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Renegotiating the Boundaries of the Virile Nation: the España negra of José Gutiérrez Solana in the art exhibitions of postwar Spain (1940–45) 重新谈判阳刚民族的边界:战后西班牙艺术展览中的索拉纳España黑人形象(1940 - 1945)
IF 0.3 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2020-09-01 DOI: 10.1080/14701847.2020.1851909
Zira Box
ABSTRACT Throughout the years immediately following the Spanish Civil War, Francoist discourse on the nation was strongly linked to the idea of virility. All the different political cultures of the dictatorship defined the Spanish nation as intrinsically shaped around values that spoke firstly of daring, strength and vigour, but also of self-discipline, restraint and control. Despite the intensity of this discourse, the narrative it presented revealed porosities and elasticities that permitted ambiguous images to filter through that challenged this language of national virility. One example was the imagery of José Gutiérrez Solana, a leading artist of the regime and assiduous participant in its art exhibitions, but one who, with his dark paintings full of beggars, death and fanaticism, presented a substantially different image of the Spanish nation. Beginning with this apparent contradiction, the intention of this article is to examine the discourse deployed around Solana in order to explore the ways in which the profile of the virile and victorious nation was renegotiated to include his work within it, and the degree to which the key to this inclusion lay in a set of reinterpretations intended to extend virility to an artist otherwise close to images of the “feminization” of Spain.
在西班牙内战之后的几年里,弗朗哥主义关于国家的话语与男子气概的观念密切相关。独裁统治下的所有不同的政治文化都将西班牙民族定义为内在的价值观,首先是勇敢,力量和活力,还有自律,克制和控制。尽管这种话语的强度,它所呈现的叙述揭示了漏洞和弹性,允许模糊的图像过滤,挑战这种国家男子气概的语言。一个例子是joss gutisamurez Solana的肖像,他是该政权的主要艺术家,也是其艺术展览的热心参与者,但他的黑暗画作充满了乞丐、死亡和狂热,呈现了西班牙民族的一个完全不同的形象。从这个明显的矛盾开始,本文的目的是检查围绕索拉纳展开的话语,以探索如何重新协商阳刚和胜利的国家的形象,以包括他的作品在内,以及这种包括的关键在于一系列重新解释的程度,这些重新解释旨在将阳刚扩展到一位艺术家身上,否则就会接近西班牙“女性化”的形象。
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引用次数: 0
The interoceanic nation in a world at war: Panama and the 1916 exhibition, a conflicted celebration 战争中的跨洋国家:巴拿马和1916年的展览,一个矛盾的庆祝活动
IF 0.3 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2020-09-01 DOI: 10.1080/14701847.2020.1851917
David Marcilhacy
ABSTRACT After winning its independence in 1903, the Republic of Panama launched a propaganda campaign to create national consciousness and, diplomatically, dispel its image among Ibero-American states as a country “made in Washington”. The 1916 National Exhibition was mounted to serve this dual purpose, and initially scheduled to celebrate both the 400th anniversary of the discovery of the Pacific Ocean by Núñez de Balboa (1913), and the opening of the Panama Canal (1914). The authorities met great difficulties in organizing the event, which had to be postponed until 1916, when a world war was underway, and after the Panama-Pacific Exposition already held in San Francisco. This limited its success and drastically reduced international participation, which further emphasized Panama’s isolation. Nevertheless, it marked an essential step in Panama’s self-affirmation as a new nation. Based on unpublished archival sources and the contemporary press, this paper examines the contradictions of this commemoration. On the one hand, the 1916 celebrations sought to highlight the triumphs of modern technology and worldwide exchanges, but in an international context of global war, exacerbated nationalism and imperialist expansion; on the other, the event was used as an affirmation of nationalism and Hispanic identity, when in reality the country’s subordinate relationship with the US was becoming ever more consolidated.
