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The substitutability of slaves: Evidence from the eastern frontier of the Cape Colony 奴隶的可替代性:来自开普殖民地东部边界的证据
IF 0.5 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-05-03 DOI: 10.1080/20780389.2019.1669444
Calumet Links, J. Fourie, E. Green
ABSTRACT The substitutability of the economic institution of slave labour has often been assumed as a given. Apart from some capital investment to retrain slaves for a different task, essentially their labour could be substituted for any other form of labour. This paper questions that assumption by using a longitudinal study of the Graaff-Reinet district on the eastern frontier of South Africa’s Cape Colony. We calculate the Hicksian elasticity of complementarity coefficients for each year of a 22-year combination of cross-sectional tax datasets (1805–1828) to test whether slave labour was substitutable for other forms of labour. We find that slave labour, indigenous labour and settler family labour were not substitutable over the period of the study. This lends credence to the finding that slave and family labour were two different inputs in agricultural production. Indigenous khoe labour and slave labour remain complements throughout the period of the study even when khoe labour becomes scarce after the frontier conflicts. We argue that the non-substitutability of slave labour was due to the settlers’ need to acquire labourers with location-specific skills such as the indigenous khoe, and that slaves may have served a purpose other than as a source of unskilled labour, such as for artisan skills or for collateral.
奴隶劳动经济制度的可替代性通常被认为是既定的。除了一些资本投资来重新培训奴隶完成不同的任务外,他们的劳动基本上可以取代任何其他形式的劳动。本文通过对南非开普殖民地东部边境Graaff-Reinet地区的纵向研究,对这一假设提出了质疑。我们计算了22年的横断面税收数据集组合(1805–1828)中每年的希克斯互补系数弹性,以测试奴隶劳动是否可以替代其他形式的劳动。我们发现,在研究期间,奴隶劳动、土著劳动和定居者家庭劳动是不可替代的。这证明了奴隶劳动和家庭劳动是农业生产中两种不同的投入。在整个研究期间,土著khoe劳动和奴隶劳动仍然是互补的,即使在边境冲突后khoe劳动力变得稀缺。我们认为,奴隶劳动力的不可替代性是由于定居者需要获得具有特定地点技能的劳动力,如土著khoe,奴隶可能有非技术性劳动力来源之外的其他目的,如获得手工技能或抵押品。
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引用次数: 3
Beyond national markets: The case of emerging African multinationals 超越国家市场:新兴非洲跨国公司的案例
IF 0.5 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-05-03 DOI: 10.1080/20780389.2020.1757425
Ebes Esho, G. Verhoef
ABSTRACT Findings from research on emerging market multinationals (EMNEs) have posed some intriguing questions to scholars. While some of the questions are easy to explain through the lens of extant theories, others are more complex. Research on African multinationals is limited and being only a recent phenomenon, historical accounts of their internationalization is scarce. Early findings suggest that African firms exhibit distinct internationalization behaviour from other EMNEs. However, are EMNEs from Africa and their internationalization behaviour unique? This paper expounds the internationalization of three nascent African multinationals through the lens of extant theories and finds that multiple theories converge to explain their internationalization. Their distinct paths to internationalization come from their independent efforts in navigating Africa's diverse, and sometimes extreme, contextual challenges and opportunities. Alongside the global orientation of founders that originates from their education and experience, relationships from founders’ networks also play a dominant role in the internationalization process of African EMNEs. The conditions for business, especially for internationalization, in Africa are unique, and sometimes extreme. Institutional voids and informal markets, for example, are pervasive and huge. However, the African context enables a nuanced understanding of extant theories and the linkages between theories in explaining internationalization of EMNEs.
新兴市场跨国公司(EMNEs)的研究结果给学者们提出了一些有趣的问题。虽然有些问题很容易通过现有理论来解释,但其他问题则更为复杂。对非洲跨国公司的研究是有限的,而且是最近才出现的现象,关于它们国际化的历史记载很少。早期的研究结果表明,非洲公司表现出与其他新兴市场国家不同的国际化行为。然而,非洲的新兴市场国家及其国际化行为是独一无二的吗?本文从现有理论的角度对三家新兴非洲跨国公司的国际化进行了阐述,发现多种理论在解释它们的国际化时趋于一致。他们独特的国际化道路来自于他们在应对非洲多样化,有时甚至是极端的环境挑战和机遇方面的独立努力。除了创始人的教育和经历所导致的全球倾向外,创始人网络关系在非洲新兴市场企业的国际化进程中也起着主导作用。非洲的商业环境,尤其是国际化的环境是独特的,有时甚至是极端的。例如,制度空白和非正式市场是普遍和巨大的。然而,非洲的情况使我们能够细致入微地了解解释EMNEs国际化的现有理论和理论之间的联系。
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引用次数: 3
The business of barter on the pre-colonial Gold Coast 前殖民时期黄金海岸的易货贸易
IF 0.5 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-01-28 DOI: 10.1080/20780389.2019.1694408
K. Rönnbäck
ABSTRACT Trade on the Gold Coast in the eighteenth century was dominated by non-monetized barter trade. In this paper, a large dataset of barter transactions are used to study the social embeddedness of the trade. The data shows that prestige goods such as alcohol to a disproportionate degree were exchanged for other prestige goods such as gold. Guns – but also cheaper types of textiles – were to a disproportionate degree exchanged for slaves in particular. The evidence thus helps to shed light on the social valuation of various imported commodities on the Gold Coast at this time.
