的《圆屋》(2012)融合了两种明显冲突的美国原住民法，被评论家形容为“惊悚式”的成长故事。首先，费利克斯·s·科恩(Felix S. Cohen)的《联邦印第安人法律手册》(Handbook of Federal Indian Law)证明，在制定移民州法律的语境应用时，有必要与土著人民的盟友合作。第二种是利用无作者的故事和梦的权威。虽然科恩和他的后裔在部落法律实践中是Anishinabeg的盟友，但叙述者祖父的梦境叙述肯定了Anishinabeg追求正义的方法在当代的活力。最后，厄德里奇的叙述表明，为什么美国土著社区妇女的恢复性司法对她的国际读者来说很重要。
{"title":"Louise Erdrich's The Round House: Restorative Justice in a Coming of Age Thriller","authors":"L. Castor","doi":"10.7557/13.4273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7557/13.4273","url":null,"abstract":"In a novel critics have described as a \"thriller-like\" coming-of-age story, Louise Erdrich's The Round House (2012) integrates two apparently conflicting approaches to Native American law. First, Felix S. Cohen's Handbook of Federal Indian Law legitimizes the need for working with allies to Indigenous peoples in developing contextual applications of settler state laws. The second draws on the authority of authorless Anishinaabe stories and dreams. While Cohen and his descendants in tribal law practice are allies to the Anishinabeg, dream narrations by the narrator's grandfather affirm the contemporary vitality of Anishinaabe approaches to justice. Finally, Erdrich's narration suggests why restorative justice for women in Indigenous communities in the United States should matter for her international audience.","PeriodicalId":53235,"journal":{"name":"Nordlit Tidsskrift i litteratur og kultur","volume":"71 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89835704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the beginning of the 2000’s a meeting takes place at one of the major hospitals in Northern Norway, between a Sámi patient Juvvá, and his roommate, a retired Norwegian engineer. The engineer shows a negative attitude towards his Sámi roommate. Based on a symptomatic reading of three stories, this article presents a character analysis of Juvvá’s birgengoansttat, coping skills, in his encounter with the engineer. The analysis focuses on Juvvá as a trickster figure representing the Sámi people, and the engineer as stállu, a set of structures that represent the majority’s values system. The engineer’s negative mindset towards his Sámi roommate represents the shadow of centuries of repression and lack of knowledge about Sámi language, culture and history. The Norwegian government’s assimilation politics, the Norwegianization policies, function as the contextual backdrop for the investigation and of the reactions of the engineer. In my role as a scholar and mediator of the stories, I also function as a character in this investigation, at a meta level. This requires some focus on the context that frames my reading. The analysis of the stories reveals how non-verbal communication and humor are used to show resistance towards derogatory attitudes in the majority system. Juvvá’s agency is to cope, and take control of his own situation in the narrative of the hospital’s white world. In his role as a trickster, Juvvá represents a boundary-crossing figure and demonstrates a flexibility in finding a creative space to exercise his abilities to coping in the meeting with his hostile roommate.