1903年赢得独立后,巴拿马共和国发起了一场宣传运动,以建立民族意识,并在外交上消除其在伊比利亚美洲国家中的形象,即“华盛顿制造”的国家。1916年的国家展览是为了实现这一双重目的,最初计划庆祝Núñez de Balboa发现太平洋400周年(1913年)和巴拿马运河开通(1914年)。当局在组织这次活动时遇到了很大的困难,不得不推迟到1916年,当时世界大战正在进行,巴拿马-太平洋博览会已经在旧金山举行。这限制了它的成功,大大减少了国际参与,进一步强调了巴拿马的孤立。然而,它标志着巴拿马作为一个新国家自我肯定的重要一步。本文以未发表的档案资料和当代新闻为基础,考察了这一纪念活动的矛盾。一方面,1916年的庆祝活动试图突出现代技术和全球交流的胜利,但在全球战争的国际背景下,加剧了民族主义和帝国主义的扩张;另一方面,这一事件被用作对民族主义和西班牙裔身份的肯定,而实际上,该国与美国的从属关系正变得越来越巩固。
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引用次数: 1
Discussing democracy in Spain and in Latin America during the age of revolutions: commonalities and differences 讨论革命时期西班牙和拉丁美洲的民主:共性与差异
IF 0.3 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2020-05-03 DOI: 10.1080/14701847.2020.1789375
Javier Fernández-Sebastián
ABSTRACT This article provides an overview of the early uses of the term democracy in Spain and in Hispanic America during the 19th century. It is mainly built on the collaborative research conducted in the region in the field of conceptual history in recent years, especially on the publications of the Iberconceptos network. By grouping all the Spanish-speaking countries of the Western Hemisphere into a single block, my comparative approach is schematic, for it is clear that this part of the world is far from being a homogeneous sociopolitical space. Even so, the contrast between the two poles – Spain and Latin America – has proved to be heuristically productive, since it enables us to identify certain similarities and differences between the respective conceptualizations and practices associated with democracy that occurred on both sides of the Atlantic between 1808 and 1875, approximately. From some common features, patterns and milestones that this essay reveals it is possible to draw a schematic chronology that could serve as a general framework to subsequent more specific historical studies on the evolution of the concept of democracy in this or that particular country belonging to this cultural area.
本文概述了19世纪西班牙和拉美国家对民主一词的早期使用。它主要建立在近年来在该地区概念史领域进行的合作研究的基础上,特别是在Iberconceptos网络的出版物上。通过将西半球所有讲西班牙语的国家分组为一个单一的集团,我的比较方法是一个示意图,因为很明显,世界的这一部分远非一个同质的社会政治空间。尽管如此,两极- -西班牙和拉丁美洲- -之间的对比已被证明具有启发式的生产力,因为它使我们能够确定大约在1808年至1875年之间大西洋两岸发生的与民主有关的各自概念和实践之间的某些相似之处和差异。从本文揭示的一些共同特征、模式和里程碑中,有可能绘制出一个概括性的年表,可以作为一个总体框架,用于随后更具体的关于民主概念在属于该文化区域的这个或那个特定国家的演变的历史研究。
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引用次数: 1
From rejection to acknowledgement and dispute: four moments in the origins of Chilean representative democracy, 1822–1851 从拒绝到承认和争论:智利代议制民主起源的四个时刻,1822-1851
IF 0.3 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2020-05-03 DOI: 10.1080/14701847.2020.1789374
M. Casals, Andrés Estefane, Juan Luis Ossa
ABSTRACT This article traces the changes in the meanings and uses of the concept of democracy in Chile in the period 1822–1851. Based on an extensive revision of newspapers, it shows how the idea of democracy evolved from a negative understanding of it to an increasingly positive vision that saw it as a key mechanism for legitimising political power. Essential for this transition were, first, the doctrinal disputes of the 1820s, which established a series of liberal and republican principles that ended up being constituent characteristics of Chilean democracy. Second, the concept of representation, which by normalising a way of exercising power through delegates democratically elected, allowed to cleanse democracy from what contemporaries considered its most menacing excesses. The article identifies four moments of progress and retreats of democracy during the first half of the nineteenth century, demonstrating the extent to which this was a more complex process than what is commonly believed. In so doing, it aims to question some of the general assumptions about the origins of democracy both in Latin America and Chile and to demonstrate how the acknowledgement of the idea of representative democracy was one of the main legacies of these seminal debates for nineteenth-century Chilean politics.
