Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.5771/0947-9511-2021-2-213
H. Kaelble
The article covers the relationship of the citizens with the European Union and its predecessors since the beginnings of the European integration in the 1950s. It distinguishes the period of the unquestioned citizen during the 1950s and 1960s, the period of the questioned and mobilized citizen since the 1970s and the period of the active citizen since around the turn the of century, in looking at European elections, referendums, European movements, interest organizations, regular European opinion polls, complaints by citizens at the European Parliament, at the European Commission and at the European ombudsman and legal proceedings by citizens at the European Court in Luxemburg. In addition, the article looks at the change between periods of trust and periods of distrust by citizens in the European institutions since the 1950s. It argues that the trend towards the mobilized and active citizen includes an eventual strong rise of distrust in periods of crisis, but also by a return of trust by the citizens even in difficult periods such as the recent Covid19 pandemic.
{"title":"Citizens and the European Union since 1950","authors":"H. Kaelble","doi":"10.5771/0947-9511-2021-2-213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5771/0947-9511-2021-2-213","url":null,"abstract":"The article covers the relationship of the citizens with the European Union and its predecessors since the beginnings of the European integration in the 1950s. It distinguishes the period of the unquestioned citizen during the 1950s and 1960s, the period of the questioned and mobilized citizen since the 1970s and the period of the active citizen since around the turn the of century, in looking at European elections, referendums, European movements, interest organizations, regular European opinion polls, complaints by citizens at the European Parliament, at the European Commission and at the European ombudsman and legal proceedings by citizens at the European Court in Luxemburg. In addition, the article looks at the change between periods of trust and periods of distrust by citizens in the European institutions since the 1950s. It argues that the trend towards the mobilized and active citizen includes an eventual strong rise of distrust in periods of crisis, but also by a return of trust by the citizens even in difficult periods such as the recent Covid19 pandemic.","PeriodicalId":53497,"journal":{"name":"Journal of European Integration History","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86709198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.5771/0947-9511-2021-2-193
Fernando Guirao
{"title":"From subjects to citizens of Europe: An Introduction","authors":"Fernando Guirao","doi":"10.5771/0947-9511-2021-2-193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5771/0947-9511-2021-2-193","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53497,"journal":{"name":"Journal of European Integration History","volume":"121 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82546959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.5771/0947-9511-2021-2-285
Emiel Geurts
This article examines the ties between Amnesty International’s Dutch section, the European Parliament, and the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe between 1976 and 1983. It elaborates on the threefold manner in which analysing the Dutch section’s European strategy adds to the existing historiography on European integration. First, this article illustrates that the European strategy of Amnesty was diffuse among its national and international sections, therefore problematising the approach to such transnational actors as monolithic organisations. Instead, secondly, this article demonstrates that it was the Dutch section specifically that functioned as interlocutor between the European organisations through its attempt to closely intertwine the two on the field of human rights. Finally, this deepens our understanding of how the European organisations operated in the “human rights revolution” that took place in the 1970s and 1980s.
{"title":"Between Brussels, Strasbourg, and London: The European Strategy of Amnesty International’s Dutch Section, 1976-1983","authors":"Emiel Geurts","doi":"10.5771/0947-9511-2021-2-285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5771/0947-9511-2021-2-285","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the ties between Amnesty International’s Dutch section, the European Parliament, and the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe between 1976 and 1983. It elaborates on the threefold manner in which analysing the Dutch section’s European strategy adds to the existing historiography on European integration. First, this article illustrates that the European strategy of Amnesty was diffuse among its national and international sections, therefore problematising the approach to such transnational actors as monolithic organisations. Instead, secondly, this article demonstrates that it was the Dutch section specifically that functioned as interlocutor between the European organisations through its attempt to closely intertwine the two on the field of human rights. Finally, this deepens our understanding of how the European organisations operated in the “human rights revolution” that took place in the 1970s and 1980s.","PeriodicalId":53497,"journal":{"name":"Journal of European Integration History","volume":"77 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83980045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.5771/0947-9511-2021-2-223
Giangiacomo Vale
The paper explores the origins of the EU’s legitimacy crisis and highlights the importance of cultural identity as a foundation and as a unifying factor for Europe. Despite the economical and political progress of European integration, the emotional dimension of the union is almost absent, so that the Europeans’ sense of belonging remains mainly national. The process of European integration has used a certain political mythology in order to generate a sense of identification and to legitimate itself. Nevertheless, the emotional impact of this mythology has not been able to compete with national ones. The European institutions recently launched initiatives aimed at promoting cultural integration and at giving rise to a new narrative for Europe, which should strengthen the sense of belonging and bridge the legitimacy gap. We are then facing the beginnings of a new phase of European integration, centred on enhancing the cultural dimension of the union.