{"title":"The Trickster and the Engineer","authors":"Lill Tove Fredriksen","doi":"10.7557/13.4417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7557/13.4417","url":null,"abstract":"In the beginning of the 2000’s a meeting takes place at one of the major hospitals in Northern Norway, between a Sámi patient Juvvá, and his roommate, a retired Norwegian engineer. The engineer shows a negative attitude towards his Sámi roommate. Based on a symptomatic reading of three stories, this article presents a character analysis of Juvvá’s birgengoansttat, coping skills, in his encounter with the engineer. The analysis focuses on Juvvá as a trickster figure representing the Sámi people, and the engineer as stállu, a set of structures that represent the majority’s values system. The engineer’s negative mindset towards his Sámi roommate represents the shadow of centuries of repression and lack of knowledge about Sámi language, culture and history. The Norwegian government’s assimilation politics, the Norwegianization policies, function as the contextual backdrop for the investigation and of the reactions of the engineer. In my role as a scholar and mediator of the stories, I also function as a character in this investigation, at a meta level. This requires some focus on the context that frames my reading. The analysis of the stories reveals how non-verbal communication and humor are used to show resistance towards derogatory attitudes in the majority system. Juvvá’s agency is to cope, and take control of his own situation in the narrative of the hospital’s white world. In his role as a trickster, Juvvá represents a boundary-crossing figure and demonstrates a flexibility in finding a creative space to exercise his abilities to coping in the meeting with his hostile roommate.","PeriodicalId":53235,"journal":{"name":"Nordlit Tidsskrift i litteratur og kultur","volume":"119 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90367835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Når man skal arbeide med Knut Hamsun i skolen, står norsklærerne overfor et dilemma: Hvordan skal man ta hensyn til at Hamsun ikke bare er en av Norges mest kjente forfattere, men også Norges mest kjente nazist? Hvordan skal historien om Hamsun presenteres på en balansert måte? En gjennomgang av en del lærebøker i litteratur og litteraturhistorie forteller om hvordan Hamsunproblemet har blitt håndtert i skolen etter krigen. Er det riktig, slik nyere litteraturforskere har hevdet, at vi har skjult Hamsuns politiske sider, og i stedet hyllet den geniale forfatteren?Teachers in Norwegian schools face a dilemma when teaching literature: How do they balance the presentation of Knut Hamsun – one of Norway’s most influential writers AND most prominent supporters of the Nazi occupation? How can Hamsun's life and writings be presented in a balanced way? By examining school textbooks in literary history, we can better understand how “the Hamsun problem” has been handled in school. Is it correct, as it has been claimed, that the political side of Hamsun has been hidden away in Norway, and instead saluted as the brilliant author?
{"title":"Hamsunproblemet i skolens norskbøker 1945–1970","authors":"John Brumo","doi":"10.7557/13.4409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7557/13.4409","url":null,"abstract":"Når man skal arbeide med Knut Hamsun i skolen, står norsklærerne overfor et dilemma: Hvordan skal man ta hensyn til at Hamsun ikke bare er en av Norges mest kjente forfattere, men også Norges mest kjente nazist? Hvordan skal historien om Hamsun presenteres på en balansert måte? En gjennomgang av en del lærebøker i litteratur og litteraturhistorie forteller om hvordan Hamsunproblemet har blitt håndtert i skolen etter krigen. Er det riktig, slik nyere litteraturforskere har hevdet, at vi har skjult Hamsuns politiske sider, og i stedet hyllet den geniale forfatteren?Teachers in Norwegian schools face a dilemma when teaching literature: How do they balance the presentation of Knut Hamsun – one of Norway’s most influential writers AND most prominent supporters of the Nazi occupation? How can Hamsun's life and writings be presented in a balanced way? By examining school textbooks in literary history, we can better understand how “the Hamsun problem” has been handled in school. Is it correct, as it has been claimed, that the political side of Hamsun has been hidden away in Norway, and instead saluted as the brilliant author?","PeriodicalId":53235,"journal":{"name":"Nordlit Tidsskrift i litteratur og kultur","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81262686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The effects of war on the health of the population have never been systematically studied. The article explores the impact of war on the general health condition of Finnmark’s population during the war years. The indicators chosen are infant mortality and the epidemic diseases diphtheria, scabies and acute gastroenteritis. The development of the indicators in Finnmark is compared with the averages in Norway and Finnish Lapland. The findings deserve attention. The article discusses the statistical indicators and findings in a social and historical context with a range of sources. The article is a broad as well as penetrating analysis of the war’s impact on the health of the civilian population of Finnmark and on their everyday living and survival.
