Economic History of Developing Regions最新文献

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Gender and settler labour markets: The marriage bar in colonial Zimbabwe 性别和定居者劳动力市场：殖民地津巴布韦的婚姻障碍

IF 0.5 Q1 HISTORY

Economic History of Developing Regions

Pub Date : 2021-09-02 DOI: 10.1080/20780389.2021.1929611

Ushehwedu Kufakurinani

ABSTRACT This paper discusses the marriage bar in Southern Rhodesia’s labour market. It extends the analysis of the marriage bar. Over and above restrictions to enter the labour market, white women in colonial Zimbabwe, over time, also faced restrictions in terms of their conditions of service once they had entered the market. Married women, for example, were not permitted into permanent employment and, therefore, did not enjoy the benefits associated with fixed establishment. Married white women also had limited opportunities for promotion. Various justifications were proffered to maintain this status quo. However, by and large, hegemonic patriarchies played an important role in entrenching the domestic ideology that fuelled the marriage bar in its various forms. As the paper demonstrates, the marriage bar did not go unchallenged and, in 1971, married women’s restrictions regarding permanent employment were lifted. Of course, these legalistic undertakings were not always immediately reflected in practice partly because perceptions about married white women as primarily mothers and wives lingered on.

摘要本文讨论了南罗得西亚劳动力市场中的婚姻门槛问题。它扩展了对婚姻门槛的分析。除了进入劳动力市场的限制外，长期以来，殖民地津巴布韦的白人妇女一旦进入劳动力市场，在服务条件方面也面临限制。例如，已婚妇女不被允许长期就业，因此不享受与固定机构相关的福利。已婚白人女性的晋升机会也很有限。人们提出了各种理由来维持这种现状。然而，总的来说，霸权父权制在巩固国内意识形态方面发挥了重要作用，这种意识形态以各种形式助长了婚姻禁令。正如该文件所表明的那样，婚姻门槛并非没有受到质疑，1971年，已婚妇女对永久就业的限制被取消。当然，这些法律承诺并不总是立即反映在实践中，部分原因是人们对已婚白人女性主要是母亲和妻子的看法挥之不去。

引用次数: 1

Why we shouldn’t measure women’s labour force participation in pre-industrial countries 为什么我们不应该衡量前工业化国家妇女劳动力的参与程度

IF 0.5 Q1 HISTORY

Economic History of Developing Regions

Pub Date : 2021-09-02 DOI: 10.1080/20780389.2021.1929602

J. Burnette

ABSTRACT Labour force participation was designed to measure contemporary labour markets, and does a poor job of measuring work, particularly women’s work, in the past. When we measure labour force participation we ignore production for household use, ignore differences in the intensity of work, and assume a continuity of employment that did not characterize most historical work. Therefore, I suggest that we should not use labour force participation to measure women’s work outside of modern, industrialized societies.

劳动力参与率是用来衡量当代劳动力市场的，但在过去，它在衡量工作，尤其是女性的工作方面做得很差。当我们衡量劳动力参与时，我们忽略了家庭使用的生产，忽略了工作强度的差异，并假设了就业的连续性，而这并不是大多数历史工作的特征。因此，我建议我们不应该用劳动力参与来衡量现代工业化社会以外的妇女的工作情况。

引用次数: 2

Gender equality, growth, and how a technological trap destroyed female work 性别平等，增长，以及技术陷阱如何破坏女性的工作

IF 0.5 Q1 HISTORY

Economic History of Developing Regions

Pub Date : 2021-09-02 DOI: 10.1080/20780389.2021.1929606

J. Humphries, Benjamin Schneider

ABSTRACT Development economists have long studied the relationship between gender equality and economic growth. More recently, economic historians have taken an overdue interest. We sketch the pathways within the development literature that have been hypothesized as linking equality for women to rising incomes, and the reverse channels – from higher incomes to equality. We describe how the European Marriage Pattern literature applies these mechanisms, and we highlight problems with the claimed link between equality and growth. We then explain how a crucial example of technological unemployment for women – the destruction of hand spinning during the British Industrial Revolution – contributed to the emergence of the male breadwinner family. We show how this family structure created household relationships that play into the development pathways, and outline its persistent effects into the twenty-first century.

