Pub Date : 2021-12-30DOI: 10.22452/afkar.vol23no2.2
Rahim Kamarul Zaman, Mohd Khairul Naim Che Nordin, Khairulnazrin Nasir
Al-Qur’ān has described anxiety as part of human nature. Anxiety in the context of psychology is categorized as a mental disorder problem in the category of neurosis. Neurotic problems can occur when someone faces disruptions in terms of internal interaction or social environment. Its effects can have adverse implications on behavior and thinking resulting in suffering to patients. However, al-Qur’ān also contains some verses that can be applied as a therapy to treat human anxiety. Based on the content analysis approach to the text of Quranic verses, this paper presents a reflection on various forms of rabbānī therapy to address the problem of neurosis. The findings of the study demonstrate that al-Qur’an is a treasure of alternative treatment mechanisms that is applicable to patients with mental disorders of the neurosis category. In conclusion, Islam is proven to have pioneered a variety of solutions to life problems, especially those related to mental disorders.
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Pub Date : 2021-12-30DOI: 10.22452/afkar.vol23no2.6
Maria Taiai, Rahmi Oruç
Munāẓarah procedure determines who has the right to speak and who should remain silent until his turn comes. In fact, proper argumentation requires each party to remain silent where the right to speak is not theirs. However, the argumentation process in practice does not always follow the ideal rules of behaviour. One such instance is verbal aggressiveness, which often leads to anger and rapid information exchange with the offender. Such verbal exchange is generally characterized by an increase in volume and speed of speech, which usually lay the ground for a quarrel. The transition from healthy argumentation to quarrel is problematic because it changes the priorities of the parties involved in the verbal exchange from disclosing the truth to attacking the opponent. Then, the arguers are faced with the following question: What should I do when argumentation seems to be shifting to quarrel? Should I speak, or should I remain silent? The study argues the use of silence as an argumentation strategy prevents healthy argumentation from turning into a quarrel and enables discussants to conduct an ideal argumentation based on ethical standards. It does this in light of the disciplines of Jadal and Ādāb al-Baḥth wa al-Munāẓarah. The study first explains how munāẓarah procedure determines who has the right to speak and who should remain silent. Second, it discusses three argumentative moves in response to which silence might work better as an argumentative strategy. After that, it explores the intricate relationship between silence and tawfīq (divine aid). Finally, it investigates the relationship between silence - as a response to verbal aggressiveness - and the virtue of ḥilm (judiciousness).
Munāẓarah程序决定谁有权发言，谁应该保持沉默，直到轮到他。事实上，正当的辩论需要各方在不属于自己的场合保持沉默。然而，实践中的论证过程并不总是遵循理想的行为规则。其中一个例子就是言语攻击，这通常会导致愤怒，并与冒犯者迅速交换信息。这种口头交流的特点通常是说话的音量和速度增加，这通常为争吵奠定了基础。从健康的辩论到争吵的转变是有问题的，因为它改变了参与口头交流的各方的优先事项，从披露真相到攻击对手。然后，辩论者面临以下问题:当辩论似乎转向争吵时，我该怎么办?我该说，还是该保持沉默?该研究认为，使用沉默作为一种辩论策略可以防止健康的辩论变成争吵，并使讨论者能够根据道德标准进行理想的辩论。这是根据Jadal和Ādāb al-Baḥth wa al-Munāẓarah的学科来做的。该研究首先解释了munāẓarah程序如何决定谁有权发言，谁应该保持沉默。其次，它讨论了三种争论的举动，作为回应，沉默可能是一种更好的争论策略。在那之后，它探讨了沉默和tawf(神的帮助)之间复杂的关系。最后，它调查了沉默(作为对言语攻击的回应)与ḥilm(明智)美德之间的关系。
{"title":"Uses, Motives, Functions, and Virtues of Silence in Argumentation in Light of Jadal and Ādāb al-Baḥth wa al-Munāẓarah","authors":"Maria Taiai, Rahmi Oruç","doi":"10.22452/afkar.vol23no2.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22452/afkar.vol23no2.6","url":null,"abstract":"Munāẓarah procedure determines who has the right to speak and who should remain silent until his turn comes. In fact, proper argumentation requires each party to remain silent where the right to speak is not theirs. However, the argumentation process in practice does not always follow the ideal rules of behaviour. One such instance is verbal aggressiveness, which often leads to anger and rapid information exchange with the offender. Such verbal exchange is generally characterized by an increase in volume and speed of speech, which usually lay the ground for a quarrel. The transition from healthy argumentation to quarrel is problematic because it changes the priorities of the parties involved in the verbal exchange