{"title":"Design by Deficit: Neglect and the Accidental City","authors":"R. Smardon","doi":"10.3368/lj.41.2.114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/lj.41.2.114","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54062,"journal":{"name":"Landscape Journal","volume":"41 1","pages":"114 - 116"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42631147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Philosophy of Landscape Construction: The Vision of Built Landscapes","authors":"R. Kuper","doi":"10.3368/lj.41.2.109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/lj.41.2.109","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54062,"journal":{"name":"Landscape Journal","volume":"41 1","pages":"109 - 110"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43901870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article sets out to identify, delimit, and interpret the sheep-farming landscapes of Wallachian origin that lie within the area of medium and low mountain ranges of the Outer Carpathians and that share a uniform geological and morphological structure (the Flysch Carpathians). The subjects of the research are the mid-forest clearings and the farm buildings erected on them, which form a specific type of landscape on which sheep farming has identifiable impacts. The article is an attempt to elaborate a typology of sheep farming and the mixed pastoral/agricultural, sheltering and sheep-farming (Polish: polaniarskie) landscapes of the subecumene zone based on the structure and function of the economic activity on those landscapes. Sheepfarming landscapes are those shaped by the pastoral-agricultural economy in the mountain regions of the Carpathians. The study responds to the need to interpret areas and forms of sheep farming with the aim of protecting not only the unique heritage of the Wallachian shepherds’ lifestyle and culture but also the landscapes resulting from the European Landscape Convention (October 20, 2000). These landscapes are disappearing rapidly due to the unprofitability of rearing livestock, and they are becoming relics and being absorbed through natural forest succession. Preserving the practices and unique history and culture of Carpathian sheep-farming landscapes, including those in the Outer Carpathians, will allow for the protection of not only the landscapes’ identity but also the heritage of the Wallachian highlanders and their biodiverse high alpine meadows. In line with innovative ethnographic research methods, the study’s first stage consisted of taking stock of sheep-farming areas by combining cartographic materials supported by remote sensing with source materials collected through interviews with living witnesses of sheepfarming practices. Sheep-farming landscapes within the Outer Carpathians have a complex historical and cultural structure strongly linked to its current socioeconomic situation. Yet, the sheep-farming landscape of this mountain region has yet to be defined architecturally and physiognomically as a type of rural agricultural landscape. With the aim of promoting the preservation of the region’s sheep-farming landscapes, the article presents its complex structure and function, along with the conditions needed to maintain it. The abandonment of mid-forest clearings would have implications beyond sheep-farming landscapes: it would also result in a lack of viewing opportunities within the mountain landscape, resulting in a loss of beauty and visual value that would impact the status of the Carpathians as a priority landscape.
{"title":"Protecting the Identity of Sheep-Farming Landscapes in the Outer Carpathians: A Typology, Delimitation, and Interpretation","authors":"Janusz Lach, Igor Bojko","doi":"10.3368/lj.41.2.39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/lj.41.2.39","url":null,"abstract":"The article sets out to identify, delimit, and interpret the sheep-farming landscapes of Wallachian origin that lie within the area of medium and low mountain ranges of the Outer Carpathians and that share a uniform geological and morphological structure (the Flysch Carpathians). The subjects of the research are the mid-forest clearings and the farm buildings erected on them, which form a specific type of landscape on which sheep farming has identifiable impacts. The article is an attempt to