Wellness has become vital to our daily life. The sector is rapidly growing and evolving and turning into a megatrend. This megatrend is cutting across sectors ranging from personal care to well-tech and many more. Several factors are contributing to the growth of this sector in the last years such as digitalization that is altering its landscape progressively. The wellness sector is full of new trends and those trends and innovations keep the sector moving ahead as they help in maintaining the interest of the consumers as well as establish investments. The current pandemic has revealed the importance of wellness tourism and switched, even more, the focus toward it. During the last two years, we have noticed an accelerated need for health and wellness tech solutions, so it has speeded up the funding in the field. All this resulted in a newly formed subsector, named well-tech, aiming to help its users’ maintaining good health and better well-being levels, using innovative digital solutions. The wellness sector is flourishing and continues to be attractive to investors. This paper aims to examine in detail the current state of investments in the sector and to evaluate if it’s worth investing in it or not.
{"title":"INVESTMENT ATTRACTIVENESS OF WELLNESS SECTOR","authors":"Denitsa Dimova","doi":"10.37708/ep.swu.v9i2.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37708/ep.swu.v9i2.4","url":null,"abstract":"Wellness has become vital to our daily life. The sector is rapidly growing and evolving and turning into a megatrend. This megatrend is cutting across sectors ranging from personal care to well-tech and many more. Several factors are contributing to the growth of this sector in the last years such as digitalization that is altering its landscape progressively. The wellness sector is full of new trends and those trends and innovations keep the sector moving ahead as they help in maintaining the interest of the consumers as well as establish investments. The current pandemic has revealed the importance of wellness tourism and switched, even more, the focus toward it. During the last two years, we have noticed an accelerated need for health and wellness tech solutions, so it has speeded up the funding in the field. All this resulted in a newly formed subsector, named well-tech, aiming to help its users’ maintaining good health and better well-being levels, using innovative digital solutions. The wellness sector is flourishing and continues to be attractive to investors. This paper aims to examine in detail the current state of investments in the sector and to evaluate if it’s worth investing in it or not.","PeriodicalId":54132,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Entrepreneurship","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82614381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In contemporary socio-economic conditions, both private and public organizations focus on higher growth rates. This can be achieved through streamlining the human resource management in the organizations to enhance productivity. In this respect, it is essential to understand the prevailing HRM practices and their impact on the public and private employees of Greece. The current study to enable the transition of firms’ effective and flexible organizations undertakes a comparative analysis of the prevailing HRM practices. The comparison of the perception of employees reveals similarities in terms of internal, HRM, and leadership factors. While, there is a difference in opinion for the factors of external, leadership, employee commitment, ownership culture and people, policy plus the process which is observed among private and public sector employees.
{"title":"COMPARISON OF HRM IN INDUSTRIAL AND IN PUBLIC SECTORS IN GREECE","authors":"K. Papadopoulou","doi":"10.37708/ep.swu.v9i2.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37708/ep.swu.v9i2.6","url":null,"abstract":"In contemporary socio-economic conditions, both private and public organizations focus on higher growth rates. This can be achieved through streamlining the human resource management in the organizations to enhance productivity. In this respect, it is essential to understand the prevailing HRM practices and their impact on the public and private employees of Greece. The current study to enable the transition of firms’ effective and flexible organizations undertakes a comparative analysis of the prevailing HRM practices. The comparison of the perception of employees reveals similarities in terms of internal, HRM, and leadership factors. While, there is a difference in opinion for the factors of external, leadership, employee commitment, ownership culture and people, policy plus the process which is observed among private and public sector employees.","PeriodicalId":54132,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Entrepreneurship","volume":"68 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85341686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Despite the number of entrepreneurial programs undertaken by governments and non-profits, the growing population of Africa is still struggling. Traditional models of entrepreneurship and innovation were tailored for industrialized economies. Developing world and Africa face different constraints, to cite only low purchasing power and inefficiency of institutions. Frugal innovation is a new paradigm of affordable innovations to deal with resource scarcity in developing economies. Multiple cases show how frugal innovators are delivering high added value for cheaper price. Evidence from a comparative study [8] revealed a cost reduction of more than 58% between frugal and standard low-price products in the Indian market. In Africa, Khan [9] cited the example of Craftskills, a Kenyan social business that manufactures renewable energy equipment in East Africa to plantations, community collectives and small businesses. Those and other studies showcase the potential of bricolage and inventive analogies as stimulants of frugal innovations, which enhance sustainable entrepreneurship in developing countries.