发展经济学家长期以来一直在研究性别平等与经济增长之间的关系。最近，经济历史学家对这一问题产生了迟来的兴趣。我们概述了发展文献中的路径，这些路径被假设为将女性平等与收入增长联系起来，以及相反的渠道——从更高的收入到平等。我们描述了欧洲婚姻模式文献如何应用这些机制，并强调了所谓的平等与增长之间联系的问题。然后，我们解释了女性技术性失业的一个重要例子——英国工业革命期间手工纺纱的破坏——是如何促成男性养家糊口家庭的出现的。我们展示了这种家庭结构如何创造了影响发展道路的家庭关系，并概述了其在21世纪的持续影响。

引用次数: 1

Restating the case for women’s history in South Africa 重述南非妇女历史

IF 0.5 Q1 HISTORY

Economic History of Developing Regions

Pub Date : 2021-09-02 DOI: 10.1080/20780389.2021.1929615

Amy Rommelspacher

ABSTRACT In the West, women’s history arose amidst the women’s movements of the 1970s. In developing regions such as South Africa, however, the process was delayed and early interest in women was expressed by anthropologists and sociologists. In developing regions, researching, writing, and consuming history is a luxury. This puts more pressure on choosing what to research and write about. This essay focuses on the value of studying women’s history. While the subject is no longer neglected in South Africa, there are areas of women’s history that have been overlooked. Interdisciplinary methods and innovative use of source material could provide the opportunity to study hidden aspects of women’s lives that have been overlooked. These new approaches can challenge past assumptions and shed light on new questions.

在西方，妇女历史是在20世纪70年代的妇女运动中兴起的。然而，在诸如南非等发展中区域，这一进程被推迟，人类学家和社会学家对妇女表示了早期的兴趣。在发展中地区，研究、撰写和消费历史是一种奢侈。这给选择研究和写作的内容带来了更大的压力。本文着重论述了研究妇女史的价值。虽然这个问题在南非不再被忽视，但妇女历史的一些领域却被忽视了。跨学科的方法和对原始材料的创新利用可以为研究妇女生活中被忽视的隐藏方面提供机会。这些新方法可以挑战过去的假设，并揭示新的问题。

引用次数: 0

How accurate are the prices in the British colonial Blue Books? 英国殖民地蓝皮书中的价格有多准确？

IF 0.5 Q1 HISTORY

Economic History of Developing Regions

Pub Date : 2021-08-19 DOI: 10.1080/20780389.2021.1959314

Tom Westland

ABSTRACT Despite the widespread use of the British colonial Blue Books as a statistical source, there has been little investigation of their reliability. This article compares retail price reports in the Blue Books with annual averages constructed from weekly market reports published in four colonial African newspapers. It finds that the Blue Books can sometimes be an unreliable guide to staple prices, with the median error in the order of 25%, though some series are reasonably accurate and some are very inaccurate. Estimating annual averages was complicated by high price volatility and seasonality. In a simulation, the article shows that colonial officials would have usually needed to gather price quotations reasonably frequently in order to be likely to obtain accurate annual averages. A new effort to find non-official sources for prices, especially for staples, and for the early colonial period, would help to refine estimates of living standards and agricultural market dynamics in colonial Africa.

摘要尽管英国殖民地时期的蓝皮书被广泛用作统计来源，但对其可靠性的调查却很少。这篇文章将蓝皮书中的零售价格报告与根据四家非洲殖民地报纸上发布的每周市场报告构建的年度平均值进行了比较。研究发现，蓝皮书有时可能是一个不可靠的主食价格指南，中位误差约为25%，尽管有些系列相当准确，有些非常不准确。由于价格的高度波动性和季节性，估计年平均值变得复杂。在模拟中，文章表明，殖民地官员通常需要合理频繁地收集价格报价，才能获得准确的年度平均值。为寻找非官方的价格来源，特别是主食的价格来源和殖民早期的价格来源所做的新努力，将有助于完善对殖民地非洲生活水平和农业市场动态的估计。

引用次数: 2

Factor endowments, vent for surplus and involutionary process in rural developing economies 要素禀赋、农村发展中经济盈余和内卷过程的宣泄

IF 0.5 Q1 HISTORY

Economic History of Developing Regions

Pub Date : 2021-08-18 DOI: 10.1080/20780389.2021.1957825

Montserrat López Jerez

ABSTRACT This article seeks to provide a new analytical framework based on factor endowments to understand growth in rural economies without structural transformation. More concretely, it explores the variation in farmers’ ability to respond to new commercial opportunities. To complement the extensive literature on the economic and institutional effects of factor endowments, this paper revisits two influential yet controversial theories: Mark Elvin’s high-level equilibrium trap for areas with high population densities in a closed arable frontier, and Hla Myint’s vent for surplus for areas with surpluses of land and labour. We argue that these become more operational if reinterpreted by Boserupian land intensification processes. By lifting the neo-classical constraints on factor relationships, this paper contributes by exploring the mechanisms by which factor endowments might preclude the transformation. Understanding the different dynamics of cultivation in relation to land and labour use, technological choices, saving capacity, and potential linkages to industrialization becomes of even greater significance as these areas may be found within the same countries at a given time.