elaborate a typology of sheep farming and the mixed pastoral/agricultural, sheltering and sheep-farming (Polish: polaniarskie) landscapes of the subecumene zone based on the structure and function of the economic activity on those landscapes. Sheepfarming landscapes are those shaped by the pastoral-agricultural economy in the mountain regions of the Carpathians. The study responds to the need to interpret areas and forms of sheep farming with the aim of protecting not only the unique heritage of the Wallachian shepherds’ lifestyle and culture but also the landscapes resulting from the European Landscape Convention (October 20, 2000). These landscapes are disappearing rapidly due to the unprofitability of rearing livestock, and they are becoming relics and being absorbed through natural forest succession. Preserving the practices and unique history and culture of Carpathian sheep-farming landscapes, including those in the Outer Carpathians, will allow for the protection of not only the landscapes’ identity but also the heritage of the Wallachian highlanders and their biodiverse high alpine meadows. In line with innovative ethnographic research methods, the study’s first stage consisted of taking stock of sheep-farming areas by combining cartographic materials supported by remote sensing with source materials collected through interviews with living witnesses of sheepfarming practices. Sheep-farming landscapes within the Outer Carpathians have a complex historical and cultural structure strongly linked to its current socioeconomic situation. Yet, the sheep-farming landscape of this mountain region has yet to be defined architecturally and physiognomically as a type of rural agricultural landscape. With the aim of promoting the preservation of the region’s sheep-farming landscapes, the article presents its complex structure and function, along with the conditions needed to maintain it. The abandonment of mid-forest clearings would have implications beyond sheep-farming landscapes: it would also result in a lack of viewing opportunities within the mountain landscape, resulting in a loss of beauty and visual value that would impact the status of the Carpathians as a priority landscape.","PeriodicalId":54062,"journal":{"name":"Landscape Journal","volume":"41 1","pages":"39 - 58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43962805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper describes an interpretive, exploratory qualitative study that sought to understand practitioner perspectives on challenges to and opportunities for advancing equity through landscape architecture. We defined equity broadly as “fair and just access to opportunities and resources.” A purposeful nonrandom sample of public practice designers aswell as designers in private and nonprofit practice who worked on public projects was followed by a snowball sample.We conducted 25interviews in total. As we planned for our member check in May 2020, George Floyd, an unarmed black man, was murdered by Minneapolis PoliceOfficerDerek Chauvin, prompting racial justice and police reform protests in the Twin Cities and around theworld.We used themember check survey as an opportunity to reviewthemesidentifiedin the interviews and to ask how participants thought their interview responses might have shifted as a result of experiencing these events. Participants identified the lack of diversity in landscape architectural education and practice as a barrier. They observed that one’s professional power (e.g., status as a firmleader vs. junior staffmember)was significant to one’s ability to advocate for equity through practice. Public engagement and community planning processes were seen as opportunities for landscape architects to address the unequal distribution of positive and negative impacts of environmental design. Respondents suggested that there was a need to educate design decision-makers about what equity is and how equity-driven design projects might be implemented. Respondents noted the role that community organizations played in educating designers about equity issues. Our next steps are to create a survey based on our findings, to use that survey to hear froma broader range of practitioners in the State of Minnesota, and to share this research with ASLA-MN members who are organizing equity-advocacy networks.