from disclosing the truth to attacking the opponent. Then, the arguers are faced with the following question: What should I do when argumentation seems to be shifting to quarrel? Should I speak, or should I remain silent? The study argues the use of silence as an argumentation strategy prevents healthy argumentation from turning into a quarrel and enables discussants to conduct an ideal argumentation based on ethical standards. It does this in light of the disciplines of Jadal and Ādāb al-Baḥth wa al-Munāẓarah. The study first explains how munāẓarah procedure determines who has the right to speak and who should remain silent. Second, it discusses three argumentative moves in response to which silence might work better as an argumentative strategy. After that, it explores the intricate relationship between silence and tawfīq (divine aid). Finally, it investigates the relationship between silence - as a response to verbal aggressiveness - and the virtue of ḥilm (judiciousness).","PeriodicalId":53770,"journal":{"name":"Afkar-Jurnal Akidah & Pemikiran Islam-Journal of Aqidah & Islamic Thought","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76581014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-30DOI: 10.22452/afkar.vol23no1.1
Umar Muhammad Noor
Contrary to the majority of scholars who interprets maqām maḥmūd (Quran 17:79) as intercession, the Hanbalites of Baghdad opine that the phrase means “Muhammad will be seated beside God on the throne.” They based their interpretation on an athar (saying) of an early Quran exegete, Mujāhid bin Jabr (d. 104H/722AD). Due to its apparent anthropomorphic feature, this standpoint caused a polemic that contributed to a violent clash in 317H/929AD. The objective of this article is to present and highlight Hanbalites’ stance in the maqām maḥmūd polemic and examine their acceptance of the athār of Mujāhid against overwhelming criticisms. The library research was applied to acquire data from various tafsīr, hadith, and theology literature then qualitatively analyzed. This study finds that Hanbalites’ advocacy to the athar of Mujāhid is not mainly based on the validity of the argument. Instead, it is driven by their anti-kalam sentiment to manifest the traditionalists’ supremacy after the abolishment of miḥnah khalq al-Qur’an. Reciprocating the Jahmiyya’s rejection of all ṣifāt traditions, the Hanbalites radically concede every anthropomorphic expression in traditions including those found in inauthentic hadith and athar. This inclination invites criticism from other Sunni scholars who emphasize authenticity as the most indispensable aspect of theological discourse. Despite immense efforts by modern neo-Hanbalis in defending the athar of Mujāhid, many of them have joined their adversaries in rejecting its reliability as theological proof.
与大多数学者将maqām maḥmūd(古兰经17:79)解释为代祷相反，巴格达的汉巴力人认为这句话的意思是“穆罕默德将坐在真主旁边的宝座上”。他们的解释基于《古兰经》早期注释Mujāhid bin Jabr(公元104 /722年)的一段话。由于其明显的拟人化特征，这一观点引起了一场争论，导致了公元317H/929年的暴力冲突。这篇文章的目的是展示和突出汉八派在maqām maḥmūd争论中的立场，并检查他们对Mujāhid的athār的接受程度。图书馆研究应用于从各种宗教、圣训和神学文献中获取数据，然后进行定性分析。本研究发现，汉八派对Mujāhid的支持并非主要基于论证的有效性。相反，他们是在反卡拉姆情绪的驱使下，在miḥnah khalq al-古兰经被废除后，表现出传统主义者的至高无上。作为对Jahmiyya拒绝所有ṣifāt传统的回应，汉八派从根本上承认了传统中所有拟人化的表达，包括那些在不真实的圣训和阿塔中发现的表达。这种倾向招致了其他逊尼派学者的批评，他们强调真实性是神学话语中最不可或缺的方面。尽管现代的新汉巴利人为捍卫Mujāhid的神权做出了巨大的努力，但他们中的许多人已经加入了他们的对手的行列，拒绝将其作为神学证据的可靠性。
{"title":"Polemik Pentafsiran Maqām Maḥmūd dan Penolakan Antropomorfisme dalam Kalangan Ahli Sunnah","authors":"Umar Muhammad Noor","doi":"10.22452/afkar.vol23no1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22452/afkar.vol23no1.1","url":null,"abstract":"Contrary to the majority of scholars who interprets maqām maḥmūd (Quran 17:79) as intercession, the Hanbalites of Baghdad opine that the phrase means “Muhammad will be seated beside God on the throne.” They based their interpretation on an athar (saying) of an early Quran exegete, Mujāhid bin Jabr (d. 104H/722AD). Due to its apparent anthropomorphic feature, this standpoint caused a polemic that contributed to a violent clash in 317H/929AD. The objective of this article is to present and highlight Hanbalites’ stance in the maqām maḥmūd polemic and examine their acceptance of the athār of Mujāhid against overwhelming criticisms. The library research was applied to acquire data from various tafsīr, hadith, and theology literature then qualitatively analyzed. This study finds that Hanbalites’ advocacy to the athar of Mujāhid