Blue Architecture: Water, Design, and Environmental Futures. Brook Muller. University of Texas Press, 2022. ![Figure][1] This is a book about bringing different perspectives and scales of analysis to the task of embedding water‐related concerns within the architectural design process.
{"title":"<i>Blue Architecture: Water, Design, and Environmental Futures</i>","authors":"Richard C. Smardon","doi":"10.3368/lj.42.2.168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/lj.42.2.168","url":null,"abstract":"Blue Architecture: Water, Design, and Environmental Futures. Brook Muller. University of Texas Press, 2022. ![Figure][1]</img> This is a book about bringing different perspectives and scales of analysis to the task of embedding water‐related concerns within the architectural design process.","PeriodicalId":54062,"journal":{"name":"Landscape Journal","volume":"50 3-4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135714894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article drafts a global picture of landscape program offerings worldwide through data collection, mapping, and targeted interviews. The study presents data collection on landscape architecture programs throughout the world and interviews with graduate program directors. The selection criteria for the case studies address diversity in crucial categories. The interviews elucidate current curricular trends in master’s degree tracks. This research supports the view that global landscape programs are mainly a product of Western knowledge, dealing with urban centers primarily located in one of the world’s 14 biomes. At the master’s level, programs respond to diverse missions according to context, cultural differences, and traditions. Future trends and challenges for landscape architecture programs include climate change, new technologies, social justice, and equity. In light of these findings, we call for a collective landscape education to respond to unprecedented and overwhelming climatic, economic, and social uncertainties.
{"title":"Statements on Landscape Architecture Programs Worldwide: Case Studies across the Globe","authors":"Laura Cipriani, Maria Villalobos","doi":"10.3368/lj.42.2.81","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/lj.42.2.81","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Abstract</h3> This article drafts a global picture of landscape program offerings worldwide through data collection, mapping, and targeted interviews. The study presents data collection on landscape architecture programs throughout the world and interviews with graduate program directors. The selection criteria for the case studies address diversity in crucial categories. The interviews elucidate current curricular trends in master’s degree tracks. This research supports the view that global landscape programs are mainly a product of Western knowledge, dealing with urban centers primarily located in one of the world’s 14 biomes. At the master’s level, programs respond to diverse missions according to context, cultural differences, and traditions. Future trends and challenges for landscape architecture programs include climate change, new technologies, social justice, and equity. In light of these findings, we call for a collective landscape education to respond to unprecedented and overwhelming climatic, economic, and social uncertainties.","PeriodicalId":54062,"journal":{"name":"Landscape Journal","volume":"55 5-6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135714879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Major changes to the built environment—from waterfront revitalization projects to removal of urban expressways—are natural experiments that can yield compelling evidence of social, economic, and environmental benefits. Assessing these design outcomes requires time, money, and expertise. One of
{"title":"Editor’s Letter","authors":"James LaGro","doi":"10.3368/lj.42.2.iv","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/lj.42.2.iv","url":null,"abstract":"Major changes to the built environment—from waterfront revitalization projects to removal of urban expressways—are natural experiments that can yield compelling evidence of social, economic, and environmental benefits. Assessing these design outcomes requires time, money, and expertise. One of","PeriodicalId":54062,"journal":{"name":"Landscape Journal","volume":"53 1-2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135714887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Routledge Handbook of Urban Landscape Research. Kate Bishop and Linda Corkery (ed.). Routledge/Taylor & Francis, 2022. ![Figure][1] This edited book is a compendium of recent research that is relevant to the practice of landscape architecture in urbanizing environments. It also, according to
{"title":"<i>Routledge Handbook of Urban Landscape Research</i>","authors":"Richard C. Smardon","doi":"10.3368/lj.42.2.178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/lj.42.2.178","url":null,"abstract":"Routledge Handbook of Urban Landscape Research. Kate Bishop and Linda Corkery (ed.). Routledge/Taylor & Francis, 2022. ![Figure][1]</img> This edited book is a compendium of recent research that is relevant to the practice of landscape architecture in urbanizing environments. It also, according to","PeriodicalId":54062,"journal":{"name":"Landscape Journal","volume":"54 3-4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135714883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study compares three playground environments for the impact of Universal Design on playground use and the physical activity levels of users. While Universal Design principles are increasingly used in playground design, most prior work has focused on their roles for people with disabilities. This study explores Universal Design impacts on all users regardless of their age or disability status, applying a case‐comparison methodology with one case playground (built with Universal Design principles) and two comparison playgrounds (built without Universal Design principles) that are comparable in other conditions. Using a modified System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities tool that enables location‐specific recordings of momentary environmental observation data, this study compares use and physical activity in playground environments. User location and characteristics were recorded on a plan map of the park and the playground. The data were collected from 70 randomized observation periods per park (210 total for the three parks) recording 12,520 total users. Results showed that while the total user counts were similar across the three parks, the Universal Design playground showed 82% more users than in the mean of the comparison playgrounds. The study also applied methodologies serving to evaluate the place‐based effects of park elements on the intensity of park use and physical activity. The playground areas produced 46% of park use, with the highest percentages of active use (29.2%) in the parks as a whole demonstrating the contribution playground environments make to overall park use and physical activity.
