Pub Date : 2022-09-02DOI: 10.1080/14701847.2022.2140949
Pablo Hernández Sau, Francisco A. Eissa-Barroso
ABSTRACT Lives characterised by staggered, stepwise or “ongoing” mobility were ubiquitous in the Early-Modern Spanish world. However, individuals who repeatedly alternated long-distance relocation with prolonged periods of sojourn in different places have attracted limited attention from historians. Contemporary migration studies, by contrast, increasingly stress the importance of considering experiences of mobility from a longitudinal perspective. By doing so, they highlight how, over time and through repeated migrations, individuals and families often transcend official immigration categories, acquire and deploy skills, rely on, create and destroy relational networks, and produce narratives that allow them to make sense of both their trajectories and their experiences of social and place insertion. Drawing on insights from this scholarship and the “new mobilities paradigm,” adopting a narrative, biographical or life-cycle approach, to the mobile lives of enslaved individuals in the Atlantic and the Mediterranean, of mestizo children travelling to and from Spain, of Canarian migrants, royal officials and merchants, the contributors to this special issue aim to further our understanding of how the experiences of these individuals were central to the construction and transformation of religious ideas, personal and political identities, and familial, commercial and patronage networks that articulated the early modern Spanish world.
{"title":"Introduction: “ongoing” mobilities in the Early-Modern Spanish world","authors":"Pablo Hernández Sau, Francisco A. Eissa-Barroso","doi":"10.1080/14701847.2022.2140949","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14701847.2022.2140949","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Lives characterised by staggered, stepwise or “ongoing” mobility were ubiquitous in the Early-Modern Spanish world. However, individuals who repeatedly alternated long-distance relocation with prolonged periods of sojourn in different places have attracted limited attention from historians. Contemporary migration studies, by contrast, increasingly stress the importance of considering experiences of mobility from a longitudinal perspective. By doing so, they highlight how, over time and through repeated migrations, individuals and families often transcend official immigration categories, acquire and deploy skills, rely on, create and destroy relational networks, and produce narratives that allow them to make sense of both their trajectories and their experiences of social and place insertion. Drawing on insights from this scholarship and the “new mobilities paradigm,” adopting a narrative, biographical or life-cycle approach, to the mobile lives of enslaved individuals in the Atlantic and the Mediterranean, of mestizo children travelling to and from Spain, of Canarian migrants, royal officials and merchants, the contributors to this special issue aim to further our understanding of how the experiences of these individuals were central to the construction and transformation of religious ideas, personal and political identities, and familial, commercial and patronage networks that articulated the early modern Spanish world.","PeriodicalId":53911,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Iberian and Latin American Studies","volume":"84 1","pages":"329 - 343"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90589678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-02DOI: 10.1080/14701847.2022.2140951
Érika Rincones Minda
ABSTRACT In 1703 Juan de Junterones bought in Murcia a Christian slave, María de la Cruz, a single woman who had previously been enslaved to Francisco Salinas in Madrid, and who had been baptized in Jumilla. Earlier in her life, she had been a free, married, Muslim woman in Oran called Merdia ben Hazman. Hers was a life of multistage geographical mobility accompanied by radical social, legal, and religious transformations. Yet Merdia was just one of many Muslim individuals who migrated to the Iberian Peninsula in the 17th and 18th centuries. By analyzing the experiences of mobility individuals described in the sources as “Muslim,” this article re-centers a heterogonous community that has often been obscured in the historiography. It also explores how processes of identification and self-identification played out in different ways, partly depending on the geographical-historical experiences of different towns and cities and the motivations and expectations of migrants.