{"title":"A Qualitative Study of Practitioner Perspectives on Landscape Architecture and Equity","authors":"Kristine F. Miller, Rachel McNamara, Amanda Smoot","doi":"10.3368/lj.41.2.93","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/lj.41.2.93","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes an interpretive, exploratory qualitative study that sought to understand practitioner perspectives on challenges to and opportunities for advancing equity through landscape architecture. We defined equity broadly as “fair and just access to opportunities and resources.” A purposeful nonrandom sample of public practice designers aswell as designers in private and nonprofit practice who worked on public projects was followed by a snowball sample.We conducted 25interviews in total. As we planned for our member check in May 2020, George Floyd, an unarmed black man, was murdered by Minneapolis PoliceOfficerDerek Chauvin, prompting racial justice and police reform protests in the Twin Cities and around theworld.We used themember check survey as an opportunity to reviewthemesidentifiedin the interviews and to ask how participants thought their interview responses might have shifted as a result of experiencing these events. Participants identified the lack of diversity in landscape architectural education and practice as a barrier. They observed that one’s professional power (e.g., status as a firmleader vs. junior staffmember)was significant to one’s ability to advocate for equity through practice. Public engagement and community planning processes were seen as opportunities for landscape architects to address the unequal distribution of positive and negative impacts of environmental design. Respondents suggested that there was a need to educate design decision-makers about what equity is and how equity-driven design projects might be implemented. Respondents noted the role that community organizations played in educating designers about equity issues. Our next steps are to create a survey based on our findings, to use that survey to hear froma broader range of practitioners in the State of Minnesota, and to share this research with ASLA-MN members who are organizing equity-advocacy networks.","PeriodicalId":54062,"journal":{"name":"Landscape Journal","volume":"41 1","pages":"93 - 107"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42993543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For designers concerned with social and spatial justice, it is necessary to expand the context of landscape work beyond a site’s physical and historic narratives to include the context and conditions of the people laboring at the site itself. This involves considering the devaluation of manual labor and the ethnic division of labor evident in the production of landscape architecture and naturalized through capitalism. Attention is drawn to the embeddedness of undocumented, migrant labor in the construction and maintenance of landscapes and the discipline’s role in the construction and maintenance of unsustainable, precarious labor regimes. Visual representation, as a major component of professional jurisdiction, plays a critical role in either propagating or grappling with these ethical dilemmas. Landscape architectural representations function both practically and discursively, ordering the construction of the physical environment and building the philosophical space for design. This essay suggests that the transformative power of representation can be operationalized to foment a broad social representation of the many Latinx, immigrant workers who contribute to the creation and maintenance of landscape architecture. This would allow landscape architects to work toward repositioning and revaluing the contributions of these workers by reaffirming the social connection between design and labor, affirming a disciplinary ethic of process and sustainability, and influencing the governing structures and everyday practice of the discipline.
{"title":"Invisible Labor: Precarity, Ethnic Division, and Transformative Representation in Landscape Architecture Work","authors":"Michelle Arevalos Franco","doi":"10.3368/lj.41.1.95","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/lj.41.1.95","url":null,"abstract":"For designers concerned with social and spatial justice, it is necessary to expand the context of landscape work beyond a site’s physical and historic narratives to include the context and conditions of the people laboring at the site itself. This involves considering the devaluation of manual labor and the ethnic division of labor evident in the production of landscape architecture and naturalized through capitalism. Attention is drawn to the embeddedness of undocumented, migrant labor in the construction and maintenance of landscapes and the discipline’s role in the construction and maintenance of unsustainable, precarious labor regimes. Visual representation, as a major component of professional jurisdiction, plays a critical role in either propagating or grappling with these ethical dilemmas. Landscape architectural representations function both practically and discursively, ordering the construction of the physical environment and building the philosophical space for design. This essay suggests that the transformative power of representation can be operationalized to foment a broad social representation of the many Latinx, immigrant workers who contribute to the creation and maintenance of landscape architecture. This would allow landscape architects to work toward repositioning and revaluing the contributions of these workers by reaffirming the social connection between design and labor, affirming a disciplinary ethic of process and sustainability, and influencing the governing structures and everyday practice of the discipline.","PeriodicalId":54062,"journal":{"name":"Landscape Journal","volume":"41 1","pages":"95 - 111"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48248772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For centuries, technological advances have aided designers in their work. However, the emergence of digital technologies has dramatically accelerated the pace and impact of new tools and technologies. The emergence of consumer-grade virtual reality (VR) in the last few years has the potential to dramatically impact the design profession through improved spatial interaction duringthedesignprocessandbymarryingtraditionalphysical analog processes with the benefits of a fluid digital technology. VR is quickly garnering the attention of researchers. Yet little research to date has focused on quantifying and understanding the impact of VR on the landscape architectural design process and the decisions made by designers. This research seeks to quantify the spatial impacts that VR has on the distribution of trees in a planting design task. Students across three universities participated in a planting design exercise using both traditional analog hand drafting techniques and digital techniques using VR. The study found that students utilized a greater number of trees and a larger portion of the site when designing in VR. These results may indicate that VR facilitated an improved spatial understanding of the site and design elements.