本文追溯了1822-1851年间智利民主概念的含义和用法的变化。基于对报纸的广泛修订,本书展示了民主的概念是如何从一种消极的理解演变为一种日益积极的观点,将其视为政治权力合法化的关键机制。对这一转变至关重要的是,首先,19世纪20年代的教义争论,它确立了一系列自由和共和原则,最终成为智利民主的组成特征。其次,代议制的概念使民主选举产生的代表行使权力的方式正常化,从而使民主摆脱了同时代人认为最具威胁性的过度行为。这篇文章指出了19世纪上半叶民主进步和倒退的四个时刻,表明这是一个比人们普遍认为的更复杂的过程。在这样做的过程中,它的目的是质疑一些关于拉丁美洲和智利民主起源的一般假设,并证明对代议制民主思想的承认是19世纪智利政治的这些开创性辩论的主要遗产之一。
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引用次数: 0
Demotic and “democratic” languages in post-independence Brazil, 1822-48 独立后巴西的民主语言和“民主”语言,1822-48
IF 0.3 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2020-05-03 DOI: 10.1080/14701847.2020.1790229
G. Paquette
ABSTRACT This article addresses how the political language of democracy was used in nineteenth-century Brazil prior to 1850 and how its deployment was connected to related yet distinct political concepts, particularly liberalism and republicanism. It explores the prevalence of the language of democracy in a constitutional monarchy predicated on a socio-political order that was itself dependent on slavery and in which the vast majority of subjects, enslaved and free, were either de facto or de jure disenfranchised or excluded from the political process. The article focuses on the political ideas of the rebellions of the 1820s-40s, which mainly occurred in the provinces far from the capital of Rio de Janeiro, including the Confederation of the Equator, the Sabinada, the Farroupilha, and the Praieira.
本文探讨了1850年之前,民主的政治语言是如何在19世纪的巴西被使用的,以及它的部署是如何与相关但不同的政治概念联系在一起的,特别是自由主义和共和主义。它探讨了民主语言在君主立宪制下的流行,这种君主立宪制基于一种社会政治秩序,而这种秩序本身就依赖于奴隶制,在这种秩序中,绝大多数被奴役和自由的臣民,要么在事实上,要么在法律上被剥夺了公民权,要么被排除在政治进程之外。19世纪20年代至40年代,主要发生在远离首都里约热内卢的省份,包括赤道联邦、萨比纳达、法鲁皮哈和普拉埃拉等地的叛乱,本文着重分析了这些叛乱的政治思想。
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引用次数: 0
Tocqueville in Mexico 托克维尔在墨西哥
IF 0.3 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2020-05-03 DOI: 10.1080/14701847.2020.1789373
J. Rivera
ABSTRACT The article assesses the reception of Alexis de Tocqueville’s Democracy in America in nineteenth-century Mexico. It explores the impact in two political debates at the time: judicial review (or the writ of amparo) and the question whether Mexico ought to be a central or a federal republic. Tocqueville was instrumental for the participants in those debates. The article examines the nature of these Tocquevillian interventions. Did Democracy in America enlighten the political dilemmas that actors faced at the time? Politicians and thinkers gave more importance to the descriptions of the American institutions that the book provided, and very often overlooked the importance of Tocqueville’s remarks on Mexico’s cultural and social inability to sustain democracy.
本文评估了19世纪墨西哥对托克维尔《美国的民主》的接受情况。它探讨了当时两场政治辩论的影响:司法审查(或宪法保护令)和墨西哥应该成为中央共和国还是联邦共和国的问题。托克维尔对这些辩论的参与者起到了重要作用。本文考察了这些托克维尔式干预的本质。《美国的民主》启发了演员们当时所面临的政治困境吗?政治家和思想家更重视书中对美国制度的描述,而往往忽视了托克维尔关于墨西哥文化和社会无法维持民主的言论的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
“The history of democracy in Latin America and the Caribbean, 1800-1870: an introduction” 拉丁美洲和加勒比地区的民主历史,1800-1870:导论
IF 0.3 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2020-05-03 DOI: 10.1080/14701847.2020.1790228
E. Posada-Carbó
ABSTRACT This brief essay places the various articles of this dossier within the growing literature on the history of democracy, noting the neglect that Latin America and the Caribbean, in spite of some advances, continue to suffer in the field. It then highlights some of the contributions offered by the essays of the dossier.
