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Pakistan's Trade Opportunities and Challenges with CARs: 巴基斯坦与中非贸易的机遇与挑战:
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.54418/ca-91.186
Umar Khan
Pakistan, Turkmenistan, and Kazakhstan are struggling from lack of trade diversification and post COVID-19 economic woes. These issues can be addressed via regional cooperation and expansion into each other's markets. Pakistan’s new geo-economics ambition and efforts to reach out to Central Asian Republics (CARs) is gaining momentum, with Gwadar port being touted as the go to port for CARs. Pakistan has a lot to offer these countries in terms of being a reliable source of imports, as well as being the closest outlet for their ocean trade. Presently, issue of access via unstable Afghanistan remains a major challenge, which has been a regular point of academic discussion. However, there hasn't been much discourse on the challenges and opportunities that await Pakistan, once stability in Afghanistan is regained and physical access issues between CARs and Pakistan are resolved. This work employs limited quantitative analysis to examine trade potential and proposes practical solutions to barriers to trade that must be addressed if these countries wish to be more than pawns in the New Great Game.
巴基斯坦、土库曼斯坦和哈萨克斯坦正因缺乏贸易多样化和新冠疫情后的经济困境而苦苦挣扎。这些问题可以通过区域合作和相互扩大市场来解决。巴基斯坦新的地缘经济野心和与中亚共和国(CARs)接触的努力正在获得动力,瓜达尔港被吹捧为中亚共和国的首选港口。巴基斯坦作为一个可靠的进口来源,以及最接近的海洋贸易出口,可以为这些国家提供很多东西。目前,通过不稳定的阿富汗进入的问题仍然是一个重大挑战,这是学术界经常讨论的问题。然而,在阿富汗恢复稳定、中非共和国和巴基斯坦之间的实际通道问题得到解决后,巴基斯坦面临的挑战和机遇却没有得到太多讨论。这项工作采用有限的定量分析来检查贸易潜力,并提出切实可行的解决贸易壁垒的办法,如果这些国家希望在新的大博弈中不仅仅是棋子,就必须解决这些壁垒。
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引用次数: 1
Metaphor Used by the US as a Lethal Weapon of Mass Destruction against the Other for Pursuing Ulterior Motives 比喻美国为了别有用心,将其作为对付对方的大规模杀伤性武器
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-01-20 DOI: 10.54418/ca-91.183
Siraj Khan, A. Khan
To get access to the resources-rich central Asian states and to nip in the bud the state of Afghanistan, that had proclaimed itself under the Taliban regime to be a state run solely under the ideology and system of Islam- the next threat to The US after the socialism-the US, after the 9/11 incident, took resource to using the linguistic weapon of metaphor before and along the surgical strikes and managed to beset the thoughts of every individual on the globe. It was successfully used as a justification to approve finances from the US Parliament for mongering an uncalled for war, to enlist moral support of its citizens by means of instilling fear in them, to elicit active financial and personnel support of its European allies and to silence the international community from raising its voice against the attack. It is the domain of cognitive linguistic where  these  conceptual metaphor, or cognitive metaphor, are used to the understanding of one idea, or conceptual domain, in terms of another. This study focused on identifying the conceptual metaphors used in the War on Terror discourse for influencing opinion against the enemy and dehumanizing it. Metaphors are used in the conceptual domain of covering the false ideas of the US and influencing the world to manipulate and pursue their ulterior motives. There actual motive was to get the justified war on terror as legal and the only source of getting away with it. They influenced the world with their justified war on terror policy and gained their motives.  