{"title":"Frugal Innovation Approach to Technology Driven Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies","authors":"Ilyass Mousaid, A. Kaya, Ali Benmoussa","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3923017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3923017","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the number of entrepreneurial programs undertaken by governments and non-profits, the growing population of Africa is still struggling. Traditional models of entrepreneurship and innovation were tailored for industrialized economies. Developing world and Africa face different constraints, to cite only low purchasing power and inefficiency of institutions. Frugal innovation is a new paradigm of affordable innovations to deal with resource scarcity in developing economies. Multiple cases show how frugal innovators are delivering high added value for cheaper price. Evidence from a comparative study [8] revealed a cost reduction of more than 58% between frugal and standard low-price products in the Indian market. In Africa, Khan [9] cited the example of Craftskills, a Kenyan social business that manufactures renewable energy equipment in East Africa to plantations, community collectives and small businesses. Those and other studies showcase the potential of bricolage and inventive analogies as stimulants of frugal innovations, which enhance sustainable entrepreneurship in developing countries.","PeriodicalId":54132,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Entrepreneurship","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79335269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-12DOI: 10.6008/cbpc2595-4318.2021.002.0005
Amanda Ortiz Pordeus, Telma Regina Stroparo
A pesquisa teve por objetivo identificar as significações causadas pela implementação de ações ecoinovadoras dentro do processo produtivo de empresas do segmento madeireiro da Região Centro Sul do Paraná, sob os aspectos ambientais e econômicos. Apurou-se o conhecimento sobre ecoinovação, bem como a efetividade das ações adotadas pelas empresas pesquisadas. Quanto à metodologia, utilizou se a abordagem qualitativa e de análise exploratória. Os resultados apontam para uma maior conscientização e cuidado do meio ambiente, por parte dos gestores, quando e na hipótese de alterações nos processos produtivos. Economicamente, proteger o meio ambiente significa ir além da valorização do produto no mercado externo, mas promover o desenvolvimento sustentável e com qualidade de vida do entorno.
{"title":"Significações da implantação de ações ecoinovadoras em empresas do ramo madeireiro da região Sul do Estado do Paraná","authors":"Amanda Ortiz Pordeus, Telma Regina Stroparo","doi":"10.6008/cbpc2595-4318.2021.002.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6008/cbpc2595-4318.2021.002.0005","url":null,"abstract":"A pesquisa teve por objetivo identificar as significações causadas pela implementação de ações ecoinovadoras dentro do processo produtivo de empresas do segmento madeireiro da Região Centro Sul do Paraná, sob os aspectos ambientais e econômicos. Apurou-se o conhecimento sobre ecoinovação, bem como a efetividade das ações adotadas pelas empresas pesquisadas. Quanto à metodologia, utilizou se a abordagem qualitativa e de análise exploratória. Os resultados apontam para uma maior conscientização e cuidado do meio ambiente, por parte dos gestores, quando e na hipótese de alterações nos processos produtivos. Economicamente, proteger o meio ambiente significa ir além da valorização do produto no mercado externo, mas promover o desenvolvimento sustentável e com qualidade de vida do entorno.","PeriodicalId":54132,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Entrepreneurship","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90550581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-12DOI: 10.6008/cbpc2595-4318.2021.002.0001
Chrystopher William Montenegro
Este artigo tem por objetivo analisar o impacto das ações relacionadas a presença virtual das empresas, nas empresas participantes do programa Agentes Locais de Inovação, da Região de Guarulhos – São Paulo, atendidas pelo presente autor. Além da pesquisa bibliográfica, foi realizado trabalho de campo com as empresas, formulando junto aos empresários planos de ação voltados para a Dimensão de Relacionamento com o Cliente, a fim de que, fosse possível coletar dados do Diagnóstico do Radar de Inovação para auxiliar nas conclusões. Os resultados obtidos no ciclo 0 apontaram que a maioria das empresas tem grau baixo ou médio de inovação na Dimensão de Relacionamento com o cliente e que não tem uma grade preocupação com a presença virtual da empresa. Tendo essa informação como base, foram sugeridas as ações de criação/reformulação do site. Os resultados demonstraram que as empresas que possuíam grau baixo ou médio no Radar da Inovação tiveram subiram de nível após a conclusão da ação, e as que já tinham um grau alto conseguiram se manter no mesmo.
