Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.5771/0947-9511-2022-2-247
Bastian Matteo Scianna
This article investigates the long-neglected influence of the European Parliament (EP) in the field of free movement of persons and the abolishment of border controls in the European Community (EC). Since the immediate post-war period, parliamentarians lobbied for a new mobility regime in Europe. In the early years, this was mainly done in the Council of Europe’s (then) Consultative Assembly, before the EC’s fora became more important. By trying to abolish visas, border formalities and controls, the parliamentarians spearheaded initiatives that some member states were also pursuing. The Council’s decision in 1975 to introduce a common format passport was a decisive step and after the direct elections to the EP in 1979, the activism in this field gained traction. Particularly a trio of German members (Karl von Wogau, Dieter Rogalla and Horst Seefeld) and the so-called Kangaroo Group developed effective strategies to spread their ideas and influence policy by including regional, national and supra-national actors as well as their parties and groups in the EP. The years 1981-1984 brought essential changes and lead to the Schengen Agreement in 1985, in which the EP’s role has long been neglected.
{"title":"Abgeordnete ohne Grenzen? Das Europäische Parlament und die Entstehung des Schengener Abkommens","authors":"Bastian Matteo Scianna","doi":"10.5771/0947-9511-2022-2-247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5771/0947-9511-2022-2-247","url":null,"abstract":"This article investigates the long-neglected influence of the European Parliament (EP) in the field of free movement of persons and the abolishment of border controls in the European Community (EC). Since the immediate post-war period, parliamentarians lobbied for a new mobility regime in Europe. In the early years, this was mainly done in the Council of Europe’s (then) Consultative Assembly, before the EC’s fora became more important. By trying to abolish visas, border formalities and controls, the parliamentarians spearheaded initiatives that some member states were also pursuing. The Council’s decision in 1975 to introduce a common format passport was a decisive step and after the direct elections to the EP in 1979, the activism in this field gained traction. Particularly a trio of German members (Karl von Wogau, Dieter Rogalla and Horst Seefeld) and the so-called Kangaroo Group developed effective strategies to spread their ideas and influence policy by including regional, national and supra-national actors as well as their parties and groups in the EP. The years 1981-1984 brought essential changes and lead to the Schengen Agreement in 1985, in which the EP’s role has long been neglected.","PeriodicalId":53497,"journal":{"name":"Journal of European Integration History","volume":"-1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84457338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.5771/0947-9511-2022-2-293
Bernard K. Gordon
The European Investment Bank (EIB) was the first financial institution to test the markets with bonds denominated in ‘Eurcos’, a basket of all European Community currencies, loosely based on Member Countries’ share of GNP, in September 1973 and January 1974. This article aims to throw light on the circumstances of the creation of the Eurco, and establish EIB’s proactive role in promoting a new European monetary unit. The EIB was successful in raising the resources needed to finance its fast expanding lending activity, in a context of monetary instability. However, despite the fact that the Eurco concept was a precursor to the European Currency Unit (ECU) and was promoted by a prominent European institution, Eurco bond issues had limited influence on the course of events that led to the launch of the ECU, in 1979. The Eurco nonetheless helped consolidate EIB’s reputation as a ‘market-maker’ on the international financial markets, and prepared it to play a role in the creation of financial instruments for the promotion of the ECU.
{"title":"The Eurco – An ECU in the making?","authors":"Bernard K. Gordon","doi":"10.5771/0947-9511-2022-2-293","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5771/0947-9511-2022-2-293","url":null,"abstract":"The European Investment Bank (EIB) was the first financial institution to test the markets with bonds denominated in ‘Eurcos’, a basket of all European Community currencies, loosely based on Member Countries’ share of GNP, in September 1973 and January 1974. This article aims to throw light on the circumstances of the creation of the Eurco, and establish EIB’s proactive role in promoting a new European monetary unit. The EIB was successful in raising the resources needed to finance its fast expanding lending activity, in a context of monetary instability. However, despite the fact that the Eurco concept was a precursor to the European Currency Unit (ECU) and was promoted by a prominent European institution, Eurco bond issues had limited influence on the course of events that led to the launch of the ECU, in 1979. The Eurco nonetheless helped consolidate EIB’s reputation as a ‘market-maker’ on the international financial markets, and prepared it to play a role in the creation of financial instruments for the promotion of the ECU.","PeriodicalId":53497,"journal":{"name":"Journal of European Integration History","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86512601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.5771/0947-9511-2022-1-101
T. Olesen
When its voters turned down the Maastricht Treaty in 1992, Denmark became the first among today’s EU member states to cast a No vote in a referendum on Euro‐ pean integration. With nine such votes, Denmark has held more referendums on EC/EU matters than any country bar Ireland. Of these, six have resulted in a Yes, while three have produced a No. This article analyses and discusses the role of referendums in Danish EU polit‐ ics and their impact, both in the short and long term, on how Danish EU policy is formulated and conducted. It focuses on the so-called Maastricht-Edinburgh inter‐ mezzo of 1992-1993, namely the process related to the two referendums which re‐ jected Danish accession to the European Union and paved the way for membership on an opt-out basis. The article will further turn its eye towards the European level to view how the Maastricht-Edinburgh intermezzo influenced and set an example for EC/EU politics and policy at the broader European level. In this way, the article may be seen as an apt prelude to the 50-year anniversary of Denmark’s member‐ ship of the EC/EU due to be celebrated - or regretted - in 2022.