获得资源丰富的中亚国家和防患于未然的阿富汗,宣称自己在塔利班政权是一个伊斯兰教的国家仅在意识形态和制度下,下一个威胁我们socialism-the后的我们,在9/11事件后,资源使用隐喻的语言武器沿着手术前和罢工和设法困扰全球每一个人的思想。它成功地被用作美国议会批准财政拨款的理由,用于制造一场不必要的战争,通过向其公民灌输恐惧来获得道义上的支持,获得其欧洲盟友积极的财政和人员支持,并使国际社会沉默,不发出反对袭击的声音。这是认知语言学的领域这些概念隐喻,或认知隐喻,被用来理解一个概念,或概念领域,在另一个概念领域。本研究的重点是识别反恐战争话语中使用的概念隐喻,以影响对敌人的意见并使其非人化。隐喻被用于掩盖美国的错误观念和影响世界的概念领域,以操纵和追求他们不可告人的动机。他们真正的动机是使正当的反恐战争合法化,并使之成为逃脱惩罚的唯一来源。他们以正当的反恐战争政策影响了世界,并获得了他们的动机。
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引用次数: 0
Prohibition on Opium Poppy Cultivation in Afghanistan: 禁止在阿富汗种植罂粟:
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-01-20 DOI: 10.54418/ca-91.182
Taimur Khan
Afghanistan is home to the largest illicit drug industry in the world. The depth, influence, and impact of its narco-economy remain unparalleled. Illicit drug production has become a dominant feature of Afghanistan’s landscape. The opium economy is pervasive and deeply entrenched. Afghanistan's opium economy has become the source of security rather than the state. Therefore, the degree of dependence on the opium economy has thus become unprecedented in the modern history of drug production. The dependence means any immediate attempt toward opium poppy prohibition/eradication will result in political and socioeconomic crises not only in Afghanistan but the transit states in the region as well. In context of narco-economy, this paper expostulate that the construction of security in traditional and nontraditional discourse are linear, i.e. detached from reality or suffers from moralistic constraint, and therefore, needs to be revisited in line with ground reality of Afghanistan and transit states at large. Deviating from conventional literature on drug-security nexus, the paper argues that a complete prohibition of poppy cultivation in Afghanistan is by far a larger security concern than its retention. This research paper, therefore, takes a cursory examination of the security implications and challenges that may ensue as a result of a diminished production capacity of Afghanistan’s opium economy either experienced through complete prohibition, eradication programs or through natural calamity.
阿富汗拥有世界上最大的非法毒品产业。其毒品经济的深度、影响和影响仍然是无与伦比的。非法毒品生产已成为阿富汗的一个主要特征。鸦片经济无处不在,根深蒂固。阿富汗的鸦片经济已经成为安全的来源,而不是国家的来源。因此,对鸦片经济的依赖程度在现代毒品生产历史上是前所未有的。这种依赖意味着,任何立即禁止/根除罂粟的企图不仅会在阿富汗,而且会在该地区的过境国造成政治和社会经济危机。在毒品经济背景下,本文认为传统和非传统话语中的安全建构是线性的,即脱离现实或受到道德约束,因此需要根据阿富汗和整个过境国的基本现实来重新审视。与关于毒品安全关系的传统文献不同,这篇论文认为,到目前为止,在阿富汗完全禁止罂粟种植是一个比保留罂粟更大的安全问题。因此,这篇研究论文对阿富汗鸦片经济生产能力下降可能带来的安全影响和挑战进行了粗略的考察,这些影响和挑战要么是通过全面禁止、根除计划,要么是通过自然灾害。
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引用次数: 0
Pakistan and Central Asian Republics: Cooperation and Opportunities -Trade and Energy corridors 巴基斯坦和中亚共和国:合作与机遇-贸易和能源走廊
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-01-20 DOI: 10.54418/ca-91.180
Abai Zurdinov
After the collapse of the Soviet Union, natural resource-rich Central Asia, located in the heart of Asia, became an arena of struggle for sphere of influence between global and regional players, the competition between which continues and affects the security situation in Central Asia. The purpose of this report is to identify the main problems and prospects of cooperation between Pakistan and Central Asia, including in the context of the current dynamics of the situation in Afghanistan. The following methods were used in the research of this topic: systemic, historical, comparative, and interdisciplinary approaches. The report examines the Pakistani factor and its peculiarities in Central Asia. An attempt was made to assess the Pakistani factor in Central Asia, the drivers of its policy and its changing role in recent years. The advantages and disadvantages of Pakistan in building its policy toward the countries of the Central Asian region are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to energy and transport-logistics cooperation between Islamabad and Central Asian countries.