{"title":"Universal Design in Playground Environments: A Place‐Based Evaluation of Amenities, Use, and Physical Activity","authors":"Kenneth Hurst, Chanam Lee, Forster Ndubisi","doi":"10.3368/lj.42.2.55","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/lj.42.2.55","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Abstract</h3> This study compares three playground environments for the impact of Universal Design on playground use and the physical activity levels of users. While Universal Design principles are increasingly used in playground design, most prior work has focused on their roles for people with disabilities. This study explores Universal Design impacts on all users regardless of their age or disability status, applying a case‐comparison methodology with one case playground (built with Universal Design principles) and two comparison playgrounds (built without Universal Design principles) that are comparable in other conditions. Using a modified System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities tool that enables location‐specific recordings of momentary environmental observation data, this study compares use and physical activity in playground environments. User location and characteristics were recorded on a plan map of the park and the playground. The data were collected from 70 randomized observation periods per park (210 total for the three parks) recording 12,520 total users. Results showed that while the total user counts were similar across the three parks, the Universal Design playground showed 82% more users than in the mean of the comparison playgrounds. The study also applied methodologies serving to evaluate the place‐based effects of park elements on the intensity of park use and physical activity. The playground areas produced 46% of park use, with the highest percentages of active use (29.2%) in the parks as a whole demonstrating the contribution playground environments make to overall park use and physical activity.","PeriodicalId":54062,"journal":{"name":"Landscape Journal","volume":"53 3-4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135714886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Motor City Green: A Century of Landscapes and Environmentalism in Detroit. Joseph Stanhope Cialdella. University of Pittsburgh Press, 2020. ![Figure][1] Most of us these days have spent nearly our entire lives in one or another built environment. While it’s true that more of us than ever
{"title":"<i>Motor City Green: A Century of Landscapes and Environmentalism in Detroit</i>","authors":"Mara Miller","doi":"10.3368/lj.42.2.172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/lj.42.2.172","url":null,"abstract":"Motor City Green: A Century of Landscapes and Environmentalism in Detroit. Joseph Stanhope Cialdella. University of Pittsburgh Press, 2020. ![Figure][1]</img> Most of us these days have spent nearly our entire lives in one or another built environment. While it’s true that more of us than ever","PeriodicalId":54062,"journal":{"name":"Landscape Journal","volume":"53 5-6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135714885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In Sasaki’s multidisciplinary design practice, the presence of ecologists who also have landscape architecture degrees enables synergies that might not happen otherwise. Dual‐degree practitioners understand the collaborative design process and realize a design solution does not rest solely on black‐and‐white research and analysis. At the same time, anchoring design in science‐based decisions helps Sasaki project teams promote healthy ecosystems across project types and scales. This article focuses on the landscape architect‐ecologists at Sasaki, highlighting how they leverage their blend of schooling and expertise in practice, how they integrate and educate on ecological thinking to impact project outcomes, and how they view the challenges and opportunities to exert ecological influence in design decision‐making.
{"title":"Enabling Synergies: Integrating Ecology with Landscape Architecture in Design Practice","authors":"Allyson Mendenhall","doi":"10.3368/lj.42.2.145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/lj.42.2.145","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Abstract</h3> In Sasaki’s multidisciplinary design practice, the presence of ecologists who also have landscape architecture degrees enables synergies that might not happen otherwise. Dual‐degree practitioners understand the collaborative design process and realize a design solution does not rest solely on black‐and‐white research and analysis. At the same time, anchoring design in science‐based decisions helps Sasaki project teams promote healthy ecosystems across project types and scales. This article focuses on the landscape architect‐ecologists at Sasaki, highlighting how they leverage their blend of schooling and expertise in practice, how they integrate and educate on ecological thinking to impact project outcomes, and how they view the challenges and opportunities to exert ecological influence in design decision‐making.","PeriodicalId":54062,"journal":{"name":"Landscape Journal","volume":"56 1-2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135715087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Venice has a pluricentennial history of modifying the morphology of its lagoon and hydrographic basin. This uniqueness only partially relates to the cyclopean works that, since the early 17th century, led to the deviation of the mouths of all the main rivers from the lagoon (to prevent its filling) and the erection of dikes (to protect the littoral from erosion). The lagoon’s most significant feature is the non‐despotic, non‐vexatious, public, bureaucratic, and conservationist water management system run by the Republic of Venice. The most tangible evidence of this unique system of water management is composed of a hundred humble markers that punctuate what used to be (and mainly still is) the conterminazione lagunare, the area under the control of the Magistrato alle Acque (the Venetian Magistracy for the Waterways). Comparing the borders of the lagoon today with the path traced by these defining markers allows for an appreciation of the enduring challenges that this complex environment faces and will continue to face. This globally relevant case study of Venice and its lagoon encourages timely reflection on the effects of climate change on cultural heritage.