18世纪黄金海岸的贸易以非货币化的易货贸易为主。本文利用大型易货交易数据集来研究易货交易的社会嵌入性。数据显示,酒类等名贵商品与黄金等其他名贵商品的交换比例不成比例。枪支——还有更便宜的纺织品——在不成比例的程度上被用来交换奴隶。因此,这些证据有助于阐明当时黄金海岸各种进口商品的社会价值。
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引用次数: 2
Frank Stuart Jones, 29 March 1933–19 October 2019 弗兰克·斯图尔特·琼斯,1933年3月29日- 2019年10月19日
IF 0.5 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/20780389.2020.1711620
G. Verhoef
Frank Stuart Jones was a great Economic Historian, scholar and mentor – intellectually vigorous and brilliant – extremely well read. He was born in Timperley, near Altrincham, Manchester. His final...
弗兰克·斯图尔特·琼斯是一位伟大的经济历史学家、学者和导师——智力旺盛、才华横溢——博览群书。他出生在曼彻斯特奥尔特林厄姆附近的Timperley。他最后的……
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引用次数: 0
Post offices and British Indian grain price convergence 邮局与英印粮食价格趋同
IF 0.5 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/20780389.2019.1633304
T. Andrabi, S. Bharat, Michael Kuehlwein
ABSTRACT There is a large literature on the impact of railways on price convergence. Ignored, however, is the role of another potentially important network: post offices. By providing timely information on arbitrage and trade opportunities, post offices could also contribute to market integration. This paper tests that proposition in the context of British Indian grain markets. Rice and wheat markets in colonial India saw a broad convergence in prices during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Research suggests that railways mattered, but are capable of explaining only some of that convergence. This paper tests whether the spread of post offices also contributed to that price convergence. We find that it did, though the effects shrink in the presence of railways. Estimates suggest that between 1881 and 1911, post office growth reduced price dispersion by 20–24% of the total decline in Indian grain price dispersion. The precise mechanism through which these effects operate, however, is less clear.
关于铁路对价格趋同的影响已有大量文献。然而,人们忽略了另一个潜在的重要网络的作用:邮局。通过及时提供套利和贸易机会的信息,邮局还可以促进市场一体化。本文以英属印度粮食市场为背景,对这一命题进行了检验。在19世纪末和20世纪初,殖民地印度的大米和小麦市场的价格普遍趋同。研究表明,铁路很重要,但只能部分解释这种趋同。本文检验了邮局的扩张是否也促进了价格趋同。我们发现确实如此,尽管在有铁路的情况下,这种影响变小了。据估计,在1881年至1911年间,邮局的增长减少了印度粮食价格分散总降幅的20-24%。然而,这些效应运作的确切机制尚不清楚。
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引用次数: 4
Common markets and the decolonization of ‘British Africa’: The role of economics and economists 共同市场与“英属非洲”的非殖民化:经济学和经济学家的作用
IF 0.5 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/20780389.2019.1669443
K. Button
ABSTRACT To facilitate an organized withdrawal from its African territories in the 1960s, the UK authorities undertook studies of the economic potential of each. What has been little studied is the nature and impacts of these exercises on subsequent policy. This paper looks at two such studies that examined ways existing ‘common markets’ in East and Central Africa could be retained after independence, and further developed. The institutions and structures governing the territories differed, one a common market and the other a fuller federation, as did the bodies conducting the analysis, one an official commission requiring public recommendations, and the other an advisory group to a senior government minister. The paper offers insights as to the way economists viewed common markets at the time, how they sought to quantify their economic benefits, and the ways in which these benefits were distributed across member states. It also considers the types of economic policy recommendations that were made and the reaction of the British authorities and the colonial politicians to them.