摘要本文试图提供一个新的基于要素禀赋的分析框架，以理解没有结构转型的农村经济增长。更具体地说，它探讨了农民应对新商业机会的能力的变化。为了补充关于要素禀赋的经济和制度效应的大量文献，本文重新审视了两个有影响力但有争议的理论：马克·埃尔文（Mark Elvin）对封闭的可耕地边界中人口密度高的地区的高水平均衡陷阱，以及赫拉·敏（Hla Myint）对土地和劳动力过剩地区的盈余发泄。我们认为，如果通过Boserupian土地集约化过程重新解释，这些将变得更具操作性。通过解除新古典主义对要素关系的约束，本文有助于探索要素禀赋可能阻碍转化的机制。了解与土地和劳动力使用、技术选择、储蓄能力以及与工业化的潜在联系有关的不同种植动态变得更加重要，因为这些领域可能在特定时间出现在同一国家内。

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引用次数: 2

The colonial struggle over polygamy: Consequences for educational expansion in sub-Saharan Africa. 一夫多妻制的殖民斗争:撒哈拉以南非洲教育扩张的后果。

IF 0.5 Q1 HISTORY

Economic History of Developing Regions

Pub Date : 2021-07-23 eCollection Date: 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/20780389.2021.1940946

Bastian Becker

Christian missions in colonial Africa have contributed significantly to the expansion of formal education and thereby shaped the continent's long-term economic and political development. This paper breaks new ground by showing that this process depended on local demand for education. It is argued that disagreements over norms, and in particular the struggle over polygamy, which resulted from missions' insistence on monogamy in traditionally polygamous areas, lowered African demand for education. Analyses of geocoded data from historical and contemporary sources, covering most of sub-Saharan Africa, show that the struggle is associated with worse educational outcomes today. Effects are not limited to formal attainments but carry over to informal outcomes, in particular literacy. The findings attest to considerable heterogeneity in missionary legacies and suggest that local conditions should be given greater consideration in future studies on the long-term consequences of colonial-era interventions.

基督教在殖民地非洲的传教活动对正规教育的扩大作出了重大贡献，从而影响了非洲大陆的长期经济和政治发展。这篇论文开辟了新的领域，表明这一过程取决于当地的教育需求。有人认为，对规范的分歧，特别是对一夫多妻制的斗争，这是由于特派团在传统一夫多妻制地区坚持一夫一妻制而造成的，降低了非洲对教育的需求。对涵盖撒哈拉以南非洲大部分地区的历史和当代地理编码数据的分析表明，这一斗争与当今较差的教育成果有关。影响不仅限于正式的成就，还会延续到非正式的结果，特别是识字。研究结果证明了传教士遗产的相当大的异质性，并建议在未来研究殖民时代干预的长期后果时，应更多地考虑当地的情况。

引用次数: 4

Inequality of education in colonial Ghana: European influences and African responses 殖民时期加纳的教育不平等:欧洲的影响和非洲的反应

IF 0.5 Q1 HISTORY

Economic History of Developing Regions

Pub Date : 2021-06-24 DOI: 10.1080/20780389.2021.1921571

Prince Young Aboagye

ABSTRACT How and why did African households under colonial rule make the decision to educate their children or not, and how did this micro-level decision making affect the diffusion of education in colonial Ghana? This paper addresses these questions and shows that many households were reluctant to enrol their children in school because the costs of colonial education were prohibitive, and the benefits were limited. Unemployment of school leavers was a major social problem throughout the colonial era and returns to education did not justify investments in education. The demand for education was relatively high in areas where the demand for skilled labour was high, and from the late 1930s when there were growing pay-offs to colonial education. Overall, the paper points to the need to examine interactions between supply and demand factors in order to understand variations in human capital accumulation in sub-Saharan Africa.