{"title":"A presença virtual como forma de melhorar o relacionamento com o cliente","authors":"Chrystopher William Montenegro","doi":"10.6008/cbpc2595-4318.2021.002.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6008/cbpc2595-4318.2021.002.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Este artigo tem por objetivo analisar o impacto das ações relacionadas a presença virtual das empresas, nas empresas participantes do programa Agentes Locais de Inovação, da Região de Guarulhos – São Paulo, atendidas pelo presente autor. Além da pesquisa bibliográfica, foi realizado trabalho de campo com as empresas, formulando junto aos empresários planos de ação voltados para a Dimensão de Relacionamento com o Cliente, a fim de que, fosse possível coletar dados do Diagnóstico do Radar de Inovação para auxiliar nas conclusões. Os resultados obtidos no ciclo 0 apontaram que a maioria das empresas tem grau baixo ou médio de inovação na Dimensão de Relacionamento com o cliente e que não tem uma grade preocupação com a presença virtual da empresa. Tendo essa informação como base, foram sugeridas as ações de criação/reformulação do site. Os resultados demonstraram que as empresas que possuíam grau baixo ou médio no Radar da Inovação tiveram subiram de nível após a conclusão da ação, e as que já tinham um grau alto conseguiram se manter no mesmo.","PeriodicalId":54132,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Entrepreneurship","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77988278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Each academic discipline wrestles with framing objects of study within its field. This paper is a reflexive analysis of the ontology of employee ownership (EO) and employee-owned businesses (EOBs) based on ten cases from two PhDs and two post-doctoral studies. We found that normative definitions of EO not only fail to reflect complexities uncovered during fieldwork but also obscure how EOBs are created and developed. We set out five primary questions that researchers need to resolve before framing a study of EO, and then investigate how those questions are resolved under company, cooperative and trust law. Our findings reveal variations in EOB realities that problematise the assumption that “employment status” defines EOBs. We found EOBs that selectively include or exclude front line employees from EO based on employment contract differences, and others that include front line workers based on a “contract for services”, rather than a “contract of service”. As a result, a revised view of “the employed” is required, based on workers’ capacity (either through employment contracts or membership arrangements) to selfmanage their labour in a shared enterprise. This broad view of “the employed” using Vanek’s concept of “labour-managed firms” (LMFs) is a more precise and inclusive framing concept that brings worker cooperatives fully within the scope of EO. We conclude that constructionist philosophies offer the best scope for knowledge creation for four of our five primary questions.
