Summary Merchants – Courtiers – Humanists. The Welser Company of Augsburg and the Elites of the Habsburg Empire in the First Half of the 16th Century The article explores the links between business, diplomacy and humanistic culture in the first half of the 16th century by reconstructing the connections that one of the largest merchant houses of the age, the Welser Company of Augsburg, maintained with councillors, courtiers and envoys at the Spanish court of Emperor Charles V. On the evidence of recently edited fragmentary business papers of the Welser Company, the paper shows that a number of influential men in the emperor’s entourage drew on the credit and financial services of the German merchant house, while gifts, favours and outright bribes helped to stabilize these relationships. Apart from financial rewards, individual members of the Welser firm also received royal privileges. The article argues that the business relationships described here were sustained by a social strategy of networking and by ...
{"title":"Kaufleute, Höflinge und Humanisten. Die Augsburger Welser-Gesellschaft und die Eliten des Habsburgerreiches in der ersten Hälfte des 16. Jahrhunderts","authors":"M. Häberlein","doi":"10.3790/ZHF.43.4.667","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3790/ZHF.43.4.667","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Merchants – Courtiers – Humanists. The Welser Company of Augsburg and the Elites of the Habsburg Empire in the First Half of the 16th Century The article explores the links between business, diplomacy and humanistic culture in the first half of the 16th century by reconstructing the connections that one of the largest merchant houses of the age, the Welser Company of Augsburg, maintained with councillors, courtiers and envoys at the Spanish court of Emperor Charles V. On the evidence of recently edited fragmentary business papers of the Welser Company, the paper shows that a number of influential men in the emperor’s entourage drew on the credit and financial services of the German merchant house, while gifts, favours and outright bribes helped to stabilize these relationships. Apart from financial rewards, individual members of the Welser firm also received royal privileges. The article argues that the business relationships described here were sustained by a social strategy of networking and by ...","PeriodicalId":54000,"journal":{"name":"ZEITSCHRIFT FUR HISTORISCHE FORSCHUNG","volume":"34 1","pages":"667-702"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84021876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary Fractality. Spatial History and Social Action in Early Modern Germany Over the last four decades, research on the early-modern Holy Roman Empire has undergone a dramatic renaissance, which has entailed the production of a considerable amount of research on and a positive reinterpretation of this political body. The outlook and the methods of this Reichsgeschichte, however, are likely to allow space for further proposals. This article aims to show how different approaches to the early-modern German society (e.g. the Empire-focused and the territories-focused approaches; social, political and confessional/religious history; legal history; the divisions introduced by classifications in the archives) can be reconciled and recombined by viewing the imperial space as a social construct which had, in turn, many effects on society. This proposal is based on a metaphor inspired by mathematics: „fractality“, a notion that highlights some specific features of the Holy Roman Empire, such as the complexity and...
{"title":"Fraktalität. Raumgeschichte und soziales Handeln im Alten Reich","authors":"Falk Bretschneider, C. Duhamelle","doi":"10.3790/ZHF.43.4.703","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3790/ZHF.43.4.703","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Fractality. Spatial History and Social Action in Early Modern Germany Over the last four decades, research on the early-modern Holy Roman Empire has undergone a dramatic renaissance, which has entailed the production of a considerable amount of research on and a positive reinterpretation of this political body. The outlook and the methods of this Reichsgeschichte, however, are likely to allow space for further proposals. This article aims to show how different approaches to the early-modern German society (e.g. the Empire-focused and the territories-focused approaches; social, political and confessional/religious history; legal history; the divisions introduced by classifications in the archives) can be reconciled and recombined by viewing the imperial space as a social construct which had, in turn, many effects on society. This proposal is based on a metaphor inspired by mathematics: „fractality“, a notion that highlights some specific features of the Holy Roman Empire, such as the complexity and...","PeriodicalId":54000,"journal":{"name":"ZEITSCHRIFT FUR HISTORISCHE FORSCHUNG","volume":"58 1","pages":"703-746"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74300399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Reinhard, Wolfgang: Geschichte der Welt : 1350–1750 : Weltreiche und Weltmeere","authors":"Michael Kempe","doi":"10.3790/zhf.43.4.747","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3790/zhf.43.4.747","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54000,"journal":{"name":"ZEITSCHRIFT FUR HISTORISCHE FORSCHUNG","volume":"30 1","pages":"747-748"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84282728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary Environmental Observations or Excuses? Weather and Its Consequences in the Demesne Accounts of the Bishopric of Winchester in the 14th Century At the beginning of the 14th century the large estates of the bishopric of Winchester in Southern England were directly managed by the bishop’s administration. The yearly demesne accounts of this direct management were written down in the Winchester Pipe Rolls. These accounts are unique documents of the late medieval agricultural economy in England. The paper critically examines references to weather in the Pipe Rolls during the time of the Great Famine (1313–1317). This famine was partly caused by weather induced harvest failures. The references that the local reeves made in the accounts explain reduced incomes and increased expenditures. They only appear in certain sections of the accounts and among various other explanations. They are clearly the result of the communication between the local officials and the central administration in Winchester. While t...