殖民统治下的非洲家庭如何以及为什么会决定是否让孩子接受教育，这种微观层面的决策如何影响加纳殖民地的教育普及?本文解决了这些问题，并表明许多家庭不愿意让他们的孩子上学，因为殖民教育的成本令人望而却步，而收益有限。在整个殖民时代，辍学者失业是一个主要的社会问题，教育的回报并不能证明投资教育是合理的。在对熟练劳动力需求高的地区，对教育的需求相对较高，从20世纪30年代末开始，殖民地教育的回报越来越高。总体而言，本文指出有必要研究供需因素之间的相互作用，以了解撒哈拉以南非洲地区人力资本积累的变化。

引用次数: 2

Precedents of mass migration: Policies, occupations, and the sorting of foreigners in São Paulo, Brazil (1872) 大规模移民的先例:巴西圣保罗的政策、职业和外国人的分类(1872年)

IF 0.5 Q1 HISTORY

Economic History of Developing Regions

Pub Date : 2021-05-05 DOI: 10.1080/20780389.2021.1911637

Bruno Gabriel Witzel de Souza

ABSTRACT

This paper studies the distribution of foreigners across counties of the province of São Paulo, Brazil, in 1872. The analysis stresses the historical importance of policies that fostered immigration in the nineteenth century by discussing the two main migratory strategies pursued in Brazil by the 1870s, namely the recruitment of foreign bonded labourers to the plantations and of settlers to rural colonies. The empirical approach studies the sorting of foreigners according to the economic, institutional, demographic, and geographic characteristics of the counties. Results show that the number of foreigners in 1872 was positively correlated with the ease of access to a region and with contemporaneous immigrant networks. The number of foreigners in 1872 also correlated negatively with the free, non-white, population, suggesting a degree of substitutability in local labour markets in a period before mass immigration to the region. Finally, the economic structure of the counties influenced the allocation of foreigners. Agricultural employment was associated with less immigrants, while manufacturing and trade-related activities were linked with a larger number of foreigners.

摘要本文研究了1872年巴西圣保罗省外国人的县域分布情况。分析强调了19世纪促进移民政策的历史重要性，讨论了19世纪70年代巴西采取的两种主要移民战略，即招募外国担保劳工到种植园和移民到农村殖民地。实证方法根据国家的经济、制度、人口和地理特征对外国人进行分类研究。结果表明，1872年的外国人数量与进入一个地区的容易程度和同时期的移民网络呈正相关。1872年的外国人数量也与自由的非白人人口呈负相关，这表明在大规模移民涌入该地区之前，当地劳动力市场存在一定程度的可替代性。最后，国家的经济结构影响了外国人的配置。农业就业与较少的移民有关，而制造业和与贸易有关的活动与更多的外国人有关。

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引用次数: 0

The evolution of central bank communication as experienced by the South Africa Reserve Bank 南非储备银行经历的央行沟通演变

IF 0.5 Q1 HISTORY

Economic History of Developing Regions

Pub Date : 2021-05-04 DOI: 10.1080/20780389.2021.1925106

Gideon du Rand, Ruan Erasmus, H. Hollander, Monique Reid, Dawie van Lill

ABSTRACT Communication has evolved into a cornerstone of central bank design and policy implementation. The South African Reserve Bank has been proactive in this regard as well – most notably with the adoption of inflation targeting in 2001. Using novel text-mining techniques, we evaluate the communication of the SARB, as presented via public speeches and monetary policy committee (MPC) statements, in the context of historical developments from 1994 to 2020. Our analysis focuses on the volume, complexity, scope, and sentiment of communication. We conclude that MPC statements are consistently and narrowly focused on the mandate, whereas speeches capture more detail about how the thinking of SARB policy makers evolves over time. In both cases, communication serves as a channel to reduce uncertainty and build credibility in the public domain.

沟通已经发展成为中央银行设计和政策实施的基石。南非储备银行在这方面也采取了积极的措施，最引人注目的是在2001年采用了通货膨胀目标制。我们使用新颖的文本挖掘技术，在1994年至2020年的历史发展背景下，通过公开演讲和货币政策委员会(MPC)声明来评估SARB的沟通。我们的分析侧重于交流的数量、复杂性、范围和情感。我们得出的结论是，货币政策委员会的声明始终专注于任务，而演讲则更详细地反映了SARB政策制定者的想法是如何随着时间的推移而演变的。在这两种情况下，沟通都是减少不确定性和在公共领域建立可信度的渠道。

引用次数: 2

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