{"title":"Ontologies of Employee Ownership: A Comparative Analysis of Trust-Owned, Directly-Owned and Cooperatively-Owned Enterprises","authors":"David Wren, R. Ridley-Duff","doi":"10.5947/jeod.2021.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5947/jeod.2021.003","url":null,"abstract":"Each academic discipline wrestles with framing objects of study within its field. This paper is a reflexive analysis of the ontology of employee ownership (EO) and employee-owned businesses (EOBs) based on ten cases from two PhDs and two post-doctoral studies. We found that normative definitions of EO not only fail to reflect complexities uncovered during fieldwork but also obscure how EOBs are created and developed. We set out five primary questions that researchers need to resolve before framing a study of EO, and then investigate how those questions are resolved under company, cooperative and trust law. Our findings reveal variations in EOB realities that problematise the assumption that “employment status” defines EOBs. We found EOBs that selectively include or exclude front line employees from EO based on employment contract differences, and others that include front line workers based on a “contract for services”, rather than a “contract of service”. As a result, a revised view of “the employed” is required, based on workers’ capacity (either through employment contracts or membership arrangements) to selfmanage their labour in a shared enterprise. This broad view of “the employed” using Vanek’s concept of “labour-managed firms” (LMFs) is a more precise and inclusive framing concept that brings worker cooperatives fully within the scope of EO. We conclude that constructionist philosophies offer the best scope for knowledge creation for four of our five primary questions.","PeriodicalId":54132,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Entrepreneurship","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81927819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper uses the Rubin Causal Model to formalize the treatment effects of a firm choice on its performance. Building from Porter, a firm choice can shape profitability through both strategy and operational effectiveness, but they are distinct in how they do so. The strategic treatment effect is the benefit that is predictable from a firm's characteristics (i.e., resources) and their joint configuration. The strategic determinant function is a mapping of resources to treatment effects, and the role of resource interactions in it determines the importance of coherence for a strategy. Under unconfoundedness, the strategic treatment effect, strategic determinant function, and coherence can be estimated in high-dimensional observational data using machine learning. I present an application estimating the gains from choosing venture capital as early stage financing versus other forms of capital. The results highlight the advantage of considering strategic benefits in this choice. For equity outcomes, there is no average treatment effect of early stage VC, but there is significant heterogeneity: some entrepreneurs can benefit substantially from raising early stage VC, while others be negatively affected. This heterogeneity is predictable from founder, industry and location characteristics. The estimated role of coherence in this choice is moderate. The formalizations in this paper also show that several additional assumptions are required when assessing strategic benefits compared to the usual causal inference. R code to replicate these functions will be included.
{"title":"Treatment Effects in Strategic Management: With an Application to Choosing Early Stage Venture Capital","authors":"Jorge Guzmán","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3915606","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3915606","url":null,"abstract":"This paper uses the Rubin Causal Model to formalize the treatment effects of a firm choice on its performance. Building from Porter, a firm choice can shape profitability through both strategy and operational effectiveness, but they are distinct in how they do so. The strategic treatment effect is the benefit that is predictable from a firm's characteristics (i.e., resources) and their joint configuration. The strategic determinant function is a mapping of resources to treatment effects, and the role of resource interactions in it determines the importance of coherence for a strategy. Under unconfoundedness, the strategic treatment effect, strategic determinant function, and coherence can be estimated in high-dimensional observational data using machine learning. I present an application estimating the gains from choosing venture capital as early stage financing versus other forms of capital. The results highlight the advantage of considering strategic benefits in this choice. For equity outcomes, there is no average treatment effect of early stage VC, but there is significant heterogeneity: some entrepreneurs can benefit substantially from raising early stage VC, while others be negatively affected. This heterogeneity is predictable from founder, industry and location characteristics. The estimated role of coherence in this choice is moderate. The formalizations in this paper also show that several additional assumptions are required when assessing strategic benefits compared to the usual causal inference. R code to replicate these functions will be included.","PeriodicalId":54132,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Entrepreneurship","volume":"121 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76735567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Many economic development organizations (EDOs) have embraced the mission to support entrepreneurial firms in their communities. EDOs engage in their entrepreneurial ecosystems, in part, by providing resources, sometimes in the form of business incentives. The purpose of this report is to provide practitioners and policymakers with insights regarding the use of these incentives and guidance for offering incentives to entrepreneurial firms. Researchers and policymakers use a wide range of definitions for “entrepreneurial firm” and “incentive,” making it difficult to categorize and describe the current state of entrepreneurial firm incentives. Multiple additional research challenges, including a lack of data on program outcomes, hinder the ability to draw definitive policy guidance from both program evaluations and academic research. This report strives to sort this tangle of material into a framework that is helpful for policymakers and economic development practitioners.
