Human Antibodies最新文献

Background: The antibody that crosses transplacentally from mother to fetus is very important origin of protective passive immunity against infection neonatal with enterovirus. Important varieties of coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) are responsible for infections in newborns. The purpose from this study is to investigate in the prevalence of Coxsackie B virus in a sample of Iraqi women with miscarriage and potential role of miscarriage risk.

Methods: Between November 2022 and June 2023, we included 91 parturient women (gestational age: 4-20 weeks) who were between the ages of 15 and 40. Every participant completed a questionnaire, and blood was drawn to assess maternal antibodies against CVB3.

Results: The blood seropositive rates were 46 out 91(50.54%), 2 out 46 were IgM positive (4.34%), (8-12 weeks) 23 from 46 (50%) (p-value 0.0294) gestational age more frequent among aborted women that positive for anti-coxsackie B antibody, The 25-35 age group was significantly overrepresented (51/91, 56%) compared to other age groups.

Conclusion: This investigation posits Coxsackie B virus (CBV) as a possible etiology for miscarriage in the Iraqi female population. Further studies employing larger cohorts and robust methodologies, beyond the current detection technique, are warranted to corroborate these observations and elucidate the potential mechanisms by which CBV might induce miscarriage.

Background: Free radicals are small extremely reactive species that have unpaired electrons. Free radicals include subgroups of reactive species, which are all a product of regular cellular metabolism. Oxidative stress happens when the free radicals production exceeds the capacity of the antioxidant system in the body's cells.

Objective: The current review clarifies the prospective role of antioxidants in the inhibition and healing of diseases.

Methods: Information on oxidative stress, free radicals, reactive oxidant species, and natural and synthetic antioxidants was obtained by searching electronic databases like PubMed, Web of Science, and Science Direct, with articles published between 1987 and 2023 being included in this review.

Results: Free radicals exhibit a dual role in living systems. They are toxic byproducts of aerobic metabolism that lead to oxidative injury and tissue disorders and act as signals to activate appropriate stress responses. Endogenous and exogenous sources of reactive oxygen species are discussed in this review. Oxidative stress is a component of numerous diseases, including diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and cancer. Although various small molecules assessed as antioxidants have shown therapeutic prospects in preclinical studies, clinical trial outcomes have been inadequate. Understanding the mechanisms through which antioxidants act, where, and when they are active may reveal a rational approach that leads to more tremendous pharmacological success. This review studies the associations between oxidative stress, redox signaling, and disease, the mechanisms through which oxidative stress can donate to pathology, the antioxidant defenses, the limits of their effectiveness, and antioxidant defenses that can be increased through physiological signaling, dietary constituents, and probable pharmaceutical interference. Prospective clinical applications of enzyme mimics and current progress in metal- and non-metal-based materials with enzyme-like activities and protection against chronic diseases have been discussed.

Conclusion: This review discussed oxidative stress as one of the main causes of illnesses, as well as antioxidant systems and their defense mechanisms that can be useful in inhibiting these diseases. Thus, the positive and deleterious effects of antioxidant molecules used to lessen oxidative stress in numerous human diseases are discussed. The optimal level of vitamins and minerals is the amount that achieves the best feed benefit, best growth rate, and health, including immune efficiency, and provides sufficient amounts to the body.

Background: Immunoassay methods typically involve the use of antibodies, which are either labeled with an enzyme to generate a detectable product or directly tagged with a radioactive or fluorescent substrate.

Methods: One approach to enhance the specificity of immuno-detection methods is by employing a combination of different antibodies, such as primary and secondary.

Results: However, relying solely on one antibody targeting another may not offer the highest level of precision for improving immunoassay specificity; A novel strategy for enhancing the specificity of immunoassay techniques involves directly targeting different epitopes of an antigen.

Conclusions: This approach entails utilizing sequential chain reactions facilitated by distinct enzymes bound to various antibodies, each directed at specific epitopes on the antigen. Such an innovative method holds promise for advancing the specificity of immunoassay methods.

Background: Many studies have examined the role of inflammation in the development of diabetic neuropathy (DPN).

Objective: Evaluate the relation of the serum level of Transforming Growth Factor-β and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α and development of diabetic peripheral neuropathy DPN.

Methods: In a case-control study, randomly selected 140 diabetic patients were included, the randomly selected patients were divided equally and matched into a case group who have diabetic peripheral neuropathy and diabetic neuropathy-free patients as a control group. For both groups whole blood sample was examined to compare for (TGF-β), and (TNF-α) levels determination by ELISA technique.