这篇简短的文章将本档案的各种文章放在越来越多的关于民主历史的文献中,注意到拉丁美洲和加勒比地区尽管取得了一些进步,但在该领域继续遭受忽视。然后,它突出了档案文章所提供的一些贡献。
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引用次数: 3
Freedom over democracy in post-revolutionary Haiti, c. 1804-1844 革命后海地的自由高于民主,约1804-1844年
IF 0.3 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2020-05-03 DOI: 10.1080/14701847.2020.1789376
C. Gibson
ABSTRACT This article considers Haitian nation-building in the nineteenth century and its connection to the wider development of democracy in the Americas. In the way that the Haitian Revolution has caused scholars to rethink the discourses around concepts like liberty or rights, the early decades of Haiti’s independence also offer the opportunity to consider the meaning of freedom. Full universal freedom was at the centre of building Haiti’s political future, and this article looks at where that sits in the context of how democratic ideas and practices took shape in the nineteenth century by considering three key moments: Jean-Jacques Dessalines’s constitution in 1805; the era of the two Haitis; and unification with Spanish Santo Domingo from 1822–44.
本文探讨了19世纪海地的国家建设及其与美洲更广泛的民主发展的联系。正如海地革命促使学者们重新思考围绕自由或权利等概念的话语一样,海地独立的最初几十年也提供了思考自由意义的机会。全面的普遍自由是建设海地政治未来的核心,本文通过考虑三个关键时刻来审视民主思想和实践在19世纪如何形成的背景:1805年让-雅克·德萨林(Jean-Jacques Dessalines)的宪法;两个海地的时代;1822年至1844年与西班牙圣多明各统一。
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引用次数: 2
Caudillos, democracy, and constitutionalism in mid nineteenth-century Argentina 19世纪中期阿根廷的考迪洛斯、民主和宪政
IF 0.3 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2020-05-03 DOI: 10.1080/14701847.2020.1789378
Eduardo A. Zimmermann
ABSTRACT Since the early years of Independence, through the failed constitutional projects of 1819 and 1826, and culminating in the 1853 Constitutional Convention of 1853, the River Plate provinces witnessed a varied number of juridical and political debates on the status of democracy and its different meanings: as an expression of social forces announcing the dawn of a new form of social organization; as an ideal of representative government that was to accompany the transition from monarchical to republican forms of government; and as a number of possible electoral regimes and technical solutions to the problem of representation. On the other hand, constitutionalism promised not only a way of structuring the new governments but also the adoption of the idea of individual rights as an ideological foundation for the new liberal regimes, and a project to transcend the inorganic rule of provincial caudillos. This paper explores the different languages in which nineteenth-century Argentine constitutionalism was shaped, through an analysis of political and constitutional debates and the writings of many of the actors of the period, taking into account the ways in which the conflictive context of independence, civil wars, national unification, and state building delineated a particular conception of liberal constitutionalism.
自独立初期以来,通过1819年和1826年失败的制宪计划,以及1853年的制宪会议,河床省见证了关于民主地位及其不同含义的各种法律和政治辩论:作为一种社会力量的表达,宣布了一种新的社会组织形式的曙光;作为代议制政府的理想,它伴随着政府形式从君主政体向共和政体的转变;以及一些可能的选举制度和代表问题的技术解决方案。另一方面,立宪主义不仅承诺了一种构建新政府的方式,而且还承诺了将个人权利理念作为新自由主义政权的意识形态基础的采用,以及一项超越地方政府无机统治的计划。本文通过对政治和宪法辩论以及该时期许多演员的著作的分析,探讨了19世纪阿根廷宪政形成的不同语言,同时考虑到独立、内战、民族统一和国家建设等冲突背景下描绘自由宪政特定概念的方式。
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引用次数: 0
“Without liberty there is no honour”, nor democracy. Cuba, slavery and abolitionism in nineteenth century Spain’s empire “没有自由就没有荣誉”,也没有民主。古巴,19世纪西班牙帝国的奴隶制和废奴主义
IF 0.3 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2020-05-03 DOI: 10.1080/14701847.2020.1789377
Jesús Sanjurjo
ABSTRACT Democratic ideas were used to legitimize both the need to abolish and to preserve the slave trade and slavery in the Spanish empire during the nineteenth century. This article will demonstrate that the relationship between “slavery” and “democracy” in the Spanish political debate is complex and changing. For political actors, on various places of the ideological spectrum, democratic ideas were presented both as incompatible with slavery and as a reason to oppose its abolition.
在19世纪的西班牙帝国,民主思想被用来使废除和保留奴隶贸易和奴隶制的需要合法化。本文将展示西班牙政治辩论中“奴隶制”与“民主”之间的关系是复杂且不断变化的。对于政治行动者来说,在不同的意识形态范围内,民主思想既被认为与奴隶制不相容,又被认为是反对废除奴隶制的理由。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Journal of Iberian and Latin American Studies
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