{"title":"Danes Say No – and Yes: The Maastricht Referendum and its Legacy","authors":"T. Olesen","doi":"10.5771/0947-9511-2022-1-101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5771/0947-9511-2022-1-101","url":null,"abstract":"When its voters turned down the Maastricht Treaty in 1992, Denmark became the first among today’s EU member states to cast a No vote in a referendum on Euro‐ pean integration. With nine such votes, Denmark has held more referendums on EC/EU matters than any country bar Ireland. Of these, six have resulted in a Yes, while three have produced a No. This article analyses and discusses the role of referendums in Danish EU polit‐ ics and their impact, both in the short and long term, on how Danish EU policy is formulated and conducted. It focuses on the so-called Maastricht-Edinburgh inter‐ mezzo of 1992-1993, namely the process related to the two referendums which re‐ jected Danish accession to the European Union and paved the way for membership on an opt-out basis. The article will further turn its eye towards the European level to view how the Maastricht-Edinburgh intermezzo influenced and set an example for EC/EU politics and policy at the broader European level. In this way, the article may be seen as an apt prelude to the 50-year anniversary of Denmark’s member‐ ship of the EC/EU due to be celebrated - or regretted - in 2022.","PeriodicalId":53497,"journal":{"name":"Journal of European Integration History","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88784564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.5771/0947-9511-2022-2-313
Marco Vianelli
The Madrid European Council of 26-27 June 1989, where the twelve heads of state of the EEC officially approved the Delors Report and formally launched the EMU process, marked the emergence of a new consensus towards European institutional innovations. This paper, based mainly on previously unseen documents from the Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa personal archives held at the Historical Archives of the European Union, analyses the two-years path that brought to this result. In early 1988, a French and Italian challenge to the European monetary system in place, through the publication of two memorandums, launched an international debate alimented by both national and supranational actors that led to the creation of the Delors Committee in June 1988. Developed from September 1988 to April 1989, its activity made it possible for the EC members to identify and define the fundamental elements of a monetary union and to outline a three-stage path for its realisation.
{"title":"Achieving a Shared Consensus: the Delors Committee and the Relaunch of the EMU Process","authors":"Marco Vianelli","doi":"10.5771/0947-9511-2022-2-313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5771/0947-9511-2022-2-313","url":null,"abstract":"The Madrid European Council of 26-27 June 1989, where the twelve heads of state of the EEC officially approved the Delors Report and formally launched the EMU process, marked the emergence of a new consensus towards European institutional innovations. This paper, based mainly on previously unseen documents from the Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa personal archives held at the Historical Archives of the European Union, analyses the two-years path that brought to this result. In early 1988, a French and Italian challenge to the European monetary system in place, through the publication of two memorandums, launched an international debate alimented by both national and supranational actors that led to the creation of the Delors Committee in June 1988. Developed from September 1988 to April 1989, its activity made it possible for the EC members to identify and define the fundamental elements of a monetary union and to outline a three-stage path for its realisation.","PeriodicalId":53497,"journal":{"name":"Journal of European Integration History","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90471641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.5771/0947-9511-2022-1-123
Mervyn O’Driscoll
Ireland was Europeanised as part of a pragmatic top-down policy of modernisation. The national bargain with regional integration was built on soft Europeanism and rudimentary knowledge about the “ever closer union”. By the 21st century the vir‐ tuous Irish-EU narrative was weakening. Multiple domestic factors contributed. They included political fragmentation, affluence, and constitutional constrictions on the government’s conduct during referendum campaigns. Complacency, dis‐ traction, and an energetic single-issue party (Libertas) were some of the immediate causes of the defeat of Lisbon in 2008. The legitimacy of the first Lisbon referen‐ dum was undercut in an extended post-mortem that laid bare the electorate’s lack of knowledge. The negotiation of guarantees to ameliorate concerns about some national sacred cows and clarify misapprehensions played a crucial part in the ap‐ proach to the second referendum. However, the Global Financial Crisis was paramount. It invigorated the conventional narrative that full EU membership was axiomatic to Ireland’s continued economic and fiscal health.