威尼斯在改变其泻湖和水文盆地的形态方面有一百多年的历史。这种独特性只是部分地与自17世纪初以来的独眼巨人工程有关，这些工程导致所有主要河流的入海口偏离泻湖(以防止其填满)和堤防的竖立(以保护沿海地区免受侵蚀)。泻湖最显著的特点是由威尼斯共和国管理的非专制、非无理取闹、公共、官僚和环保的水管理系统。这种独特的水管理系统最明显的证据是由一百个不起眼的标记组成的，它们标点符号曾经是(现在主要是)conterminazione lagunare，这是威尼斯水道裁判法院(Magistrato alle Acque)控制的区域。将今天泻湖的边界与这些定义标记所追踪的路径进行比较，可以让我们了解这个复杂环境面临并将继续面临的持久挑战。这一关于威尼斯及其泻湖的全球相关案例研究鼓励人们及时反思气候变化对文化遗产的影响。
{"title":"Tropical Typhoons and Humble Markers: Notes on the Past and Future of the Venice Lagoon","authors":"Ludovico Centis","doi":"10.3368/lj.42.2.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/lj.42.2.25","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Abstract</h3> Venice has a pluricentennial history of modifying the morphology of its lagoon and hydrographic basin. This uniqueness only partially relates to the cyclopean works that, since the early 17th century, led to the deviation of the mouths of all the main rivers from the lagoon (to prevent its filling) and the erection of dikes (to protect the littoral from erosion). The lagoon’s most significant feature is the non‐despotic, non‐vexatious, public, bureaucratic, and conservationist water management system run by the Republic of Venice. The most tangible evidence of this unique system of water management is composed of a hundred humble markers that punctuate what used to be (and mainly still is) the <i>conterminazione lagunare</i>, the area under the control of the Magistrato alle Acque (the Venetian Magistracy for the Waterways). Comparing the borders of the lagoon today with the path traced by these defining markers allows for an appreciation of the enduring challenges that this complex environment faces and will continue to face. This globally relevant case study of Venice and its lagoon encourages timely reflection on the effects of climate change on cultural heritage.","PeriodicalId":54062,"journal":{"name":"Landscape Journal","volume":"54 5-6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135714882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Landscape studies and design practices have traditionally concentrated on the visible and functional qualities of our environment, striving for beautification and enhanced ecological performance. Yet the act of reimagining and shaping our surroundings also determines how we hear our environment, what we listen to, and how we use sound as an artistic medium to create and perform music, a primal human instinct that allows us to express the most profound qualities of life. This article explores the intimate connections between landscape and music by considering their shared influence on one another, both metaphorically and physically. The discussion weaves together a variety of examples taken primarily from Western design and musical traditions of how landscape figuratively informs musical composition and ideation, how music and music‐making inform the design of landscapes, how music actually becomes landscape, and how landscape directly manifests as music. The discussion and its resulting conclusion that landscape is music are intended to provide a basis for future contemplation of the ways in which landscape design and music/sound art can benefit from continued dialog.
