Ming-han Li, Sadik C. Artunc, Terry L. Clements, D. Allen
{"title":"Landscape Architecture Chairs’ Retrospect and Prospect of Academic Leadership Disrupted by COVID-19","authors":"Ming-han Li, Sadik C. Artunc, Terry L. Clements, D. Allen","doi":"10.3368/lj.42.1.131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/lj.42.1.131","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54062,"journal":{"name":"Landscape Journal","volume":"42 1","pages":"131 - 137"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42678326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The use of artificial intelligence (AI) is becoming increasingly common in landscape architecture. New methods and applications are proliferating yearly and are being touted as viable tools for research and practice. While researchers have conducted assessments of the state of AI-driven research and practice in allied disciplines, there is a knowledge gap for the same in landscape architecture. This literature review addresses this gap by searching and evaluating studies specifically focused on AI and disciplinary umbrella terms (landscape architecture, landscape planning, and landscape design). It includes searches of academic databases and industry publications that combine these umbrella terms with the main subfields of artificial intelligence as a discipline (machine learning, knowledge-based systems, computer vision, robotics, natural language processing, optimization). Initial searches returned over 600 articles, which were then filtered for relevance, resulting in about 100 articles that were reviewed in depth. The work highlights trends in dissemination, synthesizes emergent AI-Landscape (AI-LA) themes, and argues for unifying dissemination and compilation in research and practice so as not to lose relevant AI-LA knowledge and be caught off guard in the built environment profession’s next technological leap.
{"title":"Artificial Intelligence in Landscape Architecture","authors":"Phillip Fernberg, B. Chamberlain","doi":"10.3368/lj.42.1.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/lj.42.1.13","url":null,"abstract":"The use of artificial intelligence (AI) is becoming increasingly common in landscape architecture. New methods and applications are proliferating yearly and are being touted as viable tools for research and practice. While researchers have conducted assessments of the state of AI-driven research and practice in allied disciplines, there is a knowledge gap for the same in landscape architecture. This literature review addresses this gap by searching and evaluating studies specifically focused on AI and disciplinary umbrella terms (landscape architecture, landscape planning, and landscape design). It includes searches of academic databases and industry publications that combine these umbrella terms with the main subfields of artificial intelligence as a discipline (machine learning, knowledge-based systems, computer vision, robotics, natural language processing, optimization). Initial searches returned over 600 articles, which were then filtered for relevance, resulting in about 100 articles that were reviewed in depth. The work highlights trends in dissemination, synthesizes emergent AI-Landscape (AI-LA) themes, and argues for unifying dissemination and compilation in research and practice so as not to lose relevant AI-LA knowledge and be caught off guard in the built environment profession’s next technological leap.","PeriodicalId":54062,"journal":{"name":"Landscape Journal","volume":"42 1","pages":"13 - 35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49497044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. C. Napawan, Linda Chamorro, D. Guenther, Yiwei Huang
This article explores the role that language plays in constructing and deconstructing the narratives in landscape architecture. It seeks to explore how words limit or expand the possibilities of change within the discipline. Through an exploration of linguistic, colonial, and decolonial theory, the authors begin with an exploration of the origins of the term landscape and then examine Indigenous alternatives, followed by an interrogation of the prevalent dualistic positioning in the lexicon of landscape architecture. This includes the dichotomy of terms such culture and nature as previously challenged by feminist scholars; however, the authors further detail the Western colonial bias present in this and other binaries. The authors draw from traditions in American Indigenous and Afro Descendent epistemologies, along with other non-Western worldviews from Middle Eastern, Southeast Asian, and South Asian cultures. Finally, this article argues for the continued exploration of language and its use within the discipline as part of an engaged practice that is necessary for our discipline to remain relevant in the current socio-ecological moment.