苏联解体后,位于亚洲中心的自然资源丰富的中亚成为全球和区域参与者争夺势力范围的舞台,它们之间的竞争继续并影响着中亚的安全局势。本报告的目的是确定巴基斯坦与中亚之间合作的主要问题和前景,包括在阿富汗局势目前动态的背景下。在本课题的研究中使用了以下方法:系统方法、历史方法、比较方法和跨学科方法。该报告考察了巴基斯坦因素及其在中亚的特殊性。本文试图评估巴基斯坦在中亚的因素、其政策的驱动因素及其近年来不断变化的作用。分析了巴基斯坦在制定对中亚国家政策方面的优势和劣势。特别注意伊斯兰堡与中亚国家之间的能源和运输物流合作。
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引用次数: 0
Geo-Politics of Afghanistan under Taliban Regime: 塔利班政权下的阿富汗地缘政治
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-01-20 DOI: 10.54418/ca-91.181
Adam Saud, Muaz Ullah Khan
Abstract             Taliban seized power in Kabul on 15th August 2021 after the abrupt pulling out of US and NATO forces from Afghanistan. Taliban assured international community about the human rights protection, women education, freedom of media, and no use of Afghan soil by terrorists against any other country. These assurances appraised international community not to oppose their regime. However, after more than a year has passed, future of Afghanistan is still uncertain. This study tries to analyse the geo-politics of Afghanistan after the fall of Kabul to Taliban. It tries to explore the reasons for non-confrontationist policies by the neighboring states as well as regional powers. Qualitative methodology with secondary sources has been used in this research. Findings of the research reveal that despite assurances by Taliban regime, Afghanistan is gradually plunging into the similar situation of 1990s. However, from regional integration perspective, there are high hopes that it can act as bridge between Central and South Asia and China with the Persian Gulf. Regional countries must contribute for the peace and development of Afghanistan by supporting the people of Afghanistan to decide their future. Afghanistan can either be a roundabout or a dead end street for the regional states that depends on the region’s policies towards it.
2021年8月15日,在美国和北约部队突然从阿富汗撤军后,塔利班夺取了喀布尔的政权。塔利班向国际社会保证人权保护、妇女教育、媒体自由,恐怖分子不会利用阿富汗的土地攻击任何其他国家。这些保证促使国际社会不要反对他们的政权。然而,一年多过去了,阿富汗的未来仍然扑朔迷离。本研究试图分析喀布尔沦陷后阿富汗的地缘政治。本文试图探讨周边国家和地区大国采取不对抗政策的原因。本研究采用了二手资料的定性方法。研究结果表明,尽管塔利班政权做出了保证,但阿富汗正逐渐陷入与20世纪90年代类似的境地。然而,从区域一体化的角度来看,人们对它寄予厚望,希望它能成为连接中亚、南亚和中国与波斯湾的桥梁。地区国家必须支持阿富汗人民决定自己的未来,为阿富汗的和平与发展作出贡献。对地区国家来说,阿富汗要么是一个迂回的道路,要么是一条死胡同,这取决于该地区对阿富汗的政策。
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引用次数: 0
Test of Neoclassical Realism to Explain Reasons of U.S. Withdrawal (2021) from Afghanistan 新古典现实主义检验解释美国从阿富汗撤军的原因(2021年)
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-07-20 DOI: 10.54418/ca-90.170
A. Rashid, Anjum Gul
Smithsonian magazine (Jan-Feb) 2019 edition published facts about U.S. military intrusion in 14 countries including Afghanistan, as a consequence of the 9/11, 2001 attacks on its soil. U.S. invasion and its following bleak strategy raise questions on the rationale of this decision because Afghanistan had never been that powerful and capable of posing a security threat to U.S. Foreign invasion and following withdrawal that is pledged to be completed 9/11, 2021 have its specific reasons as well as implications in the region that need to be explored. Hence, the pretext of military invasion on the territory of Afghanistan and maintaining it for two decades is not very strong. However, after this long military presence the U.S. finally decided to withdraw from the state that could be strategically important. Little scholarly work has been done to explain the reasons of withdrawal of superpower from a small country after a long-time presence. South Asia is one of the important regions to study for several reasons firstly considerable size of the region’s population, strategic location, contribution to the productive capacity of the world, and variations in political systems. The theory of neoclassical realism better explains the role of a domestic political system to distort the pursuit of security. It focuses on the behaviour of the United States in deciding on withdrawal. This study addresses a key research question that is, why the United States, being a superpower willingly withdraws its military presence from a much smaller country, Afghanistan that could have a strategic value.