{"title":"“It’s the economy, stupid”: Changing Irish minds on the Lisbon Treaty","authors":"Mervyn O’Driscoll","doi":"10.5771/0947-9511-2022-1-123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5771/0947-9511-2022-1-123","url":null,"abstract":"Ireland was Europeanised as part of a pragmatic top-down policy of modernisation. The national bargain with regional integration was built on soft Europeanism and rudimentary knowledge about the “ever closer union”. By the 21st century the vir‐ tuous Irish-EU narrative was weakening. Multiple domestic factors contributed. They included political fragmentation, affluence, and constitutional constrictions on the government’s conduct during referendum campaigns. Complacency, dis‐ traction, and an energetic single-issue party (Libertas) were some of the immediate causes of the defeat of Lisbon in 2008. The legitimacy of the first Lisbon referen‐ dum was undercut in an extended post-mortem that laid bare the electorate’s lack of knowledge. The negotiation of guarantees to ameliorate concerns about some national sacred cows and clarify misapprehensions played a crucial part in the ap‐ proach to the second referendum. However, the Global Financial Crisis was paramount. It invigorated the conventional narrative that full EU membership was axiomatic to Ireland’s continued economic and fiscal health.","PeriodicalId":53497,"journal":{"name":"Journal of European Integration History","volume":"281 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83097673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.5771/0947-9511-2022-2-225
W. King
Environmental policies and politics are an important component of European integration history, yet they remain underexplored. They were sources of conflict, contestation, and alternative visions and had a profound impact on the history of European integration. This article offers an analysis of the role played by key individuals at a time when the European Parliament’s power was increasing. It also uses the experiences of Ken Collins, the first Chair of the directly elected Environment Committee, as a lens through which to view the increasing importance attached to environmental issues at the Community level.
{"title":"Centre Stage: Ken Collins, the European Parliament, and Environmental Policy, 1979-1989","authors":"W. King","doi":"10.5771/0947-9511-2022-2-225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5771/0947-9511-2022-2-225","url":null,"abstract":"Environmental policies and politics are an important component of European integration history, yet they remain underexplored. They were sources of conflict, contestation, and alternative visions and had a profound impact on the history of European integration. This article offers an analysis of the role played by key individuals at a time when the European Parliament’s power was increasing. It also uses the experiences of Ken Collins, the first Chair of the directly elected Environment Committee, as a lens through which to view the increasing importance attached to environmental issues at the Community level.","PeriodicalId":53497,"journal":{"name":"Journal of European Integration History","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76183390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.5771/0947-9511-2022-1-147
Korinna Schönhärl
On 5 July 2015, the Greek voters were presented with a referendum on the austeri‐ ty policy that the European institutions demanded Greece should implement. Over 60% answered “No”, a vote that, however, the Greek government of then Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras did not act according to this outcome. The paper argues that the memorandum nonetheless revealed a consensus among the Greeks that their country should remain a member of the eurozone and the European Union. It therefore contributed to a resigned conciliation of contrary societal forces under catastrophic economic conditions. The paper develops this hypothesis by analysing the political and economic circumstances of the referendum and the national re‐ membrance culture which was activated during the referendum’s campaign. In ad‐ dition, possible motives that led to Tsipras’ government proclaiming the referen‐ dum are discussed, especially in the field of party politics. The question of consti‐ tutionality is also discussed, as is the renewed victory of SYRIZA in the parliamen‐ tary elections in September 2015.