{"title":"Decolonizing the Language of Landscape Architecture","authors":"N. C. Napawan, Linda Chamorro, D. Guenther, Yiwei Huang","doi":"10.3368/lj.42.1.109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/lj.42.1.109","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores the role that language plays in constructing and deconstructing the narratives in landscape architecture. It seeks to explore how words limit or expand the possibilities of change within the discipline. Through an exploration of linguistic, colonial, and decolonial theory, the authors begin with an exploration of the origins of the term landscape and then examine Indigenous alternatives, followed by an interrogation of the prevalent dualistic positioning in the lexicon of landscape architecture. This includes the dichotomy of terms such culture and nature as previously challenged by feminist scholars; however, the authors further detail the Western colonial bias present in this and other binaries. The authors draw from traditions in American Indigenous and Afro Descendent epistemologies, along with other non-Western worldviews from Middle Eastern, Southeast Asian, and South Asian cultures. Finally, this article argues for the continued exploration of language and its use within the discipline as part of an engaged practice that is necessary for our discipline to remain relevant in the current socio-ecological moment.","PeriodicalId":54062,"journal":{"name":"Landscape Journal","volume":"42 1","pages":"109 - 129"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43494921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article reviews the robust involvement of the Olmsteds and their colleagues in the establishment of U.S. land-grant universities, and it also traces their broader influence on campus design. The Morrill Land-Grant College Act of 1862 advanced a new concept for higher education in the United States. The resulting land-grant institutions focused on agricultural science and the mechanic arts (what we would today call engineering). These public institutions were generally more inclusive than the existing private, elite schools, especially after the second Morrill Act was enacted in 1890, bolstering higher education for African Americans in the South. With resources generated from lands taken from Indigenous people, these institutions made significant investments in their buildings and grounds. Frederick Law Olmsted Sr. was connected to the movement to improve agricultural education and research. Soon after the first Morrill Act was signed into law, Olmsted became involved in the planning and design of these new institutions. His work was furthered by his sons—John and Frederick Jr.—through their firm the Olmsted Brothers. The work of the Olmsteds had a direct impact on many land-grant university campuses, including one 1890 university in Alabama. This work also left its mark on academic landscape design and planning more generally.
{"title":"The Olmsteds and the Land-Grant Universities","authors":"F. Steiner","doi":"10.3368/lj.41.2.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/lj.41.2.1","url":null,"abstract":"This article reviews the robust involvement of the Olmsteds and their colleagues in the establishment of U.S. land-grant universities, and it also traces their broader influence on campus design. The Morrill Land-Grant College Act of 1862 advanced a new concept for higher education in the United States. The resulting land-grant institutions focused on agricultural science and the mechanic arts (what we would today call engineering). These public institutions were generally more inclusive than the existing private, elite schools, especially after the second Morrill Act was enacted in 1890, bolstering higher education for African Americans in the South. With resources generated from lands taken from Indigenous people, these institutions made significant investments in their buildings and grounds. Frederick Law Olmsted Sr. was connected to the movement to improve agricultural education and research. Soon after the first Morrill Act was signed into law, Olmsted became involved in the planning and design of these new institutions. His work was furthered by his sons—John and Frederick Jr.—through their firm the Olmsted Brothers. The work of the Olmsteds had a direct impact on many land-grant university campuses, including one 1890 university in Alabama. This work also left its mark on academic landscape design and planning more generally.","PeriodicalId":54062,"journal":{"name":"Landscape Journal","volume":"41 1","pages":"1 - 18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43642444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"From Rails to Trails: The Making of America’s Active Transportation Network","authors":"R. Smardon","doi":"10.3368/lj.41.2.113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/lj.41.2.113","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54062,"journal":{"name":"Landscape Journal","volume":"41 1","pages":"113 - 114"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43703852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Even though aesthetics has always played a central role in the definition of landscape architecture, the lack of clarity about what the term means has frequently resulted in aesthetic considerations being left out of design discourse. In the hope of reinvigorating aesthetic discussions within the field of landscape architecture, this paper reviews key texts on aesthetic theory from landscape architecture, philosophy, and art theory. It describes three different aesthetic intents found within landscape architecture discourse: (1) “Aesthetics as the beautiful” suggests that the aesthetic experience is about pleasure, particularly the pleasure that arises from viewing beautiful arrangements of form; (2) “Aesthetics as the meaningful” situates cultural meaning as the central aesthetic aim; and (3) “Aesthetics as experience” shifts the focus from the aesthetic object to the aesthetic experience—the interaction between a subject and their environment. Each of the three conceptions describes an aspect of landscape architecture - beautiful composition, cultural meaning, or personal experience—that cannot be reduced or generalized. This suggests that the concept of aesthetics in landscape architecture serves as a placeholder for the particular, immediate, entangled, and unpredictable ways one experiences landscapes. By observing and celebrating the uniqueness of a place, designs can better reflect the richness of materials, senses, and meanings that exist in the world around us.