is not mainly based on the validity of the argument. Instead, it is driven by their anti-kalam sentiment to manifest the traditionalists’ supremacy after the abolishment of miḥnah khalq al-Qur’an. Reciprocating the Jahmiyya’s rejection of all ṣifāt traditions, the Hanbalites radically concede every anthropomorphic expression in traditions including those found in inauthentic hadith and athar. This inclination invites criticism from other Sunni scholars who emphasize authenticity as the most indispensable aspect of theological discourse. Despite immense efforts by modern neo-Hanbalis in defending the athar of Mujāhid, many of them have joined their adversaries in rejecting its reliability as theological proof.","PeriodicalId":53770,"journal":{"name":"Afkar-Jurnal Akidah & Pemikiran Islam-Journal of Aqidah & Islamic Thought","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76122893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-30DOI: 10.22452/AFKAR.VOL23NO1.3
M. F. Hamat, M. Shuhari, M. Rozali, Ahmad Hafiz Ali Makdom
Issues related to the existence of Allah the Almighty are important topics for debate, in order to differentiate human beings who are muwaḥḥid (believer) and those who are mulḥid (unbeliever). Any denial and misunderstanding of this concept, will certainly lead to denial and misunderstanding of the existence of Allah the Almighty, and it leads to disbelieving. For this reason, Islamic scholars have paid great attention on these issues, by presenting various arguments and specific evidence of their scholarly works to justify the existence of Allah the Almighty. This paper aims to examine the issues related to the existence of Allah the Almighty from the perspective of a famous reformer (mujaddid) of the fifth century, al-Ghazali (d. 505AH), in his book Iḥyā’ ‘Ulūm al-Dīn. This qualitative study was carried out using content analysis of Iḥyā’. This study found out that al-Ghazali has presented in Iḥyā’ arguments such as al-fitrah, nuṣūṣ and intellect in proving the existence of Allah. This finding shows that al-Ghazali has a strong foundation and argument similar to that of Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jamā‘ah, who recognize the nature of using proposition via naqlī and ‘aqlī as the source of evidence on proving the existence of Allah the Almighty.
为了区分muwaḥḥid(信仰者)和mulḥid(不信仰者)，与全能的安拉的存在有关的问题是争论的重要话题。任何对这一概念的否认和误解，必将导致对真主的存在的否认和误解，从而导致不信。因此，伊斯兰学者对这些问题给予了极大的关注，在他们的学术著作中提出了各种各样的论点和具体的证据来证明全能的安拉的存在。本文旨在从五世纪著名的改革家(圣战者)al-Ghazali(公元505AH)在他的著作Iḥyā ' ' Ulūm al- d n中考察与全能的安拉存在有关的问题。本定性研究采用Iḥyā '的内容分析。这项研究发现，al-Ghazali在Iḥyā中提出了al-fitrah, nuṣūṣ和智力等论据来证明安拉的存在。这一发现表明，al-Ghazali有一个坚实的基础和论点，类似于Ahl al-Sunnah wa al- jamir ' ah，他们认识到通过naql '和' aqql '来使用命题作为证明全能的安拉存在的证据来源的本质。
{"title":"Pendalilan Naqli dan ‘Aqli tentang Wujud Allah Menurut al-Ghazali Berdasarkan Kitab Ihya’ ‘Ulum al-Din","authors":"M. F. Hamat, M. Shuhari, M. Rozali, Ahmad Hafiz Ali Makdom","doi":"10.22452/AFKAR.VOL23NO1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22452/AFKAR.VOL23NO1.3","url":null,"abstract":"Issues related to the existence of Allah the Almighty are important topics for debate, in order to differentiate human beings who are muwaḥḥid (believer) and those who are mulḥid (unbeliever). Any denial and misunderstanding of this concept, will certainly lead to denial and misunderstanding of the existence of Allah the Almighty, and it leads to disbelieving. For this reason, Islamic scholars have paid great attention on these issues, by presenting various arguments and specific evidence of their scholarly works to justify the existence of Allah the Almighty. This paper aims to examine the issues related to the existence of Allah the Almighty from the perspective of a famous reformer (mujaddid) of the fifth century, al-Ghazali (d. 505AH), in his book Iḥyā’ ‘Ulūm al-Dīn. This qualitative study was carried out using content analysis of Iḥyā’. This study found out that al-Ghazali has presented in Iḥyā’ arguments such as al-fitrah, nuṣūṣ and intellect in proving the existence of Allah. This finding shows that al-Ghazali has a strong foundation and argument similar to that of Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jamā‘ah, who recognize the nature of using proposition via naqlī and ‘aqlī as the source of evidence on proving the existence of Allah the Almighty.","PeriodicalId":53770,"journal":{"name":"Afkar-Jurnal Akidah & Pemikiran Islam-Journal of Aqidah & Islamic Thought","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83779149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-30DOI: 10.22452/afkar.vol23no1.4