美国《史密森尼》杂志2019年1月- 2月刊登了2001年“9·11”恐怖袭击后,美国对包括阿富汗在内的14个国家进行军事入侵的事实。美国的入侵及其随后的黯淡战略引发了对这一决定的基本理由的质疑,因为阿富汗从来没有那么强大,也没有能力对美国构成安全威胁。外国入侵和承诺于2021年9月11日完成的撤军有其具体的原因,以及对该地区的影响,需要探索。因此,对阿富汗领土进行军事入侵并将其维持20年的借口并不十分有力。然而,在长期的军事存在之后,美国最终决定从这个可能具有重要战略意义的州撤出。很少有学术研究来解释超级大国从一个长期存在的小国撤出的原因。南亚是值得研究的重要地区之一,原因有以下几点:首先,该地区人口众多,战略位置优越,对世界生产能力的贡献,以及政治制度的变化。新古典现实主义理论更好地解释了国内政治制度在扭曲对安全的追求方面的作用。它关注的是美国在决定撤军时的行为。这项研究解决了一个关键的研究问题,即美国作为一个超级大国,为什么愿意从一个可能具有战略价值的小得多的国家阿富汗撤出其军事存在。
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引用次数: 0
Strategic Engagement as Means of Conflict Prevention: Pakistan’s Defence Diplomacy towards Russia 战略接触作为预防冲突的手段:巴基斯坦对俄罗斯的国防外交
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-07-20 DOI: 10.54418/ca-90.167
Raza Rehman Khan Qazi, S. Bashir
In post-Cold War era, defence diplomacy as strategic engagement focuses on a state’s military and defence institutions for a peaceful, non-coercive role to build amicable and cooperative relations with former or potential rivals to prevent and resolve conflicts. This research article argues that Pakistan’s defence diplomacy towards Russia, a former Cold War adversary, has been geared towards reducing hostility and sources of friction to promote and achieve broader foreign policy objectives of Islamabad. It analyzes strategic engagement between Islamabad and Moscow in four categories of defence diplomatic activities: defence agreements, high level exchanges, joint military exercises and port calls. The article concludes that Pakistan’s defence diplomatic efforts (2014-2020) have produced political and strategic-level benefits to prevent conflict and reduce hostility with Russia.  