{"title":"Aesthetic Intent in Landscape Architecture: The Particularity of Beauty, Meaning, and Experience","authors":"K. Melcher","doi":"10.3368/lj.41.2.73","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/lj.41.2.73","url":null,"abstract":"Even though aesthetics has always played a central role in the definition of landscape architecture, the lack of clarity about what the term means has frequently resulted in aesthetic considerations being left out of design discourse. In the hope of reinvigorating aesthetic discussions within the field of landscape architecture, this paper reviews key texts on aesthetic theory from landscape architecture, philosophy, and art theory. It describes three different aesthetic intents found within landscape architecture discourse: (1) “Aesthetics as the beautiful” suggests that the aesthetic experience is about pleasure, particularly the pleasure that arises from viewing beautiful arrangements of form; (2) “Aesthetics as the meaningful” situates cultural meaning as the central aesthetic aim; and (3) “Aesthetics as experience” shifts the focus from the aesthetic object to the aesthetic experience—the interaction between a subject and their environment. Each of the three conceptions describes an aspect of landscape architecture - beautiful composition, cultural meaning, or personal experience—that cannot be reduced or generalized. This suggests that the concept of aesthetics in landscape architecture serves as a placeholder for the particular, immediate, entangled, and unpredictable ways one experiences landscapes. By observing and celebrating the uniqueness of a place, designs can better reflect the richness of materials, senses, and meanings that exist in the world around us.","PeriodicalId":54062,"journal":{"name":"Landscape Journal","volume":"41 1","pages":"73 - 92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43926331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Within the landscape of the Central Appalachian coalfields, entire areas exist under the threat of mountaintop removal coal mining and depopulation. This article offers, for the first time, a description of the contemporary landscape of the southern West Virginia coalfields (SWVC) from a cultural landscape perspective. Through a directed qualitative content analysis (CA) of Ann Pancake’s novel Strange as This Weather Has Been (2007), the study examines the novel’s depiction of the landscape as a space of endangered, low-forested mountains and narrow valleys, heavily altered by industrial activities and made vulnerable to human-made disasters, whose inhabitants grieve its disappearance and the vanishing of the mountain culture. This portrayal of the SWVC landscape is validated by scientific literature in various disciplines. The investigation provides a new perspective on how a CA of a work of fiction—when coupled with “‘holistic’ models of landscape” interpretation (Stephenson, 2008, 129)—can be used to reveal aspects of a landscape that are often disregarded, such as its cultural values. It also shows that CA can be a reliable source of information in landscape studies and be used as a valuable alternative when primary sources are unavailable. The study presents a unique representation of the SWVC region that underlines the often overlooked tangible and intangible qualities of its landscapes.