Amilah binti Awang Abd Rahman
The need of modern man requires more practical answer from religious perspective to support them in facing rapid changes and high demands of life. The issue of human will which is the most important and fundamental foundation to the concept of responsibility and morality is still open to discussion and debate. This paper aims at exploring the view of a reformer of Islam, Badiuzzaman Sa‘id Nursi in his 26th Word of his Risale-I Nur. Rather than having the discourse in a purely theological method, Nursi demonstrates it in a synthesis manner and suitable with modern man. The issue which is normally brought as juxtaposed with the concept of absolute will of God is dealt with in a harmonious way and suitable to all readers. Other than the phenomenological approach to the ontology of solving the relationship between God’s power and human will, Nursi also brought in very remarkable explanation about good and bad and how human should deal with them. Through-out his explanation, Nursi came with interesting illustrations and therefore successful in explaining the issue effectively. This suits his status as a reformer of Islam who came to shed lights on crucial issues with modern approach.
{"title":"Free Will versus Belief in Qadr? The Response of Sa‘id Nursi and its Modern Relevance","authors":"Amilah binti Awang Abd Rahman","doi":"10.22452/afkar.vol23no1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22452/afkar.vol23no1.4","url":null,"abstract":"The need of modern man requires more practical answer from religious perspective to support them in facing rapid changes and high demands of life. The issue of human will which is the most important and fundamental foundation to the concept of responsibility and morality is still open to discussion and debate. This paper aims at exploring the view of a reformer of Islam, Badiuzzaman Sa‘id Nursi in his 26th Word of his Risale-I Nur. Rather than having the discourse in a purely theological method, Nursi demonstrates it in a synthesis manner and suitable with modern man. The issue which is normally brought as juxtaposed with the concept of absolute will of God is dealt with in a harmonious way and suitable to all readers. Other than the phenomenological approach to the ontology of solving the relationship between God’s power and human will, Nursi also brought in very remarkable explanation about good and bad and how human should deal with them. Through-out his explanation, Nursi came with interesting illustrations and therefore successful in explaining the issue effectively. This suits his status as a reformer of Islam who came to shed lights on crucial issues with modern approach.","PeriodicalId":53770,"journal":{"name":"Afkar-Jurnal Akidah & Pemikiran Islam-Journal of Aqidah & Islamic Thought","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88231511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-30DOI: 10.22452/AFKAR.VOL23NO1.2
Mohd Nasir Utut, Faizuri Bin Abd. Latif
The torment in the grave is one of the questions of faith comprised in the debate on al-ghaybiyyat and al-sami‘yyat (the knowledge of the unseen) which is something that is not known except through the Qur’anic verses and Hadith. Although there are many proofs from the Qur’an and Hadith validate the truth of the torment in the grave, there are those who still dispute its existence. Among them are the Mu‘tazilites who claim that they witnessed the situation of a corpse that has died without any effect of being tortured. In addition, the atheists and zindiqs also denied the matter with the argument that they had dug a grave but did not find any evidence of archangel beating or torturing corpses. Therefore, a qualitative study using documentation method is carried out to unravel all the bewilderment through the authoritative works of Malay scholars. For this purpose, the book of Kashf al-Ghaybiyyah which is a Malay scholarly work will be the focus of research. This work is chosen because it discusses many issues of al-sam‘iyyat including the torment in the grave and its arguments. This study found that the strength within Kashf al-Ghaybiyyah’s arguments, which expounded many texts of the Qur’an and Hadith are capable to prove the validity of the torment in the grave.