{"title":"L’Union européenne entre crise de légitimité et crise d’identité. Le rôle du mythe et de l’identité culturelle dans le processus d’intégration européenne","authors":"Giangiacomo Vale","doi":"10.5771/0947-9511-2021-2-223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5771/0947-9511-2021-2-223","url":null,"abstract":"The paper explores the origins of the EU’s legitimacy crisis and highlights the importance of cultural identity as a foundation and as a unifying factor for Europe. Despite the economical and political progress of European integration, the emotional dimension of the union is almost absent, so that the Europeans’ sense of belonging remains mainly national. The process of European integration has used a certain political mythology in order to generate a sense of identification and to legitimate itself. Nevertheless, the emotional impact of this mythology has not been able to compete with national ones. The European institutions recently launched initiatives aimed at promoting cultural integration and at giving rise to a new narrative for Europe, which should strengthen the sense of belonging and bridge the legitimacy gap. We are then facing the beginnings of a new phase of European integration, centred on enhancing the cultural dimension of the union.","PeriodicalId":53497,"journal":{"name":"Journal of European Integration History","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90725389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.5771/0947-9511-2021-2-263
L. Mechi
Although the ECSC and the EEC were originally endowed with a narrow social dimension, in the 1950s references to both Communities as promoters of social justice were rather common in the European Parliament, especially in the speeches of Christian Democratic and Socialist members. In the following years, the progressive implementation of the social legislation of the two treaties, the first discussions on the launch of a regional policy, and the signing of the first association agreements with third countries, contributed to further spreading the idea of a peculiar European sensitivity to solidarity, fairness and inclusion. Widely shared in the European Parliament from the late 1960s, the perception of the Community as a natural bearer of social justice soon began to also permeate the statements of the other institutions, and was then formalized by the Declaration on European Identity approved by the Copenhagen summit of December 1973. From that moment on, the idea of social justice as a guiding principle of the entire European project was echoed in all solemn occasions, to be finally inserted in the founding treaties in 1986 by the Single European Act.
虽然欧洲共同体和欧洲经济共同体最初被赋予一个狭窄的社会层面，但在1950年代，欧洲议会中经常提到这两个共同体是社会正义的促进者，特别是在基督教民主党和社会主义成员的演讲中。在接下来的几年里，这两个条约的社会立法的逐步实施，关于启动区域政策的第一次讨论，以及与第三国签署的第一个联合协议，有助于进一步传播欧洲对团结、公平和包容的独特敏感性。从20世纪60年代末开始，欧洲议会就广泛认同欧共体作为社会正义的天然承载者的观念，这种观念很快也开始渗透到其他机构的声明中，并在1973年12月哥本哈根峰会通过的《欧洲认同宣言》中正式确立。从那一刻起，社会正义作为整个欧洲计划的指导原则的理念在所有庄严的场合得到呼应，并最终在1986年被《单一欧洲法案》(Single European Act)纳入创始条约。
{"title":"From Recurring Reference to Identity Trait: the Emergence of Social Justice in the Political Discourse of the European Communities (1950-1986)","authors":"L. Mechi","doi":"10.5771/0947-9511-2021-2-263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5771/0947-9511-2021-2-263","url":null,"abstract":"Although the ECSC and the EEC were originally endowed with a narrow social dimension, in the 1950s references to both Communities as promoters of social justice were rather common in the European Parliament, especially in the speeches of Christian Democratic and Socialist members. In the following years, the progressive implementation of the social legislation of the two treaties, the first discussions on the launch of a regional policy, and the signing of the first association agreements with third countries, contributed to further spreading the idea of a peculiar European sensitivity to solidarity, fairness and inclusion. Widely shared in the European Parliament from the late 1960s, the perception of the Community as a natural bearer of social justice soon began to also permeate the statements of the other institutions, and was then formalized by the Declaration on European Identity approved by the Copenhagen summit of December 1973. From that moment on, the idea of social justice as a guiding principle of the entire European project was echoed in all solemn occasions, to be finally inserted in the founding treaties in 1986 by the Single European Act.","PeriodicalId":53497,"journal":{"name":"Journal of European Integration History","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74707737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.5771/0947-9511-2021-1-1
{"title":"Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis","authors":"","doi":"10.5771/0947-9511-2021-1-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5771/0947-9511-2021-1-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53497,"journal":{"name":"Journal of European Integration History","volume":"2015 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87029831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.5771/0947-9511-2021-1-37
Mechthild Roos