{"title":"Muslim sequential mobilities. Merdia ben Hazman, an “exceptional” case in the Early Modern Spanish Mediterranean","authors":"Érika Rincones Minda","doi":"10.1080/14701847.2022.2140951","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14701847.2022.2140951","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In 1703 Juan de Junterones bought in Murcia a Christian slave, María de la Cruz, a single woman who had previously been enslaved to Francisco Salinas in Madrid, and who had been baptized in Jumilla. Earlier in her life, she had been a free, married, Muslim woman in Oran called Merdia ben Hazman. Hers was a life of multistage geographical mobility accompanied by radical social, legal, and religious transformations. Yet Merdia was just one of many Muslim individuals who migrated to the Iberian Peninsula in the 17th and 18th centuries. By analyzing the experiences of mobility individuals described in the sources as “Muslim,” this article re-centers a heterogonous community that has often been obscured in the historiography. It also explores how processes of identification and self-identification played out in different ways, partly depending on the geographical-historical experiences of different towns and cities and the motivations and expectations of migrants.","PeriodicalId":53911,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Iberian and Latin American Studies","volume":"102 1","pages":"371 - 385"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77181056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-02DOI: 10.1080/14701847.2022.2140955
Katherine Godfrey
ABSTRACT Over the course of the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, dozens – if not hundreds – of mestizo, or mixed-race, children and adolescents journeyed to and from the Iberian Peninsula from Spain’s American territories. A significant number of them hailed from northern South America. Born from the often-violent encounters between Indigenous and European peoples, mestizo children facilitated the forging of merchant networks both in the service of their Spanish fathers as well as other non-related, legal guardians. These children – and in particular male youths – assisted their stewards during terrestrial and transatlantic travel, and in the process, became familiar with trading practices, kinship networks that spanned vast distances, and the crucial recognition that having access to the monarch’s ear held immeasurable worth. Documents culled from Colombian and Spanish archives, and in particular travel licenses from the Casa de la Contratación in Seville, Spain, provide rich and often harrowing accounts of the multidirectional movements of mestizo children. Pressed into a peripatetic life at the behest of Spanish fathers and the pulse of the Carrera de Indias fleet system, I contend that mestizo children, while perhaps small in physical and legal stature, were crucial, human components in the building of empire.
从16世纪到17世纪初，数十名(如果不是数百名的话)混血儿童和青少年从西班牙的美洲领土往返于伊比利亚半岛。他们中有相当一部分来自南美洲北部。混血儿出生在土著和欧洲人经常发生的暴力冲突中，他们促进了商人网络的建立，既为他们的西班牙父亲服务，也为其他无亲属的法定监护人服务。这些孩子——尤其是年轻的男性——在陆地和跨大西洋的旅行中协助他们的管家，在这个过程中，他们熟悉了贸易惯例，跨越遥远的亲属网络，并认识到能够进入君主的耳朵具有不可估量的价值。从哥伦比亚和西班牙的档案中挑选出来的文件，特别是从西班牙塞维利亚的Casa de la Contratación获得的旅行许可证，提供了关于混血儿童多向流动的丰富而往往令人痛心的描述。在西班牙父亲的命令下，在卡雷拉·德·印度舰队体系的脉搏下，我被迫过着四处漂泊的生活，我认为，混血儿童虽然在身体和法律地位上可能都很小，但在帝国的建设中却是至关重要的人类组成部分。
{"title":"House of Trade: Mestizo Children, Merchant Networks, and Sixteenth-Century Empire Building in Early Modern Colombia","authors":"Katherine Godfrey","doi":"10.1080/14701847.2022.2140955","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14701847.2022.2140955","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Over the course of the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, dozens – if not hundreds – of mestizo, or mixed-race, children and adolescents journeyed to and from the Iberian Peninsula from Spain’s American territories. A significant number of them hailed from northern South America. Born from the often-violent encounters between Indigenous and European peoples, mestizo children facilitated the forging of merchant networks both in the service of their Spanish fathers as well as other non-related, legal guardians. These children – and in particular male youths – assisted their stewards during terrestrial and transatlantic travel, and in the process, became familiar with trading practices, kinship networks that spanned vast distances, and the crucial recognition that having access to the monarch’s ear held immeasurable worth. Documents culled from Colombian and Spanish archives, and in particular travel licenses from the Casa de la Contratación in Seville, Spain, provide rich and often harrowing accounts of the multidirectional movements of mestizo children. Pressed into a peripatetic life at the behest of Spanish fathers and the pulse of the Carrera de Indias fleet system, I contend that mestizo children, while perhaps small in physical and legal stature, were crucial, human components in the building of empire.","PeriodicalId":53911,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Iberian and Latin American Studies","volume":"7 1","pages":"403 - 420"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79763177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-02DOI: 10.1080/14701847.2022.2140952
Jesse Cromwell
ABSTRACT Bourbon reformers encouraged impoverished Canary Islanders to repopulate and cultivate peripheral locales of the empire throughout the eighteenth century. However, this mobility clashed with the family obligations of those settlers. In 1759, at the age of eighteen, Domingo Galdona left Tenerife in the Canary Islands to make his fortune in Venezuela, settling in Cumaná and accumulating a handsome cacao plantation by his hard work. This rags-to-riches story was complicated thirteen years later when Galdona’s wife, Antonia Guerra y Baute, filed a suit with colonial administrators demanding that he return to married life with her and their daughter in Tenerife or, alternatively, take them to live with him in Cumaná. Guerra y Baute’s suit accused Galdona of bigamy, smuggling, domestic abuse, faking his own death, and abandonment. Domingo and Antonia’s case was also a story about immigration and the state. His troubles with the legal apparatus of empire demonstrated how migration complicated bedrock principles of domestic society in the Iberian world. The frustrating ambiguities of Domingo and Antonia’s case reveal that when imperial ongoing mobility forced personal matters into the public sphere, individuals’ true desires often contradicted their initial testimonies and their prescribed societal obligations.