{"title":"Beberapa Penelitian Terhadap Konsep Azab Kubur Menurut Tuan Minal Melalui Karyanya Kashf al-Ghaybiyyah","authors":"Mohd Nasir Utut, Faizuri Bin Abd. Latif","doi":"10.22452/AFKAR.VOL23NO1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22452/AFKAR.VOL23NO1.2","url":null,"abstract":"The torment in the grave is one of the questions of faith comprised in the debate on al-ghaybiyyat and al-sami‘yyat (the knowledge of the unseen) which is something that is not known except through the Qur’anic verses and Hadith. Although there are many proofs from the Qur’an and Hadith validate the truth of the torment in the grave, there are those who still dispute its existence. Among them are the Mu‘tazilites who claim that they witnessed the situation of a corpse that has died without any effect of being tortured. In addition, the atheists and zindiqs also denied the matter with the argument that they had dug a grave but did not find any evidence of archangel beating or torturing corpses. Therefore, a qualitative study using documentation method is carried out to unravel all the bewilderment through the authoritative works of Malay scholars. For this purpose, the book of Kashf al-Ghaybiyyah which is a Malay scholarly work will be the focus of research. This work is chosen because it discusses many issues of al-sam‘iyyat including the torment in the grave and its arguments. This study found that the strength within Kashf al-Ghaybiyyah’s arguments, which expounded many texts of the Qur’an and Hadith are capable to prove the validity of the torment in the grave.","PeriodicalId":53770,"journal":{"name":"Afkar-Jurnal Akidah & Pemikiran Islam-Journal of Aqidah & Islamic Thought","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84485332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-30DOI: 10.22452/afkar.vol23no1.7
Mohammad Abdelhamid Salem Qatawneh
The study attempts to explore the philosophical, intellectual view of Islamic art that is based on monotheism (tawhīd), and the reflections of ‘aqīdah on it. The study foundationally examines and compares the structures of art within Western mindsets, which stem from pagan embodiments, such as the Greeks and contemporary Darwinism. The study also comes to respond to those who claim that Islamic art stands at the limits of ornamental decorations, or that Islamic art is nothing but a progression of Hellenistic Roman art. The analytical method was employed to examine intellectual texts and their reflections on art in its applied form. A comparative approach is also used in comparing concepts from the Islamic ‘Aqīdah with other theologies and their reflections on art. This study concluded that Islamic art stems from the spirit of tawhīd, consistent with the harmony and oneness of existence. Additionally, Islam was found to be a liberation for art, as it puts artists in the position of choice rather than restricting them in a specific artistic formula as in other ideologies. On the other hand, the study also reveals that the epistemological theory of Western art emerges from a pagan ground or an atheist thought, since it is unable to comprehend the metaphysical world. As a result, nature has entered the list of ‘sanctities’ in the perception of some of the Greek artists and philosophers, which in turn reflected on the purpose of art and its aesthetic role in existence.