The formal powers of the European Parliament (EP) prior to the Single European Act (SEA, 1986) were marginal. However, this limited formal role did not correspond to the perception of the early Members of the EP (MEPs) as to what role the EP should play in Community policy-making. Predominantly driven by pro-integrationist ideas of ever-closer union - and of an ever-stronger Parliament - MEPs became activists for deeper political as well as institutional integration from the institution’s beginnings in the 1950s. This article studies the EP’s emerging legislative influence through the lens of Community social policy, a policy area with a particularly strong ideational dimension. Perceiving a lack of public support for and identification with the Community project, MEPs invested considerable time and effort prior to the SEA into attempts of creating a broad Community social policy. In so doing, the delegates hoped to convince the member states’ citizens of the added value of closer European integration whilst simultaneously enhancing their own institution’s position. Based on an extensive collection of EP archival documents, this article contributes to a deeper understanding of the EP’s gradual empowerment at a time when the Treaties foresaw little more than a consultative assembly.
{"title":"A Parliament for the People? – The European Parliament’s Activism in the Area of Social Policy From the Early 1970s to the Single European Act","authors":"Mechthild Roos","doi":"10.5771/0947-9511-2021-1-37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5771/0947-9511-2021-1-37","url":null,"abstract":"The formal powers of the European Parliament (EP) prior to the Single European Act (SEA, 1986) were marginal. However, this limited formal role did not correspond to the perception of the early Members of the EP (MEPs) as to what role the EP should play in Community policy-making. Predominantly driven by pro-integrationist ideas of ever-closer union - and of an ever-stronger Parliament - MEPs became activists for deeper political as well as institutional integration from the institution’s beginnings in the 1950s. This article studies the EP’s emerging legislative influence through the lens of Community social policy, a policy area with a particularly strong ideational dimension. Perceiving a lack of public support for and identification with the Community project, MEPs invested considerable time and effort prior to the SEA into attempts of creating a broad Community social policy. In so doing, the delegates hoped to convince the member states’ citizens of the added value of closer European integration whilst simultaneously enhancing their own institution’s position. Based on an extensive collection of EP archival documents, this article contributes to a deeper understanding of the EP’s gradual empowerment at a time when the Treaties foresaw little more than a consultative assembly.","PeriodicalId":53497,"journal":{"name":"Journal of European Integration History","volume":"59 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81411901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.5771/0947-9511-2021-2-243
Maria Chiara Mattesini
‘Equal pay for equal work’, ‘Action against trafficking in human beings’ and the ‘Role of cooperatives in the growth of women's employment’ are those three important battles carried out by the women at the European Parliament in the 1990s. They represent greater justice, more dignity, increased democracy. In particular, the article wants to remember the figure of Maria Paola Colombo Svevo, senator of the Italian Christian-Democratic Party, member of the European People's Party and member of the European Parliament between 1995 and 1999.
{"title":"La pensée des femmes catholiques en Europe. Les combats de Maria Paola Colombo Svevo","authors":"Maria Chiara Mattesini","doi":"10.5771/0947-9511-2021-2-243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5771/0947-9511-2021-2-243","url":null,"abstract":"‘Equal pay for equal work’, ‘Action against trafficking in human beings’ and the ‘Role of cooperatives in the growth of women's employment’ are those three important battles carried out by the women at the European Parliament in the 1990s. They represent greater justice, more dignity, increased democracy. In particular, the article wants to remember the figure of Maria Paola Colombo Svevo, senator of the Italian Christian-Democratic Party, member of the European People's Party and member of the European Parliament between 1995 and 1999.","PeriodicalId":53497,"journal":{"name":"Journal of European Integration History","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80045257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.5771/0947-9511-2021-1-57
Jan-Henrik Meyer
The European Parliament (EP) has long been derided as a powerless talking shop, notably before the 1979 elections and the granting of new co-legislative powers with the Single European Act. This article argues instead that already in the 1970s and early 1980s, the EP was a decisive player not only in initiating, but also in defining - and refining - European policy. Drawing on the case of the nascent environmental policy, the analysis demonstrates how the EP, its committees and members (MEPs), skilfully utilised the limited range of instruments available to them. In the early 1970s, the EP pushed for the inclusion of environmental policy into the EC policy portfolio and tried to influence its contents. In the early 1980s, after a decade of environmental legislation, the EP was an important advocate of making the already existing environmental law work and of adding new European laws. Their arguments and practices illustrate that MEPs were clearly aware of the limits but also of the opportunities the EC institutional system provided. Before as well as after direct elections, the EP exploited environmental scandals in the European public sphere - Rhine pollution, Seveso - to push for a greener, more environmentally friendly Europe. In a federalist spirit, the EP pursued institutional objectives at the same time: the strengthening of EC-level policy making and legal instruments, along with its own self-strengthening.