整个18世纪，波旁王朝的改革者鼓励贫困的加那利群岛居民重新定居并开垦帝国的周边地区。然而，这种流动性与这些移民的家庭义务相冲突。1759年，18岁的多明戈·加尔多纳离开加那利群岛的特内里费岛，到委内瑞拉发家致富。他在库曼定居下来，通过辛勤工作积累了一个漂亮的可可种植园。13年后，加尔多纳的妻子安东尼娅·格拉·伊·鲍特(Antonia Guerra y Baute)向殖民地行政官员提起诉讼，要求他与她和女儿回到特内里费岛的婚姻生活，或者带她们去库曼与他一起生活，这个由穷到富的故事变得复杂起来。Guerra y Baute的诉讼指控加尔多纳犯有重婚、走私、家庭暴力、伪造死亡和遗弃罪。多明戈和安东尼娅的案子也是一个关于移民和国家的故事。他在帝国法律机构上遇到的麻烦表明，移民如何使伊比利亚世界国内社会的基本原则复杂化。多明戈和安东尼娅案例中令人沮丧的模棱两可表明，当帝国持续的流动性迫使个人事务进入公共领域时，个人的真实愿望往往与他们最初的证词和规定的社会义务相矛盾。
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Pub Date : 2022-05-04DOI: 10.1080/14701847.2022.2094626
Capucine Boidin
ABSTRACT Our hypothesis is that in Paraguay’s Jesuit missions the Indian authorities, whose language was Guaraní, identified the medieval political concept of love with their own conceptions of ownership and possession of others, while the Jesuits thought they had found the exact equivalent of their conceptions of love in the Guaraní verb ayhu. We show that this was a case of “double mistaken identity,” but that it was nonetheless productive in that it entrenched, for a very long time, a certain conception of asymmetrical mutual love in Guaraní-speaking societies. To conduct our demonstration we reread recent works in Tupí-Guaraní prehistory and anthropology and analysed documents written in Guaraní by mission Indian authorities between 1750 and 1810, which as a team we paleographed, transliterated, and translated for a open-access database, available at www.langas.cnrs.fr.
{"title":"The political language of love in Guaraní in the missions of Paraguay (1750–1810)","authors":"Capucine Boidin","doi":"10.1080/14701847.2022.2094626","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14701847.2022.2094626","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Our hypothesis is that in Paraguay’s Jesuit missions the Indian authorities, whose language was Guaraní, identified the medieval political concept of love with their own conceptions of ownership and possession of others, while the Jesuits thought they had found the exact equivalent of their conceptions of love in the Guaraní verb ayhu. We show that this was a case of “double mistaken identity,” but that it was nonetheless productive in that it entrenched, for a very long time, a certain conception of asymmetrical mutual love in Guaraní-speaking societies. To conduct our demonstration we reread recent works in Tupí-Guaraní prehistory and anthropology and analysed documents written in Guaraní by mission Indian authorities between 1750 and 1810, which as a team we paleographed, transliterated, and translated for a open-access database, available at www.langas.cnrs.fr.","PeriodicalId":53911,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Iberian and Latin American Studies","volume":"19 1","pages":"221 - 238"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76780522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-04DOI: 10.1080/14701847.2022.2087952
Guillermo Marín
ABSTRACT This text analyses the pro-German propaganda conducted in Spain during World War II. To this end, and in the first instance, the article provides a broad contextualization of the cultural, political, military and economic links that existed between Spain and Germany prior to the war. Moreover, it analyses ideas around Europe that had developed prior to 1933, as predecessors to the project that Germany constructed during World War II, and that were transmitted in the form of propaganda through the press. After this context is discussed, the text focuses on its main subject in order to expose and explain the pro-German propaganda that appeared in a local newspaper in the Basque Country (Pensamiento Alavés in the city of Vitoria), linking its appearance, characteristics, and dissemination with the dynamics of the space in which it was developed: a city in which the German factor had had a marked presence from the beginning of the Spanish Civil War.