{"title":"Reflections of Faith (‘Aqidah) on Arts: A Comparative Analytical Study on Islamic and Western Arts","authors":"Mohammad Abdelhamid Salem Qatawneh","doi":"10.22452/afkar.vol23no1.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22452/afkar.vol23no1.7","url":null,"abstract":"The study attempts to explore the philosophical, intellectual view of Islamic art that is based on monotheism (tawhīd), and the reflections of ‘aqīdah on it. The study foundationally examines and compares the structures of art within Western mindsets, which stem from pagan embodiments, such as the Greeks and contemporary Darwinism. The study also comes to respond to those who claim that Islamic art stands at the limits of ornamental decorations, or that Islamic art is nothing but a progression of Hellenistic Roman art. The analytical method was employed to examine intellectual texts and their reflections on art in its applied form. A comparative approach is also used in comparing concepts from the Islamic ‘Aqīdah with other theologies and their reflections on art. This study concluded that Islamic art stems from the spirit of tawhīd, consistent with the harmony and oneness of existence. Additionally, Islam was found to be a liberation for art, as it puts artists in the position of choice rather than restricting them in a specific artistic formula as in other ideologies. On the other hand, the study also reveals that the epistemological theory of Western art emerges from a pagan ground or an atheist thought, since it is unable to comprehend the metaphysical world. As a result, nature has entered the list of ‘sanctities’ in the perception of some of the Greek artists and philosophers, which in turn reflected on the purpose of art and its aesthetic role in existence.","PeriodicalId":53770,"journal":{"name":"Afkar-Jurnal Akidah & Pemikiran Islam-Journal of Aqidah & Islamic Thought","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90048188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-30DOI: 10.22452/AFKAR.VOL23NO1.8
Javad Fakhkhar Toosi, Asyraf Isyraqi Bin Jamil
The article illustrates the capacity of Islam to solve the social problem of religious education in multicultural societies. A qualitative method has been adopted. The main result of the study is that in societies where people of different religions live. Islam, based on its beliefs, accepts multi-religious education that is to educate all religion’s teachings. This side of Islamic heritage solves the social problem that comes from teaching a particular religion in such societies. The study displays that the pluralistic religious education, cannot solve these problems. The study concludes that Islam has an active and constructive approach to other cultures and religions in the field of education that is based on freedom of religion and educational justice. It also suggests that some practical researches should be done to explore the benefits of this Islamic solution in Malaysian society as a multicultural society.
{"title":"Multi-Religious Education from the Perspective of Islamic Teachings Compared to the Pluralist Model","authors":"Javad Fakhkhar Toosi, Asyraf Isyraqi Bin Jamil","doi":"10.22452/AFKAR.VOL23NO1.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22452/AFKAR.VOL23NO1.8","url":null,"abstract":"The article illustrates the capacity of Islam to solve the social problem of religious education in multicultural societies. A qualitative method has been adopted. The main result of the study is that in societies where people of different religions live. Islam, based on its beliefs, accepts multi-religious education that is to educate all religion’s teachings. This side of Islamic heritage solves the social problem that comes from teaching a particular religion in such societies. The study displays that the pluralistic religious education, cannot solve these problems. The study concludes that Islam has an active and constructive approach to other cultures and religions in the field of education that is based on freedom of religion and educational justice. It also suggests that some practical researches should be done to explore the benefits of this Islamic solution in Malaysian society as a multicultural society.","PeriodicalId":53770,"journal":{"name":"Afkar-Jurnal Akidah & Pemikiran Islam-Journal of Aqidah & Islamic Thought","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82957685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-30DOI: 10.22452/afkar.vol23no1.6
Dheen Mohamed Mohamed Meerasahibu
The purpose of this article is to present some early definitions of taṣawwuf, uttered by a Sufi who lived before the end of the first half of the third/ninth century known by his paidonymic Abū Yazīd al-Bistāmī (161AH–234AH). The importance of this discussion – which employs the historical analytical method – stems from the fact that the definitions under study reflect a highly developed Sufi experience. The paper concludes that Abū Yazīd’s definitions are among the earliest known to us and that taṣawwuf had reached its maturity well before the end of the first half of the third century AH. This would I feel prompt researchers in the field to reassess and reconstruct the history of taṣawwuf, especially in its formative period, and might well lead to a new narrative of its development.