{"title":"Umweltbeobachtungen oder Ausreden? Das Wetter und seine Auswirkungen in den grundherrlichen Rechnungen des Bischofs von Winchester im 14. Jahrhundert","authors":"M. Schuh","doi":"10.3790/ZHF.43.3.445","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3790/ZHF.43.3.445","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Environmental Observations or Excuses? Weather and Its Consequences in the Demesne Accounts of the Bishopric of Winchester in the 14th Century At the beginning of the 14th century the large estates of the bishopric of Winchester in Southern England were directly managed by the bishop’s administration. The yearly demesne accounts of this direct management were written down in the Winchester Pipe Rolls. These accounts are unique documents of the late medieval agricultural economy in England. The paper critically examines references to weather in the Pipe Rolls during the time of the Great Famine (1313–1317). This famine was partly caused by weather induced harvest failures. The references that the local reeves made in the accounts explain reduced incomes and increased expenditures. They only appear in certain sections of the accounts and among various other explanations. They are clearly the result of the communication between the local officials and the central administration in Winchester. While t...","PeriodicalId":54000,"journal":{"name":"ZEITSCHRIFT FUR HISTORISCHE FORSCHUNG","volume":"157 1","pages":"445-471"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2016-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84948156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Raum – Gruppe – Quelle. Neue Forschungen zu weltlichen Fürsten und Höfen im spätmittelalterlichen Reich (ca. 1250 – 1530)","authors":"Benjamin Müsegades","doi":"10.3790/ZHF.43.3.473","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3790/ZHF.43.3.473","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54000,"journal":{"name":"ZEITSCHRIFT FUR HISTORISCHE FORSCHUNG","volume":"26 1","pages":"473-500"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74702837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Migration in der Frühen Neuzeit. Ein Literaturbericht","authors":"Ulrich Niggemann","doi":"10.3790/ZHF.43.2.293","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3790/ZHF.43.2.293","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54000,"journal":{"name":"ZEITSCHRIFT FUR HISTORISCHE FORSCHUNG","volume":"150 1","pages":"293-321"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2016-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76413470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary Governmental Intelligence or Private Espionage? Pierre Jurieu, Etienne Caillaud and the English Government around 1700 The NSA affair has, among other things, shown the dimensions to which commercial espionage and the outsourcing of information gathering have grown. From the early modernist’s point of view, this is not as surprising as it might appear – the development seems to have early modern parallels. The article shows how espionage was organized around 1700, discusses the term and argues that informal, commercial actors were highly relevant. This is demonstrated by looking at the English government’s initiatives to gain information about France during the War of the Spanish Succession. A striking example for an espionage network working on a commercial basis and cooperating with the English government, is Pierre Jurieu’s and Etienne Caillaud’s Rotterdam-based spy network. It is shown how this network worked in practice and how it gathered political relevant information for the English govern...
{"title":"Staatlicher Geheimdienst oder private Spionagefirma? Pierre Jurieu, Etienne Caillaud und die englische Regierung um 1700","authors":"Matthias Pohlig","doi":"10.3790/ZHF.43.2.255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3790/ZHF.43.2.255","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Governmental Intelligence or Private Espionage? Pierre Jurieu, Etienne Caillaud and the English Government around 1700 The NSA affair has, among other things, shown the dimensions to which commercial espionage and the outsourcing of information gathering have grown. From the early modernist’s point of view, this is not as surprising as it might appear – the development seems to have early modern parallels. The article shows how espionage was organized around 1700, discusses the term and argues that informal, commercial actors were highly relevant. This is demonstrated by looking at the English government’s initiatives to gain information about France during the War of the Spanish Succession. A striking example for an espionage network working on a commercial basis and cooperating with the English government, is Pierre Jurieu’s and Etienne Caillaud’s Rotterdam-based spy network. It is shown how this network worked in practice and how it gathered political relevant information for the English govern...","PeriodicalId":54000,"journal":{"name":"ZEITSCHRIFT FUR HISTORISCHE FORSCHUNG","volume":"23 5","pages":"255-292"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2016-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72420462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary Jesuit Finances in Restoration Ireland. A Relational Network Analysis While the official reports of the Jesuit mission to Ireland during the Restoration period depicted an impoverished, desolate existence at the periphery of Europe, the personal correspondence of the missionaries paints quite a different picture. Financial questions were of overwhelming importance. The article demonstrates that it was not the shortage of money that impeded the mission’s long-term success. Instead, the missionaries’ reliance on different networks with opposing norm expectations hindered a unified effort and left the mission unprepared for the political changes of the late seventeenth century. After the Cromwellian conquest most of the Irish Jesuits fled to the continent where they made active use of a variety of connections provided to them by three major network domains: as Jesuits they profited from the multiple ties of the globally operating order, which facilitated investments. As Irishmen in Europe they formed...