{"title":"Infant mortality and epidemic diseases. Wartime Finnmark in a comparative perspective","authors":"Nina Planting Mølmann, B. Jacobsen, I. Elstad","doi":"10.7557/13.3637","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7557/13.3637","url":null,"abstract":"The effects of war on the health of the population have never been systematically studied. The article explores the impact of war on the general health condition of Finnmark’s population during the war years. The indicators chosen are infant mortality and the epidemic diseases diphtheria, scabies and acute gastroenteritis. The development of the indicators in Finnmark is compared with the averages in Norway and Finnish Lapland. The findings deserve attention. The article discusses the statistical indicators and findings in a social and historical context with a range of sources. The article is a broad as well as penetrating analysis of the war’s impact on the health of the civilian population of Finnmark and on their everyday living and survival.","PeriodicalId":53235,"journal":{"name":"Nordlit Tidsskrift i litteratur og kultur","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71314264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As we can see in war areas today, health care systems and especially hospitals can be considered as a safety net for the civilian population. This was also the case of civilian health care institutions, nurses and medical practitioners in the sparsely populated areas in Finnmark and Northern part of Troms during World War II. Nurses are, and were, the largest group of health professionals. Most nurses worked in small communities and institutions over the large province, and their efforts have been under-communicated. Through interviews, mainly with nurses but also with catholic Sisters in Hammerfest and Tromso as well as members of families with sick persons, we get a picture of daily work as well as work in extreme conditions. There was a need for creative solutions when the basics of water, food, supplies and medicine were lacking, when nursing care was being provided in bomb shelters or during escape. There is also the issue of ethics while nursing enemies as well as friends. The physical and mental demands on the nurses were extreme. By detailing the war’s challenges to nursing, its challenges to civilian life are at the same time conveyed.
{"title":"“I learned to trust myself”. An oral history of professional nurses' wartime practice in Finnmark","authors":"Ingrid Immonen","doi":"10.7557/13.3639","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7557/13.3639","url":null,"abstract":"As we can see in war areas today, health care systems and especially hospitals can be considered as a safety net for the civilian population. This was also the case of civilian health care institutions, nurses and medical practitioners in the sparsely populated areas in Finnmark and Northern part of Troms during World War II. Nurses are, and were, the largest group of health professionals. Most nurses worked in small communities and institutions over the large province, and their efforts have been under-communicated. Through interviews, mainly with nurses but also with catholic Sisters in Hammerfest and Tromso as well as members of families with sick persons, we get a picture of daily work as well as work in extreme conditions. There was a need for creative solutions when the basics of water, food, supplies and medicine were lacking, when nursing care was being provided in bomb shelters or during escape. There is also the issue of ethics while nursing enemies as well as friends. The physical and mental demands on the nurses were extreme. By detailing the war’s challenges to nursing, its challenges to civilian life are at the same time conveyed.","PeriodicalId":53235,"journal":{"name":"Nordlit Tidsskrift i litteratur og kultur","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71314273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article gives a brief overview of research on architecture by art historians at UiT The Arctic University of Norway, and addresses some challenges for research on buildings within the discipline of Art history generally, and in the northernmost parts of Scandinavia particularly. Art history’s history of monuments has during the last four to five decades been expanded by new theoretical and aesthetic perspectives on architecture, and is questioned by a more comprehensive and socially distinguished research on the built environment. Researchers on architecture in the northern areas experience these tensions more directly, which thus provides an opportunity to question methods of writing architectural history.
{"title":"Arkitektur som forskningsfelt","authors":"E. Haugdal","doi":"10.7557/13.3692","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7557/13.3692","url":null,"abstract":"This article gives a brief overview of research on architecture by art historians at UiT The Arctic University of Norway, and addresses some challenges for research on buildings within the discipline of Art history generally, and in the northernmost parts of Scandinavia particularly. Art history’s history of monuments has during the last four to five decades been expanded by new theoretical and aesthetic perspectives on architecture, and is questioned by a more comprehensive and socially distinguished research on the built environment. Researchers on architecture in the northern areas experience these tensions more directly, which thus provides an opportunity to question methods of writing architectural history.","PeriodicalId":53235,"journal":{"name":"Nordlit Tidsskrift i litteratur og kultur","volume":"1 1","pages":"9-18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71314720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
One of the characteristics of modernist art and architecture is the insistence on autonomy. What happens if the two media are combined? Will they activate new artistic values – or will their insistence on individual autonomy lead to a differentiation which negates any true dialogue bearing on their status as works of art? These questions are discussed with references to sculptures by Georg Kolbe, Antoine Pevsner, Barbara Hepworth, Jean Arp, Arnold Haukeland and Ramon Isern; and the architecture of Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Walter Gropius and Erling Viksjo. Also central to these topics are the public debates between architects, sculptors and architectural historians in Europe and America during the first decades after the Second World War. The issues regarding a possible integration of sculpture and architecture were highly contested during these years of optimism and economic growth. For some, the idea of a union between the two media proved to be an ideal that was perhaps never fully accomplished. Many sculptors, however, wanted to create works intended for public spaces, whether in architectural urban settings or in landscapes. Among the architects, the opinions differed from a refusal to include any works of art as part of their buildings, to those who involved in collaborative projects with artists. Others maintained that a new spatial unity could be achieved based on joint efforts on equal terms between sculptors and architects.