{"title":"Some Early Definitions of Taṣawwuf: Exploring the Centrality of Abū Yazīd al-Bisṭāmi in Its History","authors":"Dheen Mohamed Mohamed Meerasahibu","doi":"10.22452/afkar.vol23no1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22452/afkar.vol23no1.6","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this article is to present some early definitions of taṣawwuf, uttered by a Sufi who lived before the end of the first half of the third/ninth century known by his paidonymic Abū Yazīd al-Bistāmī (161AH–234AH). The importance of this discussion – which employs the historical analytical method – stems from the fact that the definitions under study reflect a highly developed Sufi experience. The paper concludes that Abū Yazīd’s definitions are among the earliest known to us and that taṣawwuf had reached its maturity well before the end of the first half of the third century AH. This would I feel prompt researchers in the field to reassess and reconstruct the history of taṣawwuf, especially in its formative period, and might well lead to a new narrative of its development.","PeriodicalId":53770,"journal":{"name":"Afkar-Jurnal Akidah & Pemikiran Islam-Journal of Aqidah & Islamic Thought","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83544670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-30DOI: 10.22452/AFKAR.VOL23NO1.9
Muhammad Ayman al-Akiti, Zainul Abidin Bin Abdul Halim
Sufism (taṣawwuf) is one of three major discussions of Sunni scholars in the Malay world. These scholars have given an impressive focus to the discussion of Sufism which is a complement to the discussion of ‘aqidah and fiqh. As a result, they succeeded in generating new ideas in Sufism and contributing to the intellectual development of this discipline. This paper discusses the principle of Sufism by Malay Sunni Sufi scholars who follow the methodology of Imam al-Ghazālī and al-Shaykh al-Akbar Ibn ʻArabī al-Ḥātimī. The focus of discussion will be on how the Malay scholars understand the objective methodology of Sufism by al-Ghazālī and Ibn ʻArabī and how they make these objectives realized through the establishment of Sufism syllabus for the Malay community. It categorizes the Sufis into three levels where each of these levels has a text of study corresponding to it. This study also explains that the study of Sufism is based on the category of knowledge level and the level of students. This is as explained by the two figures. Thus, the study concludes that the contribution of Malay scholars has merged the concept of the level of knowledge and its students based on the thought of Imam al-Ghazālī with the concept of categorization of knowledge and its students by Imam Ibn ʻArabī al-Ḥātimī. At the same time, this study proves taṣawwuf kashfī that comes with the spread of Islam to the Malay world is never lost, but it continues to grow, and studied until now.
苏菲主义(taṣawwuf)是马来世界逊尼派学者的三大讨论之一。这些学者对苏菲主义的讨论给予了令人印象深刻的关注，这是对“aqidah”和“fiqh”讨论的补充。因此，他们成功地产生了苏菲主义的新思想，并为这一学科的智力发展做出了贡献。本文讨论了马来逊尼派苏菲派学者的苏菲主义原则，他们遵循伊玛目al-Ghazālī和谢赫·阿克巴尔·伊本·阿拉伯尔-Ḥātimī的方法论。讨论的重点将是马来学者如何理解al-Ghazālī和伊本·阿拉比的苏菲主义客观方法论，以及他们如何通过为马来社区建立苏菲主义教学大纲来实现这些目标。它把苏菲派分成三个层次，每一个层次都有相应的研究文本。本研究也说明苏菲主义的学习是基于知识水平和学生水平的范畴。这两个数字说明了这一点。因此，本研究得出结论，马来学者的贡献是将伊玛目al-Ghazālī思想基础上的知识层次及其学生概念与伊玛目伊本·阿拉比阿尔-Ḥātimī的知识分类及其学生概念融合在一起。同时，本研究证明了taṣawwuf kashf '，随着伊斯兰教传播到马来世界从未丢失，但它继续增长，并研究至今。
{"title":"A Glimpse on the Characteristics of Sufism and Its Major References in the Malay World","authors":"Muhammad Ayman al-Akiti, Zainul Abidin Bin Abdul Halim","doi":"10.22452/AFKAR.VOL23NO1.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22452/AFKAR.VOL23NO1.9","url":null,"abstract":"Sufism (taṣawwuf) is one of three major discussions of Sunni scholars in the Malay world. These scholars have given an impressive focus to the discussion of Sufism which is a complement to the discussion of ‘aqidah and fiqh. As a result, they succeeded in generating new ideas in Sufism and contributing to the intellectual development of this discipline. This paper discusses the principle of Sufism by Malay Sunni Sufi scholars who follow the methodology of Imam al-Ghazālī and al-Shaykh al-Akbar Ibn ʻArabī al-Ḥātimī. The focus of discussion will be on how the Malay scholars understand the objective methodology of Sufism by al-Ghazālī and Ibn ʻArabī and how they make these objectives realized through the establishment of Sufism syllabus for the Malay community. It categorizes the Sufis into three levels where each of these levels has a text of study corresponding to it. This study also explains that the study of Sufism is based on the category of knowledge level and the level of students. This is as explained by the two figures. Thus, the study concludes that the contribution of Malay scholars has merged the concept of the level of knowledge and its students based on the thought of Imam al-Ghazālī with the concept of categorization of knowledge and its students by Imam Ibn ʻArabī al-Ḥātimī. At the same time, this study proves taṣawwuf kashfī that comes with the spread of Islam to the Malay world is never lost, but it continues to grow, and studied until now.","PeriodicalId":53770,"journal":{"name":"Afkar-Jurnal Akidah & Pemikiran Islam-Journal of Aqidah & Islamic Thought","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76417352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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