{"title":"The Impact of Virtual Reality on Student Design Decisions: Assessing Density and Proximity When Designing in Virtual Reality Versus Traditional Analog Processes","authors":"B. George, Jessica Fernandez, Peter Summerlin","doi":"10.3368/lj.41.1.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/lj.41.1.31","url":null,"abstract":"For centuries, technological advances have aided designers in their work. However, the emergence of digital technologies has dramatically accelerated the pace and impact of new tools and technologies. The emergence of consumer-grade virtual reality (VR) in the last few years has the potential to dramatically impact the design profession through improved spatial interaction duringthedesignprocessandbymarryingtraditionalphysical analog processes with the benefits of a fluid digital technology. VR is quickly garnering the attention of researchers. Yet little research to date has focused on quantifying and understanding the impact of VR on the landscape architectural design process and the decisions made by designers. This research seeks to quantify the spatial impacts that VR has on the distribution of trees in a planting design task. Students across three universities participated in a planting design exercise using both traditional analog hand drafting techniques and digital techniques using VR. The study found that students utilized a greater number of trees and a larger portion of the site when designing in VR. These results may indicate that VR facilitated an improved spatial understanding of the site and design elements.","PeriodicalId":54062,"journal":{"name":"Landscape Journal","volume":"41 1","pages":"31 - 44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45581781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Climate BufferNet is an educational, visual simulation designed to engage higher education students in the Midwestern United States with ideas for improving rural landscape planning outcomes. Past and present social and economic forces shaping the midwestern agricultural landscape have fundamentally transformed its natural systems, impacting food security, biodiversity, and community and ecosystem resilience to climate change. However, the lack of specific knowledge concerning these socioecological and economic forces and their feedback loops constitutes an information barrier to stakeholders new to the decision-making frameworks that shape this complex socioagricultural landscape. This article presents a serious socioecological gaming simulation case study as a framework for familiarizing landscape architecture students with the complex interactive characteristics of these systems. The Climate BufferNet study immersed students in an interactive, co-learning visual media environment that confronted them with real-world challenges of balancing economic priorities with the degraded ecological feedback loops now prevalent in this multifunctional landscape. The results of student evaluations from initial playtesting, presented here, revealed that the simulation accurately demonstrates the difficulty in balancing environmental and economic goals. Further, qualitative coding of student responses shows that players were using the simulation to actively experiment with spatial configurations of conservation practices and decipher rules for targeting their actions. The results of these initial pilot tests, documented here, demonstrate both the potential for engaging landscape architects in rural landscape planning and the need for greater attention to the complexities of environmental and economic tensions between biodiversity, climate change, and ecosystem services.