{"title":"The Vanishing Landscape of the Southern West Virginia Coalfields","authors":"Stefania Staniscia","doi":"10.3368/lj.41.2.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/lj.41.2.19","url":null,"abstract":"Within the landscape of the Central Appalachian coalfields, entire areas exist under the threat of mountaintop removal coal mining and depopulation. This article offers, for the first time, a description of the contemporary landscape of the southern West Virginia coalfields (SWVC) from a cultural landscape perspective. Through a directed qualitative content analysis (CA) of Ann Pancake’s novel Strange as This Weather Has Been (2007), the study examines the novel’s depiction of the landscape as a space of endangered, low-forested mountains and narrow valleys, heavily altered by industrial activities and made vulnerable to human-made disasters, whose inhabitants grieve its disappearance and the vanishing of the mountain culture. This portrayal of the SWVC landscape is validated by scientific literature in various disciplines. The investigation provides a new perspective on how a CA of a work of fiction—when coupled with “‘holistic’ models of landscape” interpretation (Stephenson, 2008, 129)—can be used to reveal aspects of a landscape that are often disregarded, such as its cultural values. It also shows that CA can be a reliable source of information in landscape studies and be used as a valuable alternative when primary sources are unavailable. The study presents a unique representation of the SWVC region that underlines the often overlooked tangible and intangible qualities of its landscapes.","PeriodicalId":54062,"journal":{"name":"Landscape Journal","volume":"41 1","pages":"19 - 37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44908876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The contested site of Ramjanmabhoomi in Ayodhya, India, has been reclaimed for building a Hindu temple following years of litigation and occupation of the site by Babri Mosque for more than three centuries. This temple is projected to be a monumental complex, a grand statement of Hindu faith in the divine king Rama. The site, while of immense significance as his birthplace, is projected to be a theme park designed as a visual spectacle. The article outlines an alternative conceptual framework for site design predicated on the idea of placemaking as a process for memory retrieval in the present and encoding memories for the future. Place images in literary and pictorial narratives depicting Rama’s life are building blocks of collective memory and have shaped actual landscapes in their likeness in the past. They are integral to memory formation and recall, and as such they have a significant role in reclaiming Ramjanmabhoomi as the legendary place of his birth and domicile. The temple is proposed to be situated in a narrative landscape that can speak of Rama’s person and deeds, its design language inspired by place images and ritual practices. Collective memory of Rama’s story can be recalled and reconstituted with the amplification of memory traces in site design, anchoring the emergent landscape narrative. The mnemonic landscape of Ramjanmabhoomi can be sustainably managed and become a model for reclaiming other sites across India that are associated with Rama’s story and help communicate the lost environmental ethos of living in harmony with nature.
{"title":"Myth, Memory, and Placemaking: Reclaiming Ramjanmabhoomi in Ayodhya, India","authors":"A. Sinha","doi":"10.3368/lj.41.2.59","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/lj.41.2.59","url":null,"abstract":"The contested site of Ramjanmabhoomi in Ayodhya, India, has been reclaimed for building a Hindu temple following years of litigation and occupation of the site by Babri Mosque for more than three centuries. This temple is projected to be a monumental complex, a grand statement of Hindu faith in the divine king Rama. The site, while of immense significance as his birthplace, is projected to be a theme park designed as a visual spectacle. The article outlines an alternative conceptual framework for site design predicated on the idea of placemaking as a process for memory retrieval in the present and encoding memories for the future. Place images in literary and pictorial narratives depicting Rama’s life are building blocks of collective memory and have shaped actual landscapes in their likeness in the past. They are integral to memory formation and recall, and as such they have a significant role in reclaiming Ramjanmabhoomi as the legendary place of his birth and domicile. The temple is proposed to be situated in a narrative landscape that can speak of Rama’s person and deeds, its design language inspired by place images and ritual practices. Collective memory of Rama’s story can be recalled and reconstituted with the amplification of memory traces in site design, anchoring the emergent landscape narrative. The mnemonic landscape of Ramjanmabhoomi can be sustainably managed and become a model for reclaiming other sites across India that are associated with Rama’s story and help communicate the lost environmental ethos of living in harmony with nature.","PeriodicalId":54062,"journal":{"name":"Landscape Journal","volume":"41 1","pages":"59 - 72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49317120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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