为了方便在20世纪60年代有组织地从非洲领土撤军,英国当局对每个地区的经济潜力进行了研究。很少有人研究这些做法的性质和对后续政策的影响。本文考察了两项这样的研究,它们考察了东非和中非现有的“共同市场”在独立后可以保留并进一步发展的方式。管理领土的机构和结构各不相同,一个是共同市场,另一个是更充分的联邦,进行分析的机构也是如此,一个是需要公众建议的官方委员会,另一个是向政府高级部长提供咨询的小组。这篇论文提供了关于当时经济学家看待共同市场的方式、他们如何寻求量化共同市场的经济利益以及这些利益在成员国之间分配的方式的见解。它还考虑了所提出的经济政策建议的类型以及英国当局和殖民地政治家对这些建议的反应。
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引用次数: 0
American slavery and labour market power 美国奴隶制与劳动力市场力量
IF 0.5 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/20780389.2020.1734312
S. Naidu
ABSTRACT In this article I discuss the micro-economics of American slavery in light of recent research on monopsonistic labour markets. I argue that the defining characteristic of coerced labour, the threat of violence to prevent voluntary quits from a job, can be helpfully understood by contrasting it with free labour markets that are riven with imperfect competition and agency problems. American slavery looks closer to the textbook competitive model of labour markets than does free labour.
摘要在这篇文章中,我结合最近对单一劳动力市场的研究,讨论了美国奴隶制的微观经济学。我认为,通过将强迫劳动与充斥着不完全竞争和代理问题的自由劳动力市场进行对比,可以更好地理解强迫劳动的定义特征,即阻止自愿辞职的暴力威胁。美国的奴隶制看起来更接近教科书上的劳动力市场竞争模式,而不是自由劳动力。
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引用次数: 7
Statistical sources and African post-colonial economic history: Notes from the (digital) archives 统计来源和非洲后殖民经济历史:来自(数字)档案的注释
IF 0.5 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2019-11-14 DOI: 10.1080/20780389.2019.1671187
R. Simson
ABSTRACT While interest in African economic history has grown rapidly in recent years, the continent’s post-colonial past remains understudied. This is at least in part because of the decline and fragmentation in the publication of economic statistics after decolonization, which has limited the type and breadth of quantitative analysis that can be undertaken. Nonetheless, this note argues that there are comparatively untapped post-colonial data sources that could enrich the study of the continent's economic history. The note surveys some of these sources and data repositories and provides advice, based on the author’s own experiences, on how to utilize them.
摘要尽管近年来人们对非洲经济史的兴趣迅速增长,但对非洲大陆后殖民时代的历史研究仍然不足。这至少在一定程度上是因为非殖民化后经济统计数据的出版减少和分散,这限制了可以进行的定量分析的类型和广度。尽管如此,这份报告认为,有相对未开发的后殖民时期数据来源,可以丰富对非洲大陆经济史的研究。本说明调查了其中一些来源和数据存储库,并根据作者自己的经验,就如何利用它们提供了建议。
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引用次数: 1
Special issue on ‘Africa and China: Emerging patterns of engagement’ “非洲与中国:新兴的交往模式”特刊
IF 0.5 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2019-09-02 DOI: 10.1080/20780389.2019.1684691
E. Akyeampong, H. Fofack
On 16–17 November 2017, the Africa–Asia Initiative at Harvard University, a consortium of eight institutions and programmes with a focus on Africa–Asia collaborations, held a twoday conference at the Harvard Center Shanghai in China. With the theme ‘Africa–Asia Connections: Bridging Past, Present, and Future’, the conference brought together academic researchers, policymakers, and individuals from the private sector for stimulating discussions on Africa’s engagement with India, Japan, and China through the lenses of migration, trade, and aid; and environment, infrastructure, and industry. The three papers in this special issue were first presented at the 2017 conference and provide a window onto some of the discussions at the conference, this one with a focus on ‘Africa and China: Emerging Patterns of Engagement.’ In 2009 China emerged as Africa’s leading trading partner and also surpassed the World Bank as Africa’s top lender. While this may have caught some by surprise, Austin Strange in his contribution points out that this marked seven decades of China’s engagement with Africa. China’s phenomenal rise to become the second largest economy in the world after the United States intersected with the ‘Africa Rising’ story between 2002 and 2013, when six of the world’s fastest growing economies were in Africa – Angola, Nigeria, Ethiopia, Chad, Mozambique, and Rwanda. Africa’s rise was driven by a global commodity boom, especially demand from China and India for oil and other commodities, and net resources inflows in the post-HIPC era. The slump in the commodity boom in 2014 with the slowing down of economic growth in Asia and Europe, aggravated by developments such as Brexit and America’s trade wars under the Trump government, have underscored the long-standing desire for African economies to diversify from commodity exports and to deepen South-South trade, which now accounts for over 50% of African trade, and intra-Africa trade. The signing of the African Continental Free Trade Agreement by 27 member countries of the African Union in Kigali in March 2018, and now by all 55 African countries, has given substance to the last-stated objective and positioned what would be the world’s largest free trade area by number of participating countries when
2017年11月16日至17日,由八个机构和项目组成的以亚非合作为重点的哈佛大学亚非倡议在中国哈佛上海中心举行了为期两天的会议。会议以“亚非联系:连接过去、现在和未来”为主题,汇集了学术研究人员、政策制定者和来自私营部门的个人,就非洲通过移民、贸易和援助与印度、日本和中国的接触展开讨论;还有环境、基础设施和工业。本期特刊中的三篇论文首次在2017年的会议上发表,为会议上的一些讨论提供了一个窗口,这次会议的重点是“非洲和中国:新兴的接触模式”。2009年,中国成为非洲最大的贸易伙伴,并超越世界银行(World Bank)成为非洲最大的贷款机构。虽然这可能会让一些人感到惊讶,但奥斯汀·斯特兰奇在他的文章中指出,这标志着中国与非洲交往了70年。2002年至2013年间,中国迅速崛起,成为仅次于美国的世界第二大经济体,与“非洲崛起”的故事发生了交集。当时,世界上增长最快的六个经济体——安哥拉、尼日利亚、埃塞俄比亚、乍得、莫桑比克和卢旺达——都在非洲。非洲的崛起受到全球大宗商品繁荣的推动,尤其是中国和印度对石油和其他大宗商品的需求,以及重债穷国后时代的资源净流入。2014年,随着亚洲和欧洲经济增长放缓,大宗商品繁荣出现下滑,英国脱欧和特朗普政府领导下的美国贸易战等事态发展加剧了这一趋势,突显了非洲经济体长期以来对大宗商品出口多元化和深化南南贸易(目前南南贸易占非洲贸易的50%以上)和非洲内部贸易的渴望。2018年3月,非洲联盟27个成员国在基加利签署了《非洲大陆自由贸易协定》,现在所有55个非洲国家都签署了《非洲大陆自由贸易协定》,这为最后提出的目标提供了实质性内容,并为世界上参与国数量最多的自由贸易区奠定了基础
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引用次数: 6
Clientelism at work? A case study of Kenyan Standard Gauge Railway project 工作中的裙带主义?以肯尼亚标准轨距铁路项目为例
IF 0.5 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2019-09-02 DOI: 10.1080/20780389.2019.1678026
Yuan-Hsin Wang, U. Wissenbach
ABSTRACT Through investigating Kenya’s newly launched Standard Gauge Railway (SGR) project, this article explores the impact of clientelism on mega-infrastructure projects. This research traces the initiation and implementation of this Chinese-financed and -constructed railway in Kenya, based on over 100 interviews and triangulated with media and policy reports on SGR. We argue that clientelism had mixed effects on holding project management and the government accountable, conditional on the inclusiveness of the patron–client network. In areas where local people and businesses were included in the patronage system, for instance as constituents or trade union members, the patron–client networks held the project management accountable. The patronage system was conducive to corruption and oligopoly when the system only included elites and excluded citizens/businesses. In most situations we found that China has played a less influential role in the politics around the construction management than is generally assumed. This paper provides new evidence to the debate around clientelism and development in Kenya, and the conditions when patronage systems work for and against accountability. Moreover, this research advances the ‘African agency’ position in Sino-African relations literature by showing not only whether but also how Kenyan actors exercise their agency in interaction with Chinese counterparts.
通过对肯尼亚新启动的标准轨距铁路(SGR)项目的调查,本文探讨了裙带关系对大型基础设施项目的影响。本研究基于100多次采访,并结合媒体和有关SGR的政策报道,追溯了这条中国资助和建设的铁路在肯尼亚的启动和实施过程。我们认为,裙带关系对项目管理和政府问责产生了复杂的影响,其条件是裙带关系网络的包容性。在当地居民和企业被纳入赞助体系的地区,例如作为选民或工会成员,赞助-客户网络对项目管理负责。当庇护制度只包括精英而排斥公民/企业时,它有利于腐败和寡头垄断。在大多数情况下,我们发现中国在围绕建设管理的政治中发挥的作用比通常认为的要小。本文为围绕肯尼亚的裙带关系与发展的辩论提供了新的证据,也为裙带关系支持和反对问责制的条件提供了新的证据。此外,本研究通过展示肯尼亚行动者是否以及如何在与中国同行的互动中行使其代理权,推进了“非洲代理”在中非关系文献中的地位。
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引用次数: 28
期刊
Economic History of Developing Regions
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