{"title":"Climate BufferNet: A Gaming Simulation Linking Biodiversity Conservation and Climate Change Adaptation with Agricultural Landscape Planning","authors":"A. Thompson, R. Marzec, Gary R. Burniske","doi":"10.3368/lj.41.1.45","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/lj.41.1.45","url":null,"abstract":"Climate BufferNet is an educational, visual simulation designed to engage higher education students in the Midwestern United States with ideas for improving rural landscape planning outcomes. Past and present social and economic forces shaping the midwestern agricultural landscape have fundamentally transformed its natural systems, impacting food security, biodiversity, and community and ecosystem resilience to climate change. However, the lack of specific knowledge concerning these socioecological and economic forces and their feedback loops constitutes an information barrier to stakeholders new to the decision-making frameworks that shape this complex socioagricultural landscape. This article presents a serious socioecological gaming simulation case study as a framework for familiarizing landscape architecture students with the complex interactive characteristics of these systems. The Climate BufferNet study immersed students in an interactive, co-learning visual media environment that confronted them with real-world challenges of balancing economic priorities with the degraded ecological feedback loops now prevalent in this multifunctional landscape. The results of student evaluations from initial playtesting, presented here, revealed that the simulation accurately demonstrates the difficulty in balancing environmental and economic goals. Further, qualitative coding of student responses shows that players were using the simulation to actively experiment with spatial configurations of conservation practices and decipher rules for targeting their actions. The results of these initial pilot tests, documented here, demonstrate both the potential for engaging landscape architects in rural landscape planning and the need for greater attention to the complexities of environmental and economic tensions between biodiversity, climate change, and ecosystem services.","PeriodicalId":54062,"journal":{"name":"Landscape Journal","volume":"41 1","pages":"45 - 60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42091773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Annual, in-person professional meetings at a single location yield several personal and organizational benefits. Yet greenhouse gas emissions from organizing, executing, and attending conferences contribute significantly to the climate crisis. Within at least the last decade, the American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA) has claimed to continually reduce the carbon footprint of the annual meeting and EXPO by performing a variety of actions. ASLA supports global and national greenhouse gas emissions reduction targets to limit global warming to 1.5°C and has committed to measuring, understanding, making public, and reducing the organization’s emissions. To date, ASLA has not released information on its progress toward these goals. This study extends my previous work by estimating carbon dioxide emissions from the venues of the 2018 and 2019 ASLA Annual Meeting and EXPO and from travel and hotel accommodations for the attendees and 711 EXPO exhibitors. This study used online carbon calculators, refereed literature, and building energy benchmarking data. The results indicate that featured speakers and EXPO representatives originated from a small number of metropolitan areas, thereby supporting potential future decentralized meetings. Additionally, attendees’ and exhibitors’ total four-day conference emissions estimations were equivalent to the entire annual per capita emissions of someone residing in Ethiopia. In light of these results, I present ideas for several alternative means of convening. My emissions estimations of alternative conference modes indicate that emissions reduction targets could bemet in the short term by immediatelymoving to hybridizedmeetings requiring virtual attendance fromat least half of the participants from the most distant locations. In the long term, and by 2030 at the latest, ASLA’s annual meetings should be held entirely online.
{"title":"Policy Brief: Alternatives to In-Person American Society of Landscape Architects Conferences on Landscape Architecture","authors":"R. Kuper","doi":"10.3368/lj.41.1.77","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/lj.41.1.77","url":null,"abstract":"Annual, in-person professional meetings at a single location yield several personal and organizational benefits. Yet greenhouse gas emissions from organizing, executing, and attending conferences contribute significantly to the climate crisis. Within at least the last decade, the American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA) has claimed to continually reduce the carbon footprint of the annual meeting and EXPO by performing a variety of actions. ASLA supports global and national greenhouse gas emissions reduction targets to limit global warming to 1.5°C and has committed to measuring, understanding, making public, and reducing the organization’s emissions. To date, ASLA has not released information on its progress toward these goals. This study extends my previous work by estimating carbon dioxide emissions from the venues of the 2018 and 2019 ASLA Annual Meeting and EXPO and from travel and hotel accommodations for the attendees and 711 EXPO exhibitors. This study used online carbon calculators, refereed literature, and building energy benchmarking data. The results indicate that featured speakers and EXPO representatives originated from a small number of metropolitan areas, thereby supporting potential future decentralized meetings. Additionally, attendees’ and exhibitors’ total four-day conference emissions estimations were equivalent to the entire annual per capita emissions of someone residing in Ethiopia. In light of these results, I present ideas for several alternative means of convening. My emissions estimations of alternative conference modes indicate that emissions reduction targets could bemet in the short term by immediatelymoving to hybridizedmeetings requiring virtual attendance fromat least half of the participants from the most distant locations. In the long term, and by 2030 at the latest, ASLA’s annual meetings should be held entirely online.","PeriodicalId":54062,"journal":{"name":"Landscape Journal","volume":"41 1","pages":"77 - 93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42235611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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