现代主义艺术和建筑的特点之一是坚持自主性。如果这两种媒体结合在一起会发生什么?它们会激活新的艺术价值吗?还是它们对个体自主性的坚持会导致分化，从而否定与它们作为艺术作品的地位有关的任何真正的对话?这些问题的讨论参考了Georg Kolbe, Antoine Pevsner, Barbara Hepworth, Jean Arp, Arnold Haukeland和Ramon Isern的雕塑;以及路德维希·密斯·凡德罗、沃尔特·格罗皮乌斯和埃林·维克斯乔的建筑。这些主题的核心是在第二次世界大战后的头几十年里，欧洲和美国建筑师、雕塑家和建筑历史学家之间的公开辩论。在这些年的乐观主义和经济增长中，关于雕塑和建筑可能融合的问题备受争议。对一些人来说，两种媒体合并的想法被证明是一个可能永远无法完全实现的理想。然而，许多雕塑家希望创作用于公共空间的作品，无论是在建筑城市环境中还是在景观中。在建筑师中，从拒绝将任何艺术作品作为他们建筑的一部分，到那些参与与艺术家合作项目的人，意见不一。另一些人则认为，通过雕塑家和建筑师之间平等的共同努力，可以实现新的空间统一。
{"title":"Spesialisering eller samvirke? Om skulptur og arkitektur i gjenreisnings- og vekstårene etter andre verdenskrig","authors":"Svein Aamold","doi":"10.7557/13.3682","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7557/13.3682","url":null,"abstract":"One of the characteristics of modernist art and architecture is the insistence on autonomy. What happens if the two media are combined? Will they activate new artistic values – or will their insistence on individual autonomy lead to a differentiation which negates any true dialogue bearing on their status as works of art? These questions are discussed with references to sculptures by Georg Kolbe, Antoine Pevsner, Barbara Hepworth, Jean Arp, Arnold Haukeland and Ramon Isern; and the architecture of Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Walter Gropius and Erling Viksjo. Also central to these topics are the public debates between architects, sculptors and architectural historians in Europe and America during the first decades after the Second World War. The issues regarding a possible integration of sculpture and architecture were highly contested during these years of optimism and economic growth. For some, the idea of a union between the two media proved to be an ideal that was perhaps never fully accomplished. Many sculptors, however, wanted to create works intended for public spaces, whether in architectural urban settings or in landscapes. Among the architects, the opinions differed from a refusal to include any works of art as part of their buildings, to those who involved in collaborative projects with artists. Others maintained that a new spatial unity could be achieved based on joint efforts on equal terms between sculptors and architects.","PeriodicalId":53235,"journal":{"name":"Nordlit Tidsskrift i litteratur og kultur","volume":"1 1","pages":"107-128"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71314656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The interior of the parish church at Trondenes in Harstad in Northern Norway is one of the best-preserved medieval interiors in Scandinavia. Four of its reredos have survived, three of them in situ . A significant characteristic of the decoration in the church is the pronounced presence of St. Anne and the Holy Kinship. The article explores the roles of these motifs in the iconography at Trondenes. Even though there are no sources related to the specific religious use of these motifs at Trondenes, our general knowledge of their cult elsewhere in Europe suggests how they might have been used in Trondenes. Among ordinary people in the medieval Northern Germany, the cult of Saint Anne and the Holy Kinship were related to the protection of sailors and to secure the growth of their income, as well as to protect against diseases. Usually these motifs were found in maritime, urban regions. St. Anne was regarded as a role model for the middle class women, and the Holy Kinship as a “self-image” of the trading middle class. Trondenes is the main Church in a large maritime region. In the late middle ages the fisheries along the coastline provided large incomes to the chapter of the Cathedral of Nidaros who owned Trondenes and to the local merchants at Trondenes. In such circumstances it is reasonable that the presence of St. Anne and the Holy Kinship at Trondenes was related to the protection of local sailors and to the growth of income from the fisheries.
