Human Antibodies最新文献

BackgroundThe purpose of this research is to examine whether or not there is a connection between polymorphisms in the IL-5 and IL-9 genes and the prevalence of allergic asthma in Iraqi patients.ObjectiveTo investigate the variants in the genes rs2069812T/C (IL-5) and rs1859430 C/T (IL-9) and their association with the likelihood of developing allergic asthma.MethodsTwo hundred forty, one hundred twenty without asthma and one hundred twentywith the condition, made up the healthy subjects. We determined the levels of IL-5 and IL-9 using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) after separating sera from peripheral blood. Additionally, the allele-specific PCR method was used to identify the polymorphism distribution of rs2069812 (IL-5) and rs1859430 (IL-9).ResultsStudy participants with allergic asthma had significantly higher levels of interleukin (IL)-9 and interleukin (IL)-5 than those in the healthy subjects: 2 and 2.39 ± 0.18 pg/ml, compared to 1.004 ± 0.04 pg/ml and 2.21 ± 0.16 pg/ml, respectively, with a significance level of P < 0.05. In terms of age, gender, and place of residence, there was no statistically significant difference between the ill group and the healthy control group. The patients' group had 66 cases of the heterozygous genotype TG compared to 58 cases in the control group. Thus, the TG genotype was associated with an increased risk of allergic asthma illness (etiologic fraction: 0.2963) and an odds ratio of 2.4074 (95% CI: 1.2462-4.6505). The patients' group also had a higher frequency of the homozygous genotype GG (65 cases vs. 54 cases in the control group). The odds ratio for allergic asthma illness was 1.0578 (95% CI: 0.6386-1.7522), and the etiologic fraction was 0.0299, indicating that genotype GG was a risk factor.ConclusionsThese findings provide more evidence that interleukin-5 and interleukin-9 play critical roles in allergic asthma, particularly in eosinophilic inflammation. Consequently, it is important to target them in order to reduce asthma allergy and improve asthma treatment. It is clear that IL-5 and IL-9 levels directly influence allergic asthma in patients compared with healthy individuals.

BackgroundHerpes simplex viruses belong to the herpesvirus family, which are double-stranded DNA viruses. Type 1 is transmitted through non-sexual contact through childhood, while type 2 is usually transmitted through sexual contact during adulthood. Cytomegalovirus shares many characteristics with other herpes viruses, it is a prevalent opportunistic infection in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patients and is a major cause of viral complications among organ donation recipients.ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to investigate the frequency of immunoglobulin antibodies for HSV-1, HSV-2, and CMV viruses among latency and reactivation cases using ELISA technique.MethodologyA cross-sectional investigation was performed among 147 (58 males, 89 females) aged 18-60 years who visited AL-Numan Teaching Hospital for routine check-ups from September 2023 to April 2024. Blood samples ( 5 ml) were collected and serum was separated for antibody testing using commercial ELISA kits. Inclusion cases included; adult's patients aged 18-60 years with no active symptoms of viral infection. Exclusion cases included immunocompromised patients and those receiving antiviral therapy. Sample size was computed based on the estimated geographical incidence rates with 95% confidence interval and 5% margin of error.ResultsHSV-1 had an alarming 65.3% seroprevalence, with 14.3% exhibiting recent infection/reactivation (IgM+). HSV-2 afflicted 22.4%, with a significant female preponderance (73.5%) and a strong connection with marital status (r = 0.605, p < 0.001). CMV seroprevalence has reached 24.4%. Age, marriage, and smoking were identified as significant risk factors, particularly for sexually transmitted HSV-2.ConclusionThis study demonstrates an extremely high herpesvirus load in Baghdad: two-thirds had HSV-1, while one-quarter have HSV-2 or CMV. The epidemic-level prevalence of HSV-1 necessitates prompt public health intervention. Strong demographic relationships, particularly the HSV-2 marital correlation, give actionable intervention targets. These findings establish Iraq's first complete herpesvirus baseline, highlighting the critical need for national surveillance infrastructure and tailored prevention initiatives to tackle this significant infectious disease burden.

BackgroundUlcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the large intestine. There are different studies about the role and the diagnostic utility of Galectin-1 (Gal-1) and Netrin-1 (Net-1) in multiple diseases such as diabetes, liver and heart diseases as well as brain and colonic cancer where they used to highlight the relationship between the inflammatory process and the disease pathogenesis. The present study aimed to evaluate their role as biomarkers for UC.MethodsThis case-control study included a total of 90 subjects where 60 UC patients including newly diagnosed and previously diagnosed cases were gathered and compared to 30 healthy controls, the sample collection done at the Gastroenterology and Hepatology Hospital in Basrah, Iraq. Serum levels of Gal-1 and Net-1 were measured via ELISA kits, and diagnostic accuracy was assessed using one-way ANOVA and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis.ResultsThe mean levels of Gal-1 and Net-1 were significantly elevated in the newly diagnosed UC group compared to the previously diagnosed group and healthy controls. ROC analysis demonstrated excellent diagnostic accuracy for both biomarkers, with area under the curve (AUC) values of 0.90 for Gal-1 and 0.96 for Net-1. Optimal cut-off points for distinguishing UC patients from healthy controls were 2.850 ng/mL for Gal-1 and 903.5 pg/mL for Net-1.ConclusionSerum Gal-1 and Net-1 exhibit high diagnostic accuracy in differentiating UC patients from healthy individuals, suggesting their potential as promising biomarkers for UC diagnosis. Further studies are needed to validate these findings and explore their clinical applicability.