在后冷战时代,作为战略接触的国防外交侧重于一个国家的军事和国防机构发挥和平、非强制性的作用,与前或潜在对手建立友好合作关系,以预防和解决冲突。这篇研究文章认为,巴基斯坦对前冷战对手俄罗斯的国防外交一直致力于减少敌意和摩擦来源,以促进和实现伊斯兰堡更广泛的外交政策目标。它分析了伊斯兰堡和莫斯科之间的战略接触,分为四类国防外交活动:国防协议、高层交流、联合军事演习和港口访问。文章的结论是,巴基斯坦的国防外交努力(2014-2020年)产生了政治和战略层面的利益,以防止冲突和减少与俄罗斯的敌意。
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引用次数: 1
War on Terror and the United States Human Rights Violations in Afghanistan and Pakistan: An International Law Perspective 反恐战争与美国在阿富汗和巴基斯坦的人权侵犯:一个国际法的视角
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-07-20 DOI: 10.54418/ca-90.171
Mehmood Hussain
The 9/11 attacks triggereda paradigm shift in the United States security policy, prioritizing to ensure homeland security and to fight against the terrorism in the new American strategy.The United States invasion of Afghanistan further ravaged the existing fragile state damaging the already crumbling socio-economic and human infrastructure. In addition, the spillover of war into Pakistan started a new era of instability and misery further complicating the socio-economic fabric of the country making it the most vulnerable to terrorism related incidents. The two decades prolonged conflict not only destroyed the economic, social, and political infrastructure in both states, meanwhile mass human rights violations have been committed by the coalition forces under the leadership ofthe United States. In this context, the present paper investigates human rights abuses through the prism of international human rights law. The study addresses the following questions. (a) To what extent the United States war against terror violates the international law of human rights, and how it helpsWashington to reconsolidate the regional hegemony. (b) Whetherthe war on terror improve the situation of human rights or further aggravate the conditions of civilians in targeted states. The studyunderlinesthat the war on terror failed to meet the merit of the right to intervene for self-defense, yet the coalition forces deliberately assimilatethe innocent civilians underthe vagueanti-terror war rhetoric. In addition, the war serves the United States hegemonic interests in South Asia, as the American presence in Afghanistan and the Indo-United States strategic partnership brought serious geopolitical implications for China and Pakistan.
“9·11”恐怖袭击事件引发了美国安全政策的范式转变,将确保国土安全和打击恐怖主义置于美国新战略的优先位置。美国对阿富汗的入侵进一步破坏了现有的脆弱国家,破坏了已经摇摇欲坠的社会经济和人类基础设施。此外,战争蔓延到巴基斯坦,开始了一个不稳定和痛苦的新时代,使该国的社会经济结构进一步复杂化,使其最容易受到与恐怖主义有关的事件的影响。长达二十年的冲突不仅摧毁了两国的经济、社会和政治基础设施,同时,在美国领导下的联军也犯下了大规模侵犯人权的罪行。在此背景下,本文通过国际人权法的棱镜调查侵犯人权的行为。该研究解决了以下问题。(a)美国的反恐战争在多大程度上违反了国际人权法,以及它如何帮助华盛顿重新巩固区域霸权。(b)反恐战争是否改善了人权状况或使目标国家平民的状况进一步恶化。该研究强调,反恐战争未能满足自卫干预的权利,但联军在含糊的反恐战争修辞下故意同化无辜平民。此外,这场战争服务于美国在南亚的霸权利益,因为美国在阿富汗的存在和印美战略伙伴关系给中国和巴基斯坦带来了严重的地缘政治影响。
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引用次数: 0
The Evolving Russo-Pak Entente-Cordiale: Challenges for the Future 不断发展的俄巴友好关系:未来的挑战
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-07-20 DOI: 10.54418/ca-90.168
Toheeda Begum
Historically, the Russo-Pak relationship had aforeign policy context and a legacy that went through the historic eras of pre-partition Great Game between the British Indian and Czarist Empires,and the post-partition Cold War between the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and the United States of America (USA).Pakistan on its creation sided with the American led West through Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) and Central Treaty Organization (CENTO) or Baghdad Pact, plus, the partnerships against the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan and in the War on Terror. The US military and financial aid and the support by the International and Asian financial institutions for Pakistan is decades old—albeit now with a friction over Afghanistan, Russia and China. Still, the transactional-cooperation remains over Afghanistan through the air-corridorthatis useful for Americans in many ways. American influence, assets and the air-corridor is a deadly mix in Afghanistan. The Afghan Taliban know thatthe drones, jets and aircrafts using the corridor take-off from and land at Qatar without ever landing in Afghanistan. Moreover, intelligence sharing is part of Pak-US operational cooperation with a possibility of a military base too. The context of Pak-US cooperation is the centuries old British era Frontier Policy. It remained until the American strategic withdrawal from Afghanistan. Therelationship since then has deteriorated and the perception of each other is not harmonious despite the tactical cooperation in Afghanistan. The reason is the strategic choices made by Pakistan and America lackingcongruence over China, Russia, Afghanistan and India.Theinteractive-arm-twisting of Pakistan is an indicator. The restis the detail of Pakistan’s New Frontier Policy.