{"title":"Pushing for a Greener Europe: The European Parliament and Environmental Policy in the 1970s and 1980s","authors":"Jan-Henrik Meyer","doi":"10.5771/0947-9511-2021-1-57","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5771/0947-9511-2021-1-57","url":null,"abstract":"The European Parliament (EP) has long been derided as a powerless talking shop, notably before the 1979 elections and the granting of new co-legislative powers with the Single European Act. This article argues instead that already in the 1970s and early 1980s, the EP was a decisive player not only in initiating, but also in defining - and refining - European policy. Drawing on the case of the nascent environmental policy, the analysis demonstrates how the EP, its committees and members (MEPs), skilfully utilised the limited range of instruments available to them. In the early 1970s, the EP pushed for the inclusion of environmental policy into the EC policy portfolio and tried to influence its contents. In the early 1980s, after a decade of environmental legislation, the EP was an important advocate of making the already existing environmental law work and of adding new European laws. Their arguments and practices illustrate that MEPs were clearly aware of the limits but also of the opportunities the EC institutional system provided. Before as well as after direct elections, the EP exploited environmental scandals in the European public sphere - Rhine pollution, Seveso - to push for a greener, more environmentally friendly Europe. In a federalist spirit, the EP pursued institutional objectives at the same time: the strengthening of EC-level policy making and legal instruments, along with its own self-strengthening.","PeriodicalId":53497,"journal":{"name":"Journal of European Integration History","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77594173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.5771/0947-9511-2021-2-195
Tigran Yepremyan
The paper offers a comprehensive study of Hugo Grotius’s vision for the new coexistential paradigm in Europe and ideas of European integration through the prism of political philosophy and international relations. The paper proceeds with the construction of a theoretical framework from various ideas of the thinker and defines it as the Grotian theory of European integration. Based on the complex analysis of the Grotian concept of a community of sovereign nations and with an interpretive approach, the paper studies the visions of European unity in early modern and modern times. Grotius’s recommendation of “general congresses of Christian powers” had a constructive role in the configuration of the emerging European system of sovereign nation-states and for the new patterns of co-existential consensus. Hence, Grotius’s idealistic and holistic approach towards nations and society of nations is viewed within the framework of the theories of structural constructivism and intergovernmentalism of European integration.
{"title":"Imagining the Grotian Europe: Hugo Grotius’s Vision of Europe and Ideas of European Integration","authors":"Tigran Yepremyan","doi":"10.5771/0947-9511-2021-2-195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5771/0947-9511-2021-2-195","url":null,"abstract":"The paper offers a comprehensive study of Hugo Grotius’s vision for the new coexistential paradigm in Europe and ideas of European integration through the prism of political philosophy and international relations. The paper proceeds with the construction of a theoretical framework from various ideas of the thinker and defines it as the Grotian theory of European integration. Based on the complex analysis of the Grotian concept of a community of sovereign nations and with an interpretive approach, the paper studies the visions of European unity in early modern and modern times. Grotius’s recommendation of “general congresses of Christian powers” had a constructive role in the configuration of the emerging European system of sovereign nation-states and for the new patterns of co-existential consensus. Hence, Grotius’s idealistic and holistic approach towards nations and society of nations is viewed within the framework of the theories of structural constructivism and intergovernmentalism of European integration.","PeriodicalId":53497,"journal":{"name":"Journal of European Integration History","volume":"71 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73901999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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