{"title":"Jesuitische Finanzen im Irland der Restaurationsepoche. Eine relationale Netzwerkanalyse","authors":"M. Foerster","doi":"10.3790/zhf.43.2.223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3790/zhf.43.2.223","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Jesuit Finances in Restoration Ireland. A Relational Network Analysis While the official reports of the Jesuit mission to Ireland during the Restoration period depicted an impoverished, desolate existence at the periphery of Europe, the personal correspondence of the missionaries paints quite a different picture. Financial questions were of overwhelming importance. The article demonstrates that it was not the shortage of money that impeded the mission’s long-term success. Instead, the missionaries’ reliance on different networks with opposing norm expectations hindered a unified effort and left the mission unprepared for the political changes of the late seventeenth century. After the Cromwellian conquest most of the Irish Jesuits fled to the continent where they made active use of a variety of connections provided to them by three major network domains: as Jesuits they profited from the multiple ties of the globally operating order, which facilitated investments. As Irishmen in Europe they formed...","PeriodicalId":54000,"journal":{"name":"ZEITSCHRIFT FUR HISTORISCHE FORSCHUNG","volume":"6 1","pages":"223-253"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2016-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87260296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary The Bestiary of the Duke of Saint-Simon. „Humanimal Sociality“ at the Royal Court of France around 1700 The memoirs of Louis de Rouvroy, Duc de Saint-Simon (1675–1755), are among the most studied sources on French court life under King Louis XIV. Historians have, however, largely overlooked the presence of animals in the „Memoires“. Based on the empirical example of Saint-Simon’s account, the article aims at broadening our understanding of the early modern „court society“ (Norbert Elias) as a social figuration of interacting animate beings. While equine competences had had a decisive role in the courtly career of Saint-Simon’s father, the author of the memoirs confined himself largely to the role of an observer who documented the interactions at court that involved animals. In the duke’s critical view, the hunting practices of the king stood for his arbitrary, luxurious system of power, whereas the exchange of animal gifts between members of the court elite revealed patronage ties. Furthermore, Sa...
{"title":"Das Bestiarium des Duc de Saint-Simon : zur 'humanimalen Sozialität' am französischen Königshof um 1700","authors":"Nadir Weber","doi":"10.3790/ZHF.43.1.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3790/ZHF.43.1.27","url":null,"abstract":"Summary The Bestiary of the Duke of Saint-Simon. „Humanimal Sociality“ at the Royal Court of France around 1700 The memoirs of Louis de Rouvroy, Duc de Saint-Simon (1675–1755), are among the most studied sources on French court life under King Louis XIV. Historians have, however, largely overlooked the presence of animals in the „Memoires“. Based on the empirical example of Saint-Simon’s account, the article aims at broadening our understanding of the early modern „court society“ (Norbert Elias) as a social figuration of interacting animate beings. While equine competences had had a decisive role in the courtly career of Saint-Simon’s father, the author of the memoirs confined himself largely to the role of an observer who documented the interactions at court that involved animals. In the duke’s critical view, the hunting practices of the king stood for his arbitrary, luxurious system of power, whereas the exchange of animal gifts between members of the court elite revealed patronage ties. Furthermore, Sa...","PeriodicalId":54000,"journal":{"name":"ZEITSCHRIFT FUR HISTORISCHE FORSCHUNG","volume":"182 1","pages":"27-59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2016-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80368425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary How World History Can be Explored. A Research Project concerning an Intercultural Comparison in the Medieval Millennium The study shown how a group of experts from disciplines as diverse as Medieval Studies, Byzantine Studies, Indology, Islamic Studies and Jewish Studies can successfully work together with a historian to explore world history. The comparison, the humanities’ equivalent of the natural sciences’ experiment (Marc Bloch), is employed for a diachronic investigation of the foundations of various societies. While the ‘state’ and the ‘economy’ emerged as foundations with distinct organizational forms for the first time ever in the Old Kingdom of Egypt (3rd millennium B. C. E.), India employed very similar foundations primarily for the colonialization of new land. In ancient Rome few religious foundations emerged at first due to the public regime of worship, while from the time of the Constantinian Revolution onwards they became indispensable for sacramental and pastoral care in the mass c...
{"title":"Wie Weltgeschichte erforscht werden kann. Ein Projekt zum interkulturellen Vergleich im mittelalterlichen Jahrtausend","authors":"Michael Borgolte","doi":"10.3790/zhf.43.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3790/zhf.43.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"Summary How World History Can be Explored. A Research Project concerning an Intercultural Comparison in the Medieval Millennium The study shown how a group of experts from disciplines as diverse as Medieval Studies, Byzantine Studies, Indology, Islamic Studies and Jewish Studies can successfully work together with a historian to explore world history. The comparison, the humanities’ equivalent of the natural sciences’ experiment (Marc Bloch), is employed for a diachronic investigation of the foundations of various societies. While the ‘state’ and the ‘economy’ emerged as foundations with distinct organizational forms for the first time ever in the Old Kingdom of Egypt (3rd millennium B. C. E.), India employed very similar foundations primarily for the colonialization of new land. In ancient Rome few religious foundations emerged at first due to the public regime of worship, while from the time of the Constantinian Revolution onwards they became indispensable for sacramental and pastoral care in the mass c...","PeriodicalId":54000,"journal":{"name":"ZEITSCHRIFT FUR HISTORISCHE FORSCHUNG","volume":"72 1","pages":"1-25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2016-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77244523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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