Results: The age of the study samples ranged from 25 to 80 years with a male ratio of 1.45:1 although the sex differences between both groups were not significant. The mean levels of (TNF-α) and (TGF-β) was significantly higher among cases group than that of controls group (254.86 ± 75.9 vs158.01 ± 50.600) for TNF-α and for TGF- β (312.85 ± 62.27 vs. 217.82 ± 52.95) respectively. Both TNF-α and TGF-β have high sensitivity and specificity in detection of DPN. The sensitivity of TNF-α was 95.7% and specificity of 61.4% area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.870 ± 0.029, while the sensitivity of TGF-β was 91.4%, and specificity of 67.1 with good area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.891 ± 0.026 (P=0.000).

Conclusions: TNF-α and TGF -β are significantly elevated levels in patients with DPN, these cytokines could be used as indicators for the development of DPN.

Monoclonal antibody biologics have significantly transformed the therapeutic landscape within the biopharmaceutical industry, partly due to the utilisation of discovery technologies such as the hybridoma method and phage display. While these established platforms have streamlined the development process to date, their reliance on cell transformation for antibody identification faces limitations related to library diversification and the constraints of host cell physiology. Cell-free systems like ribosome display offer a complementary approach, enabling antibody selection in a completely in vitro setting while harnessing enriched cellular molecular machinery. This review aims to provide an overview of the fundamental principles underlying the ribosome display method and its potential for advancing antibody discovery and development.

Background: Staphylococcus hominis is an opportunistic pathogen that expresses surface proteins, which are adhesive proteins that play a major role in biofilm formation. Biofilm is a protective layer that provides S. hominis bacteria with greater antibiotic resistance and promotes its adherence to biomedical surfaces, facilitating its entry into the bloodstream.

Objective: This research aimed to investigate the activity of Salicylic Acid (SA) and its effect on the gene expression of biofilm genes (FnbA and FnbB genes).

Methods: A total of 150 blood specimens were collected from patients. The specimens were cultured in broth media of the BacT/ALERT® system and subcultured on blood and chocolate agar. Bacteria were detected using the VITEK2 system. FnbA and FnbB genes were detected using PCR. The broth microdilution method performed the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Salicylic acid (SA) on S. hominis isolates with both genes. Detection of the gene expression levels of FnbA and FnbB genes was assessed using Real-Time PCR(RT-PCR).

Results: The results showed that out of the 150 specimens collected, 35 were S. hominis. The detection of S. hominis bacteria was performed by PCR amplification of two genes FnbA and FnbB and showed 100% and 17.14% of isolates were positive for genes FnbA and FnbB, respectively. The expression of FnbA and FnbB genes was decreased in samples treated with SA compared with untreated ones.

Conclusion: In conclusion, there is a significant impact of SA on the prevention of biofilm formation of S. hominis through the suppression of gene expression, specifically FnbA and FnbB. This could enhance susceptibility to antimicrobial treatments. However, more research is required to determine whether SA leads to the selection of resistant bacteria.

Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are currently posing a worldwide health concern by affecting millions of people. The genetic variant rs2234671 in the CXCR1-interleukin-8 receptor is closely related to a raised UTI risk.

Objectives: In this work, the impact of CXCR1 (rs2234671) on UTI individuals was examined.

Methods: The demographic features of 30 recurrent UTI patients and 20 controls were thoroughly investigated. Bacterial isolation and identification were performed by the implementation of cultural and biochemical methods. DNA extraction, purification of all samples from both patients and healthy people, and IL-8 rs2234671 (C/G) SNP genotyping using T-ARMS-PCR were performed. The significance of the results was evaluated by carrying out a statistical analysis.

Findings: The patient's average age was 34.63 ± 11.44 years, and controls averaged 30.30 ± 8.59 years (P= 0.156). No significant gender difference existed (P= 0.804). Escherichia coli (63.3%) was predominant, followed by Proteus mirabilis (26.7%), Enterococcus faecalis (23.3%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (10.0%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (20.0%). No significant association was found between bacterial species frequency, age, or sex. From the CXCR1 (rs2234671) frequency comparison, a higher GG genotype incidence in UTI patients than controls was extracted (26.7% vs. 15.0%), though not statistically significant. Risk analysis revealed that GG homozygous and C/G heterozygous genotypes were not UTI risk factors (OR = 2.47 and OR = 1.85, respectively). Moreover, the allele frequencies displayed no significant difference between the patients and controls (G allele: 66.7% vs. 66.7%; C allele: 33.3% vs. 33.3%).