BackgroundEpstein-Barr virus (EBV) has recently been implicated in the development of various astrocytic proliferations.Objectiveto assess the prevalence of neurotropic EBV infection in brain tissue samples from astrocytoma patients classified into grades I, II, III, and IV, using a prospective case-control approach.MethodsIn this study, 100 brain tissue specimens were obtained from 75 patients who had astrocytoma grades1, 2, 3 and 4. In contrast, the rest of the brain tissues were enrolled as a control group. The technique of polymerase chain reaction was utilized to amplify and detect the neurotropic DNA sequence of EBV in the examined brain tissues.ResultsThe most infected brain tumor tissues with DNA-EBV are related to the age (41-60 years), which accounted for 10.6%. The overall percentage of positive-PCR detection results for neurotropic EBV genomic DNA sequence in the examined brain tissues from astrocytomas grade 1-4 tissues was 28% (21 out of 75). The difference between the percentage of positivity of PCR detection results of neurotropic EBV genomic DNA sequence in the astrocytoma group and control group was statistically significant (P = 0.04).Conclusion and cancer policythe present results are shedding light on the importance of the studied neurotropic EBV infection in the tumorigenesis and carcinogenesis processes of the astrocytoma cases, possibly either as initiators in the induction of these brain tumors.

BACKGROUNDThe autoimmune disorder known as Graves' disease. The condition is due to the binding of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins to the thyrotropin receptor located on the thyroid gland. The result is an excess of thyroidal hormones. symptoms of hyperthyroidism, and the formation of diffuse goiter.OBJECTIVESThis research intends to quantify the levels of CD40L, TSAB in people who suffer from Graves' disease. It also aims to determine the relationship between TSAB and the duration of the disease, as well as analyze the role of CD40L as a predictive marker for Graves' disease using medcalc Statistical Software version 16.4.3 and SAS (2018).METHODS:In a case-control study, randomly selected 90 graves disease patients were included, the randomly selected patients were divided equally and matched into a case group who have graves disease and graves disease-free patients as a control group. For both groups whole blood sample was examined to compare for (TSAB), and (CD40L) levels determination by ELISA technique.RESULTSThe average serum levels of CD40L showed a highly significant correlation (P value < 0.01) among the groups examined for Graves' disease. The patient group consisted of 13 males (28.89%) and 32 females (71.11%). No significant correlation was identified between TSAB and the duration of the condition.CONCLUSIONThyroid stimulating antibody (TSAb) test and ultrasonography of the thyroid gland are valuable diagnostic techniques for autoimmune Graves' disease (GD). CD40L could potentially serve as a predictive diagnostic marker for Graves' disease. However, there is no observed link between the duration of the disease and the concentration of TSAB.

Background:  Multiple Myeloma is a hematological malignancy characterized by the proliferation of clonal plasma cells and associated with severe clinical manifestations. Despite advancements in diagnosis and management, Multiple Myeloma remains incurable, necessitating further research into more effective therapies.

Aim:  The primary objective of this review is to provide an informative and critical summary of the Multiple Myeloma microenvironment, and emerging revolutionary therapeutic approaches with potential combination therapy to improve the quality of life for Multiple Myeloma patients.Emerging approaches: Recent advancements in immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), have shown improvements in immune response against Multiple Myeloma. ICIs target inhibitory pathways such as PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4, potentially overcoming tumor-induced immunosuppression. Combination therapies integrate ICIs with proteasome inhibitors, immunomodulators, and monoclonal antibodies to enhance the anti-tumor immune response. Additionally, Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy has demonstrated effectiveness against Multiple Myeloma, particularly when coupled with ICIs to decrease resistance and relapse.

Challenges:  Although the efficacy of ICIs in treating Multiple Myeloma has been hindered by the complexity of the tumor microenvironment and immune evasion mechanisms, this challenge has led to the exploration of combination therapies. Potential side effects are still a big challenge for newly recognized ICIs and combination treatment.

Future directions:  Investigations of new immune checkpoints and the development of targeted therapies against these markers are in progress, creating possibilities for more personalized and effective treatment strategies. Continuous research and robust clinical trials are needed to comprehend the complex dynamics of the Multiple Myeloma microenvironment to develop revolutionary therapeutic targets.