{"title":"Billedprogrammet på Trondenes: Den hellige Anna – sjømennenes og rikdommens beskytter","authors":"Rognald Heiseldal Bergesen","doi":"10.7557/13.3689","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7557/13.3689","url":null,"abstract":"The interior of the parish church at Trondenes in Harstad in Northern Norway is one of the best-preserved medieval interiors in Scandinavia. Four of its reredos have survived, three of them in situ . A significant characteristic of the decoration in the church is the pronounced presence of St. Anne and the Holy Kinship. The article explores the roles of these motifs in the iconography at Trondenes. Even though there are no sources related to the specific religious use of these motifs at Trondenes, our general knowledge of their cult elsewhere in Europe suggests how they might have been used in Trondenes. Among ordinary people in the medieval Northern Germany, the cult of Saint Anne and the Holy Kinship were related to the protection of sailors and to secure the growth of their income, as well as to protect against diseases. Usually these motifs were found in maritime, urban regions. St. Anne was regarded as a role model for the middle class women, and the Holy Kinship as a “self-image” of the trading middle class. Trondenes is the main Church in a large maritime region. In the late middle ages the fisheries along the coastline provided large incomes to the chapter of the Cathedral of Nidaros who owned Trondenes and to the local merchants at Trondenes. In such circumstances it is reasonable that the presence of St. Anne and the Holy Kinship at Trondenes was related to the protection of local sailors and to the growth of income from the fisheries.","PeriodicalId":53235,"journal":{"name":"Nordlit Tidsskrift i litteratur og kultur","volume":"1 1","pages":"229-248"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71314712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Large scale residential buildings from the modernist era have been severly criticized for being hostile both towards people and the environment. In small towns and in less urbanized areas in northern Scandinavia such residential blocks are highly visible elements in the landscape. When Hesteskoblokka (architect Astrup and Hellern) was erected in the recreational area outside Hammerfest in 1965 it was the largest residential block in Norway. A similar block, Ormen Lange (architect Ralph Erskine), was completed in Svappavaara in 1965. Both buildings contained apartments for workers in, respectively, the frozen food company Findus and in LKAB mining company. Brand new, they were strong symbols of growing industrial activity and modernization of the north. The blocks were similarly heavily affected by the economic downturn in the following decades, turned into slum or vacated. However, these blocks are not only sociologically interesting, but also the first in the Nordic countries where the architects undertook climate analyses. Both Hesteskoblokka and Ormen Lange obtained their form according to topographical and climatic conditions. Thus they were part of a growing environmentally conscious architecture and a new regionalism within the modernist architecture. This article discusses the attempts of new regionalism in the late modern architecture in the north, and questions both its ideas and realizations.
现代主义时代的大型住宅建筑因对人和环境的敌意而受到严厉批评。在斯堪的纳维亚北部的小城镇和城市化程度较低的地区，这样的住宅区是景观中非常明显的元素。当Hesteskoblokka(建筑师Astrup and Hellern)于1965年在哈默费斯特郊外的休闲区建成时，它是挪威最大的住宅区。一个类似的街区，Ormen Lange(建筑师Ralph Erskine)，于1965年在Svappavaara完成。这两栋楼里分别有冷冻食品公司Findus和LKAB矿业公司的工人公寓。它们是崭新的，是北方日益增长的工业活动和现代化的有力象征。在接下来的几十年里，这些街区同样受到经济衰退的严重影响，变成了贫民窟或被空置。然而，这些街区不仅在社会学上很有趣，而且在北欧国家，建筑师首次进行了气候分析。Hesteskoblokka和Ormen Lange都是根据地形和气候条件形成的。因此，它们是现代主义建筑中日益增长的环保意识建筑和新地域主义的一部分。本文探讨了新地域主义在北方晚期现代建筑中的尝试，并对其理念和实现提出了质疑。
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