Main conclusions: Although no significant association between CXCR1 (rs2234671) and UTI was found, the GG genotype may point to the increasing probability of UTI risk. Additional research is required to confirm and expand these conclusions.

Background: Physical exercise has been proposed as a new alternative to chemical adjuvants.

Objective: To investigate the relationship between regular exercise and post-vaccination antibody response in the elderly.

Methods: The study was conducted with the elderly over the age of 65. 30 participants we randomized into 2 groups and divided into exercise and control groups. The experimental group received a 12-week exercise program. The control group was followed up without any exercise. The day on which the second dose of the vaccine was administered to all participants was considered day 0. The antibody level in the serum samples was taken 15 days and 12 weeks after the vaccination. The antibody concentration was measured after the second dose of vaccination.

Results: The mean antibody level in the control group was 69.4 U/ml and 56.4 U/ml 15 days and 12 weeks after the second vaccination. The mean antibody level in the exercise group was 74 U/ml and 71.6 U/ml 15 days and 12 weeks after the second vaccination.

Conclusions: Regular exercise of light to moderate intensity may increase post-vaccination antibody response in the elderly. Therefore, exercise can be used as a behavioral adjuvant to improve the vaccine efficacy in the elderly.

Background: Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) is a crucial physiologic regulator of immune responses, and several disorders have been associated with its dysregulation.

Objective: This study aimed to understand TNFα gene expression in adult patients with liver and pancreas disorders and examine the impact of TNFα-238 genotypes on this population.

Methods: At the Ibn Al-Baladi Hospital in Baghdad, blood samples were collected from forty patients who were diagnosed with beta thalassemia together with pancreatic disease, forty patients who were diagnosed with thalassemia together with liver disorder, and forty patients who were diagnosed with thalassemia without pancreas or liver disorder. For the purpose of establishing a control group, forty samples were collected from persons who were of the same age and gender and seemed to be in good health. All of these individuals were deemed to be older than 18 years old. Through the utilization of real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the level of TNF-α gene expression was investigated and assessed. The T-ARMS-PCR method was performed for detection and genotyping of TNFα-238 in thalassemia patients and healthy control samples.

Results: The result showed that TNF α gene expression assessment showed that group B (thalassemia patients with liver disorder) had higher folding than other groups while the lowest gene expression was in group D (as control group). Furthermore, the relationship between TNFα gene expressions folding with TNFα-238 genotypes in beta thalassemia major patients, discovered a considerable increase at GA genotype patients in TNFα gene expression level, followed by AA genotype compared to the GG genotype. Furthermore, the results of the current study showed an association between the presence of the mutant (A) allele whether heterozygous (GA) and homozygous (AA) with the TNF-α gene expression in thalassemia patients with liver and pancreatic disorders.

Conclusion: Based on the results, it can be concluded that there is a relationship between the presence of the mutant (A) allele, whether heterozygous (GA) or homozygous (AA) of TNF-α 238, and TNF-α gene expression in liver and pancreatic diseases as well as in patients with thalassemia.

Background: Information regarding seropositivity and vaccine efficacy among medical students is scarce. This study aims to detect the status of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies among the Sinopharm's Vero Cell (BBIBP-CorV) vaccinated medical students.

Materials and methods: A prospective, cross-sectional study was carried out among medical students of Gandaki Medical College Teaching Hospital, Pokhara, Nepal from March through August 2022. The level of SARS-CoV-2 serum- neutralizing IgG antibody was measured and its relation with participants' age and sex, duration of vaccination, and any comorbid condition was determined.

Results: A total of 110 medical students were included in the final analysis, the majority being females (65.5%) and the mean age is 23.1 ± 3.2 years. Most of the students (96.4%) had neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. Among the 29 (26.36%) students who received a booster dose, the positivity rate was 100%. The mean IgG levels were 9.57 ± 9.58 μg/ml and 2.91 ± 2.47 μg/ml among students receiving an additional booster dose and among those not receiving it, respectively. In the cohort receiving a booster dose of the vaccine, the average value of neutralizing IgG antibodies was high. In contrast, the ones not receiving it, the titers were low and showed a declining trend.

Conclusion: Though the dose strategy of the Sinopharm vaccine is effective, booster vaccination may be an important strategy to ensure protection among medical students, who are at high risk of COVID-19 due to constant patient exposure during their training. Further studies should assess vaccine efficacy among individuals who received other vaccines as well.