{"title":"Representations of Germany in Spain During World War II. a Microhistorical Study","authors":"Guillermo Marín","doi":"10.1080/14701847.2022.2087952","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14701847.2022.2087952","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This text analyses the pro-German propaganda conducted in Spain during World War II. To this end, and in the first instance, the article provides a broad contextualization of the cultural, political, military and economic links that existed between Spain and Germany prior to the war. Moreover, it analyses ideas around Europe that had developed prior to 1933, as predecessors to the project that Germany constructed during World War II, and that were transmitted in the form of propaganda through the press. After this context is discussed, the text focuses on its main subject in order to expose and explain the pro-German propaganda that appeared in a local newspaper in the Basque Country (Pensamiento Alavés in the city of Vitoria), linking its appearance, characteristics, and dissemination with the dynamics of the space in which it was developed: a city in which the German factor had had a marked presence from the beginning of the Spanish Civil War.","PeriodicalId":53911,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Iberian and Latin American Studies","volume":"76 3 1","pages":"305 - 327"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79640063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-04DOI: 10.1080/14701847.2022.2094621
Silke Hensel
ABSTRACT In Mexico, as in all of Spanish America, independence from Spain was followed by a period of political instability. This instability was related, in particular, to the need to find new forms of and procedures for political decision-making and ways to create new political identities given the rise of new concepts such as national sovereignty, representation and the general will in the era of Atlantic Revolutions. This article sheds light on pronunciamientos as a form of representation which became prominent in Mexico. Some pronunciamientos were outright rebellions but they were more often a ritualized practice used by many social actors to express their will in political conflicts. Along with elections, they took on a mediating function between the government and representative bodies and the citizenry. Pronunciamientos changed the one-directional relationship between ruler and ruled that had been common during the colonial period. Communication between the local, regional and national levels intensified considerably and printed public spaces merged with oral spaces. The importance of pronunciamientos lay not only in their direct influence on political decisions but also in their symbolic function. The article shows how surprisingly fast these elements of pronunciamientos came to life in 1823, a decisive year for the Mexican polity.
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Pub Date : 2022-05-04DOI: 10.1080/14701847.2022.2094622
Javier Esteban-Ochoa-de-Eribe
The Hispanic monarchy, 1820s. In Madrid, a matador famous for wearing a white suit embroi-dered with the fleur-de-lis – symbol of the royalists – fights black bulls – the colour of the liberals. As this matador performs in Seville’s bullring, a rival steps out dressed entirely in black. Simultaneously, in Bilbao, a veteran of the liberal militias challenges the best pelota player in Spain to a match. The challenge is accepted by a young man who has served in the royalist militia. Whether in a bullring or in the fronton stands, the audience were not indifferent to these political signals. Their passionate booing or applauding, depending on their political inclinations, sometimes led to violent acts. 1 Meanwhile, on the other side of the Atlantic, various officers from the pro-independence army fight bulls before an audience in celebration of the independence of the Mexican Empire. These same officers would write proclamations to maintain public order in the bullring (Cossío y Corral[1943-1997] 2007, vol. 7: 239–242).