{"title":"Is Landscape Music?","authors":"Itay G. Porat","doi":"10.3368/lj.42.2.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/lj.42.2.1","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Abstract</h3> Landscape studies and design practices have traditionally concentrated on the visible and functional qualities of our environment, striving for beautification and enhanced ecological performance. Yet the act of reimagining and shaping our surroundings also determines how we hear our environment, what we listen to, and how we use sound as an artistic medium to create and perform music, a primal human instinct that allows us to express the most profound qualities of life. This article explores the intimate connections between landscape and music by considering their shared influence on one another, both metaphorically and physically. The discussion weaves together a variety of examples taken primarily from Western design and musical traditions of how landscape figuratively informs musical composition and ideation, how music and music‐making inform the design of landscapes, how music actually becomes landscape, and how landscape directly manifests as music. The discussion and its resulting conclusion that landscape is music are intended to provide a basis for future contemplation of the ways in which landscape design and music/sound art can benefit from continued dialog.","PeriodicalId":54062,"journal":{"name":"Landscape Journal","volume":"54 1-2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135714884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Richard C. Smardon John Forester’s new book is of interest to this reviewer because of his experience as a facilitator for environmental assessment and waterway revitalization projects as well as his background in teaching public participation and mediation courses over many years. Forester’s book “flies in the face” of traditional community planning and designing professionals by showing how “nonprofessionals” can facilitate and implement community development projects. Forester is a professor in the City and Regional Planning Department at Cornell University. He has served as department chair and associate dean at Cornell and received his undergraduate and graduate degrees (MS, MCPD, PhD) from the University of California, Berkeley. His research focuses on the micropolitics of the planning process and political deliberations that planners use to shape participatory process and manage disputes. He has written or cowritten several books within these content areas (Forester, 1999, 2009, 2013; Forester & Reach 2015). This book is unusual in that it is a collection of edited interviews of place-maker/community organizers that utilize various approaches to address specific community issues. There are other books on place-making (Anguelovsky, 2014; Hester, 2010; Markusen & Gadwa, 2010; Schneekloth, 1995) as well as books on community facilitation and problem solving (Anderson & Pyle, 2021; Herd, 2019; Kane, 2014; Sarkission & Hurford, 2010; Wates, 2014), but only Wilson’s (2019) book The Heat of Community Engagement; Stories across the Globe uses a similar format of a collection of interviews to cover similar content. Forester’s new book is divided into three parts: Design Collaboration and Ownership; Engagement and Differences in Placemaking; and Art Imagination and Value Creation. Each of the interviews comprising the body of the text includes a contextual preface by Forester. The actual interviews were conducted by Forester and some of his graduate students. In Part One, four interviews from community organizers address affordable housing, integrated land use, and environmental planning for Oregon coastal communities, in addition to public space planning in Portland, Oregon, and the bridge design/review process at the St. Croix River connecting Minnesota and Wisconsin. In Part Two, three interviews with organizers address racial violence and safety disputes in Los Angeles; the development of the Red Hook, New York, Community Justice Center; immigration, ethnicity, and religious differences in Oldham, UK; and environmental justice issues in Detroit, Michigan. Part Three features interviews with community organizers that were involved with the Providence, Rode Island, WaterFire river art festival; community development in Eagleby, Australia; developing a community garden network in Paris, France; Artwalk development in Rochester, New York; and creating an art center in New York Mills, Minnesota. As Forester states in the introductory chapter, these p
{"title":"How Spaces Become Places","authors":"R. Smardon","doi":"10.3368/lj.42.1.144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/lj.42.1.144","url":null,"abstract":"Richard C. Smardon John Forester’s new book is of interest to this reviewer because of his experience as a facilitator for environmental assessment and waterway revitalization projects as well as his background in teaching public participation and mediation courses over many years. Forester’s book “flies in the face” of traditional community planning and designing professionals by showing how “nonprofessionals” can facilitate and implement community development projects. Forester is a professor in the City and Regional Planning Department at Cornell University. He has served as department chair and associate dean at Cornell and received his undergraduate and graduate degrees (MS, MCPD, PhD) from the University of California, Berkeley. His research focuses on the micropolitics of the planning process and political deliberations that planners use to shape participatory process and manage disputes. He has written or cowritten several books within these content areas (Forester, 1999, 2009, 2013; Forester & Reach 2015). This book is unusual in that it is a collection of edited interviews of place-maker/community organizers that utilize various approaches to address specific community issues. There are other books on place-making (Anguelovsky, 2014; Hester, 2010; Markusen & Gadwa, 2010; Schneekloth, 1995) as well as books on community facilitation and problem solving (Anderson & Pyle, 2021; Herd, 2019; Kane, 2014; Sarkission & Hurford, 2010; Wates, 2014), but only Wilson’s (2019) book The Heat of Community Engagement; Stories across the Globe uses a similar format of a collection of interviews to cover similar content. Forester’s new book is divided into three parts: Design Collaboration and Ownership; Engagement and Differences in Placemaking; and Art Imagination and Value Creation. Each of the interviews comprising the body of the text includes a contextual preface by Forester. The actual interviews were conducted by Forester and some of his graduate students. In Part One, four interviews from community organizers address affordable housing, integrated land use, and environmental planning for Oregon coastal communities, in addition to public space planning in Portland, Oregon, and the bridge design/review process at the St. Croix River connecting Minnesota and Wisconsin. In Part Two, three interviews with organizers address racial violence and safety disputes in Los Angeles; the development of the Red Hook, New York, Community Justice Center; immigration, ethnicity, and religious differences in Oldham, UK; and environmental justice issues in Detroit, Michigan. Part Three features interviews with community organizers that were involved with the Providence, Rode Island, WaterFire river art festival; community development in Eagleby, Australia; developing a community garden network in Paris, France; Artwalk development in Rochester, New York; and creating an art center in New York Mills, Minnesota. As Forester states in the introductory chapter, these p","PeriodicalId":54062,"journal":{"name":"Landscape Journal","volume":"42 1","pages":"144 - 145"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46998250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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