{"title":"Reconciliation in Resignation: The 2015 Greek Referendum on the Lenders’ Conditions","authors":"Korinna Schönhärl","doi":"10.5771/0947-9511-2022-1-147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5771/0947-9511-2022-1-147","url":null,"abstract":"On 5 July 2015, the Greek voters were presented with a referendum on the austeri‐ ty policy that the European institutions demanded Greece should implement. Over 60% answered “No”, a vote that, however, the Greek government of then Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras did not act according to this outcome. The paper argues that the memorandum nonetheless revealed a consensus among the Greeks that their country should remain a member of the eurozone and the European Union. It therefore contributed to a resigned conciliation of contrary societal forces under catastrophic economic conditions. The paper develops this hypothesis by analysing the political and economic circumstances of the referendum and the national re‐ membrance culture which was activated during the referendum’s campaign. In ad‐ dition, possible motives that led to Tsipras’ government proclaiming the referen‐ dum are discussed, especially in the field of party politics. The question of consti‐ tutionality is also discussed, as is the renewed victory of SYRIZA in the parliamen‐ tary elections in September 2015.","PeriodicalId":53497,"journal":{"name":"Journal of European Integration History","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83279689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.5771/0947-9511-2022-2-205
Enrico Ciappi
Der Beitrag liefert eine neue Interpretation zum Monnet Plan und seiner theoretischen Grundlagen im Kontext transatlantischer Beziehungen der 1940er Jahre. Ausgehend von mehreren unbekannten amerikanischen und europäischen Dokumenten stellt er eine Kausalitätsverbindung zwischen der Diplomatie des Zweiten Weltkriegs und derjenigen der Anfänge des Kalten Krieges her. Die bedeutende amerikanische Expertengruppe des Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) hatte eng mit Jean Monnet an der interalliierten Koordinierung mitgearbeitet, später dann an der Entwicklung des Monnet Plans. Aus dieser Perspektive reiht sich das Team um Monnet in ein transatlantisches Politiknetzwerk ein, in dem der Fordismus, der Funktionalismus und der Föderalismus als Grundpfeiler des Wiederaufbaus und der europäischen Integration eine überragende Rolle spielten.
{"title":"A Transatlantic Partnership for European Recovery: The Monnet Plan (1941-1946)","authors":"Enrico Ciappi","doi":"10.5771/0947-9511-2022-2-205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5771/0947-9511-2022-2-205","url":null,"abstract":"Der Beitrag liefert eine neue Interpretation zum Monnet Plan und seiner theoretischen Grundlagen im Kontext transatlantischer Beziehungen der 1940er Jahre. Ausgehend von mehreren unbekannten amerikanischen und europäischen Dokumenten stellt er eine Kausalitätsverbindung zwischen der Diplomatie des Zweiten Weltkriegs und derjenigen der Anfänge des Kalten Krieges her. Die bedeutende amerikanische Expertengruppe des Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) hatte eng mit Jean Monnet an der interalliierten Koordinierung mitgearbeitet, später dann an der Entwicklung des Monnet Plans. Aus dieser Perspektive reiht sich das Team um Monnet in ein transatlantisches Politiknetzwerk ein, in dem der Fordismus, der Funktionalismus und der Föderalismus als Grundpfeiler des Wiederaufbaus und der europäischen Integration eine überragende Rolle spielten.","PeriodicalId":53497,"journal":{"name":"Journal of European Integration History","volume":"92 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77130638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.5771/0947-9511-2022-1-5
M. Gehler
{"title":"Aspects and Foreword to the Special Issue on Comparative Referendum Studies in EC and EU Member States","authors":"M. Gehler","doi":"10.5771/0947-9511-2022-1-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5771/0947-9511-2022-1-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53497,"journal":{"name":"Journal of European Integration History","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83261403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.5771/0947-9511-2022-1-37
Mathias Häussler
The article offers a detailed comparison of the 1975 and 2016 British referendums in light of the larger debates surrounding Britain’s relationship with European inte‐ gration. Rather than depicting ‘Brexit’ as the likely, or even inevitable, outcome of British European policy since 1945, it situates both referendums in their respective historical contexts, showing how each one was highly contingent and should be un‐ derstood against the particular background of its time. Yet the article also identifies some broader structural similarities and longer-term continuities, such as the paramount importance of domestic politics, and the lack of a clearly articulated ra‐ tionale for EC/EU membership in the British political discourse. In the end, both referendums were decided by dynamics that stretched far beyond the question of EC/EU membership, highlighting both the general rise of Euroscepticism since the 1990s and some distinct British particularities.
{"title":"Don’t Think Twice, It’s All Right? A Historical Comparison of the 1975 and 2016 British Referendums","authors":"Mathias Häussler","doi":"10.5771/0947-9511-2022-1-37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5771/0947-9511-2022-1-37","url":null,"abstract":"The article offers a detailed comparison of the 1975 and 2016 British referendums in light of the larger debates surrounding Britain’s relationship with European inte‐ gration. Rather than depicting ‘Brexit’ as the likely, or even inevitable, outcome of British European policy since 1945, it situates both referendums in their respective historical contexts, showing how each one was highly contingent and should be un‐ derstood against the particular background of its time. Yet the article also identifies some broader structural similarities and longer-term continuities, such as the paramount importance of domestic politics, and the lack of a clearly articulated ra‐ tionale for EC/EU membership in the British political discourse. In the end, both referendums were decided by dynamics that stretched far beyond the question of EC/EU membership, highlighting both the general rise of Euroscepticism since the 1990s and some distinct British particularities.","PeriodicalId":53497,"journal":{"name":"Journal of European Integration History","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84922973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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