从历史上看,俄巴关系具有外交政策背景和遗产,经历了英属印度帝国和沙皇帝国之间的分治前大博弈和前苏维埃社会主义共和国联盟(苏联)和美利坚合众国(美国)之间的分治后冷战的历史时代。巴基斯坦在成立之初就站在美国一边,通过东南亚条约组织(SEATO)和中央条约组织(CENTO)或巴格达条约,以及反对苏联占领阿富汗和反恐战争的伙伴关系。美国对巴基斯坦的军事和财政援助以及国际和亚洲金融机构的支持已经有几十年的历史了——尽管现在在阿富汗、俄罗斯和中国问题上存在摩擦。尽管如此,在阿富汗问题上,通过空中走廊的交易合作仍然存在,这在很多方面对美国人都很有用。美国的影响力、资产和空中走廊在阿富汗是一个致命的组合。阿富汗塔利班知道,使用这条走廊的无人机、喷气式飞机和飞机在卡塔尔起飞和降落,而从未在阿富汗降落。此外,情报共享是巴美作战合作的一部分,也有可能建立军事基地。巴美合作的背景是英国几百年前的边境政策。直到美国从阿富汗战略撤军。自那时以来,两国关系恶化,尽管在阿富汗进行了战术合作,但双方对彼此的看法并不和谐。原因是巴基斯坦和美国在中国、俄罗斯、阿富汗和印度问题上的战略选择缺乏一致性。巴基斯坦的相互施压就是一个指标。这是巴基斯坦新边境政策的细节。
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引用次数: 0
Deradicalization in Central Asia: A Critical Appraisal 中亚的去极端化:一个批判性的评价
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-03-21 DOI: 10.54418/ca-89.159
Summar Iqbal Babar, Filza Ahmed Rizvi
The Central Asian region is currently facing a grave challenge of repatriation of IS-fighters which has posed a serious threat to its socio-economic and political structures. The repatriates also include women and children who may need to be assessed to determine whether  they have been radicalized. As a response to these returnees, Central Asian States have structured a CVE which focuses on changing the narrative through religious education, rehabilitation, reintegration, and promoting civil society. This study investigates CVE measures in Central Asia to prevent recruitment to terrorist organizations, reduce the number of fighters from this region and further contain the threat of radicalization caused by the influx of repatriates returning from Syria and Iraq. This study is divided into three parts. The first part outlines the threats posed by the return of foreign fighters; the second part explains the various theoretical models to understand process of radicalization and practices for deradicalization and the last part evaluates different CVE measures in Central Asia to eradicate further radicalization and extremism.    
中亚地区目前正面临遣返“伊斯兰国”武装分子的严峻挑战,这对该地区的社会经济和政治结构构成了严重威胁。遣返者还包括妇女和儿童,可能需要对他们进行评估,以确定他们是否已经激进化。作为对这些回返者的回应,中亚国家制定了一项全面行动计划,其重点是通过宗教教育、康复、重返社会和促进民间社会来改变叙述。本研究调查了中亚地区为防止恐怖组织招募人员、减少该地区战斗人员数量和进一步遏制从叙利亚和伊拉克返回者大量涌入造成的激进化威胁而采取的措施。本研究分为三个部分。第一部分概述了外国战斗人员回国所构成的威胁;第二部分解释了理解激进化过程的各种理论模型和去激进化的实践,最后一部分评估了中亚地区根除进一步激进化和极端主义的不同CVE措施。
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引用次数: 0
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