Novel approaches to tumor immunotherapy include adoptive cell immunotherapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), and bispecific antibodies (bsABs). bsABs are members of the antibody family that have the ability to distinguish between two distinct antigens or epitopes on a single antigen. These antibodies show better clinical results than monoclonal antibodies, suggesting that they might be a useful choice for tumor immunotherapy. Additionally, dual blockade immunotherapy targeting PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 functions at various phases of T cell activation with synergistically increasing immune responses against cancer cells, in contrast to ICI monotherapy, which sometimes displays treatment resistance and limited effectiveness. It has been shown that immune response rates and anti-tumor effects may be increased in a synergistic manner by ICI-based combination therapy. We explore the safety and effectiveness of bsABs and ICIs (especially PD1/PDL1 and CTLA-4) combination treatments in tumor immunotherapy in this study with the goal of offering evidence-based methods for clinical research and tailored tumor identification and management.

BackgroundImmune dysfunction develops early in the course of renal failure in patients with chronic kidney disease and occurs independently of the underlying disease. Cytokines play an essential role in the control and regulation of the immune and inflammatory systems.ObjectiveThe current study aims to estimate Interleukin 4, Interleukin 6, and Malondialdehyde in the blood of Iraqi patients with chronic kidney disease.MethodsIn this study, 50 Iraqi chronic kidney disease patients (males 17 and females33) and 50 apparently healthy as the control group (male27 and females23) aged (20-65)years who attended lmamain Al-Kadhemain Medical Teaching Hospital and Al-Numan Hospital in Baghdad, Iraq. Interleukin 4, Interleukin 6, and malondialdehyde were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique.ResultsThe serum level of IL-4 and IL-6 showed highly significant differences between chronic kidney disease patients and healthy control groups m as the mean value of both interleukin levels in patient groups was (25.524 ± 16.295, 12.844 ± 4.863) respectively, and mean of the control group (13.562 ± 7.488, 5.533 ± 2.970) respectively. The mean of malondialdehyde was (25.160 ± 17.152 and18.470 ± 6.545) in chronic kidney disease patients and control groups, respectively. There was a highly significant positive correlation between Interleukin6 and malondialdehyde (r = 0.862, P = 0.0001, r = 0.598, P = 0.0001), respectively. In addition, there was a highly significant positive correlation between Interleukin4 and malondialdehyde (r = 0.862, P = 0.0001, r = 0.662, P = 0.0001) respectively. There was a highly significant positive correlation between Interleukin 4 and Interleukin 6 (r = 0.598, P = 0.0001) and (r = 0.662, P = 0.0001) respectively.ConclusionsThe increased levels of Interleukin 4, Interleukin 6, and malondialdehyde are an indication of the progression in Iraqi patients with chronic kidney disease.

BackgroundThe coronavirus-19 (COVID-19) pandemic, triggered by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, has affected over 100 million people and killed around 2 million individuals. One of the most common chronic illnesses in the world is diabetes, which greatly raises the risk of hospitalization and death for COVID-19 patients.ObjectiveThis study aims to analyze the novel coronavirus's general characteristics and shed light on COVID-19 and its management in diabetic individuals by measuring some metabolic and inflammatory factors in type 2 diabetic patients with and without COVID-19.MethodsOne hundred Iraqi patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were enrolled in the current study; 50 had COVID-19 with the Omicron variant, and 50 weren't. The diagnosis was designed by the consultant medical staff at the clinic. Eligible individuals had a positive nasal swab for reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. They were compared with 50 healthy individuals as a control group. Every participant's anthropometric and clinical features were measured. The study includes the study groups' glycemic, lipid profile, serum urea, and C-reactive protein (CRP) measurements.ResultsThere were remarkable rises (p < 0.05) in fasting and random blood glucose, serum lipid, and urea levels in diabetic patients with COVID-19 compared to those without COVID-19 and the control group. Also, a significant elevation (p = 0.01) was found in fasting serum insulin among diabetic patients with COVID-19 as compared to those without COVID-19 and the control group (32.75 ± 8.63 vs. 25.82 ± 3.50 and 10.65 ± 1.12) µU/L, respectively. Serum CRP levels significantly increased (p = 0.0001) in diabetic patients with COVID-19 compared to other groups.ConclusionHyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and dyslipidemia resulting from cytokine storm significantly increased the risk of hospitalization and death among coronavirus disease-19 patients. It has been concluded that T2DM reliably predicts morbidity among COVID-19 patients presenting with symptoms suggestive of severe hyperglycemia. The results also show the temporary and reversible deficiency in insulin secretion associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 infection. Consequently, it is recommended to examine variables of insulin sensitivity and pancreatic islet activity among patients with COVID-19 who have a history of diabetes.