西班牙君主制，19世纪20年代。在马德里，一位著名的斗牛士身穿绣有鸢尾花(保皇党的象征)的白色西装，与代表自由主义者的黑色公牛搏斗。当这个斗牛士在塞维利亚的斗牛场表演时，一个对手穿着一身黑色的衣服走了出来。与此同时，在毕尔巴鄂，一名自由民兵的老将向西班牙最好的佩洛塔选手发起挑战。一个曾在保皇党民兵中服役的年轻人接受了挑战。无论是在斗牛场还是在前排看台上，观众对这些政治信号并非漠不关心。根据他们的政治倾向，他们热情的嘘声或掌声有时会导致暴力行为。与此同时，在大西洋的另一边，支持独立的军队的军官们在庆祝墨西哥帝国独立的观众面前与公牛战斗。这些官员还会写公告来维持斗牛场的公共秩序(Cossío y Corral[1943-1997] 2007, vol. 7: 239-242)。
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Pub Date : 2022-05-04DOI: 10.1080/14701847.2022.2094624
D. Morán
ABSTRACT The commemoration of the bicentennial of the independence of Latin America has meant and important renewal in the historiography. Political and cultural history and its links with conceptual history have provided us with novel interpretations. Within these perspectives this research aims to analyze the political uses of the concept of people during the war of independence in the Spanish-American press. The objetive is to understand in a related way the use and complexity of the concept of people in the Buenos Aires, Santiago de Chile and, Lima press from the revolution of May,1810 in Buenos Aires, the Upper Peru war, the Chilean Independence, and San Martin's Protectorate in Peru (1821-1822). In these varied contexts, the concept of people had different meanings that sought the political legitimacy of the exercise of power among the various political and social actors: for example, a meaning between disqualifying and denigrating as vulgar, populace, lower class, and, on the other hand, a sense alluding to educated or distinguished people of society, different from the mob. In other words, we are witnessing the politicization of the concept according to the contexts, interests, and, the vicissitudes of the war of independence.
{"title":"“The poor were slaves, and the rich masters.” The political concept of the people in the Spanish-American press discourse in times of Independence","authors":"D. Morán","doi":"10.1080/14701847.2022.2094624","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14701847.2022.2094624","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The commemoration of the bicentennial of the independence of Latin America has meant and important renewal in the historiography. Political and cultural history and its links with conceptual history have provided us with novel interpretations. Within these perspectives this research aims to analyze the political uses of the concept of people during the war of independence in the Spanish-American press. The objetive is to understand in a related way the use and complexity of the concept of people in the Buenos Aires, Santiago de Chile and, Lima press from the revolution of May,1810 in Buenos Aires, the Upper Peru war, the Chilean Independence, and San Martin's Protectorate in Peru (1821-1822). In these varied contexts, the concept of people had different meanings that sought the political legitimacy of the exercise of power among the various political and social actors: for example, a meaning between disqualifying and denigrating as vulgar, populace, lower class, and, on the other hand, a sense alluding to educated or distinguished people of society, different from the mob. In other words, we are witnessing the politicization of the concept according to the contexts, interests, and, the vicissitudes of the war of independence.","PeriodicalId":53911,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Iberian and Latin American Studies","volume":"64 1","pages":"183 - 201"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76059140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-04DOI: 10.1080/14701847.2022.2094623
Andoni Artola, José María Imízcoz
ABSTRACT This paper examines the politicisation process that took place in the Hispanic monarchy towards the end of the Ancien Régime, with a special focus on analysing the actors involved in the Bourbon reformism. Our approach enables us to overcome the “upward politicisation/downward politicisation” dichotomy which is commonplace in current historiography. Based on this approach, we propose to reconstruct the connections between these actors and the circles in which modern forms of politics arose. Said connections transformed these actors culturally, and distanced them from the non-politicised culture of traditional communities. In that sense, throughout the 18th century the reformist endeavours of the crown were a major driver of politicisation but affected only a minority, coming as they did before the age of massive politicisation in the 19th and 20th centuries. We take a detailed look at the case of the traditional societies of the Basque Country and Navarre to demonstrate the scope of this first politicisation.
{"title":"Politics, morals and politicisation in the eighteenth-century Spanish monarchy. The creation of a public sphere and its enemies","authors":"Andoni Artola, José María Imízcoz","doi":"10.1080/14701847.2022.2094623","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14701847.2022.2094623","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper examines the politicisation process that took place in the Hispanic monarchy towards the end of the Ancien Régime, with a special focus on analysing the actors involved in the Bourbon reformism. Our approach enables us to overcome the “upward politicisation/downward politicisation” dichotomy which is commonplace in current historiography. Based on this approach, we propose to reconstruct the connections between these actors and the circles in which modern forms of politics arose. Said connections transformed these actors culturally, and distanced them from the non-politicised culture of traditional communities. In that sense, throughout the 18th century the reformist endeavours of the crown were a major driver of politicisation but affected only a minority, coming as they did before the age of massive politicisation in the 19th and 20th centuries. We take a detailed look at the case of the traditional societies of the Basque Country and Navarre to demonstrate the scope of this first politicisation.","PeriodicalId":53911,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Iberian and Latin American Studies","volume":"13 1","pages":"163 - 182"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77711876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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