{"title":"Incentives for Entrepreneurial Firms","authors":"Darrene L. Hackler, Ellen Harpel","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3911556","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3911556","url":null,"abstract":"Many economic development organizations (EDOs) have embraced the mission to support entrepreneurial firms in their communities. EDOs engage in their entrepreneurial ecosystems, in part, by providing resources, sometimes in the form of business incentives. The purpose of this report is to provide practitioners and policymakers with insights regarding the use of these incentives and guidance for offering incentives to entrepreneurial firms. Researchers and policymakers use a wide range of definitions for “entrepreneurial firm” and “incentive,” making it difficult to categorize and describe the current state of entrepreneurial firm incentives. Multiple additional research challenges, including a lack of data on program outcomes, hinder the ability to draw definitive policy guidance from both program evaluations and academic research. This report strives to sort this tangle of material into a framework that is helpful for policymakers and economic development practitioners.","PeriodicalId":54132,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Entrepreneurship","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88827675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper - part of a series from the UN Taskforce on Global Digital Finance Governance - examines existing regulatory frameworks relating to digital finance platforms - "BigFintechs" (BFTs) - and their positive and negative impacts on the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (the SDGs), with a particular focus on regulatory initiatives in relation to or originating from developing countries. The paper begins by highlighting the significant potential of BFTs in contributing to the SDGs through financial inclusion and provision of financial services. However, BFTs also create unique risks to the financial system as a result of platform economics and tendencies toward market concentration and dominance, misuse of data and gaps in existing regulatory standards. In response to these risks and opportunities, domestic and international policymakers have developed a range of regulatory approaches to digital technology, finance and sustainable development. Most of these regulatory processes and approaches are not specifically focused on BFTs or the SDGs; they also do not specifically address issues from a developing country perspective. Further, while regulators and policymakers are now focusing on digitization and sustainability-related risks, so far there appears to be little synergy between the governance of BFTs and the pursuit of the SDGs.
To better understand the scope and limitations of existing regulatory approaches, this paper considers two aspects. First, the paper examines regulations relating to economic activities, structures and impact of BFTs, with a focus on financial, data, competition and Internet/telecoms regulations. The existing regulatory processes address some of the challenges brought by BFTs, including risks to financial stability (i.e. systemic risk considerations), market dominance and concentration, data protection and Internet/telecommunications licensing. At the same time, existing regulatory responses to BFTs are not consistent across jurisdictions, leading to problems with extraterritoriality of domestic laws and regulatory fragmentation. Further, regulators often have limited technical expertise and experience in dealing with BFTs and are grappling with providing effective answers to risks generated by BFTs.
Second, the paper examines regulatory initiatives relating to the SDGs. To date, most sustainability-related initiatives have been developed in the context of environmental, social and governance frameworks (ESG) rather than the SDGs. Our review concludes that an array of domestic and international policies has emerged to address sustainability-related risks, rather than to support sustainable development in a holistic manner. The proliferation of such different standards, however, creates regulatory uncertainty and a lack of clear standards for ESG/SDG governance. While several jurisdictions such as the EU have attempted to standardize ESG/SDG governance, there is still no coherent approach to
{"title":"Policymakers, BigFintechs and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals","authors":"Artem Sergeev, D. Arner, Kuzi Charamba","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3870612","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3870612","url":null,"abstract":"This paper - part of a series from the UN Taskforce on Global Digital Finance Governance - examines existing regulatory frameworks relating to digital finance platforms - \"BigFintechs\" (BFTs) - and their positive and negative impacts on the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (the SDGs), with a particular focus on regulatory initiatives in relation to or originating from developing countries. The paper begins by highlighting the significant potential of BFTs in contributing to the SDGs through financial inclusion and provision of financial services. However, BFTs also create unique risks to the financial system as a result of platform economics and tendencies toward market concentration and dominance, misuse of data and gaps in existing regulatory standards. In response to these risks and opportunities, domestic and international policymakers have developed a range of regulatory approaches to digital technology, finance and sustainable development. Most of these regulatory processes and approaches are not specifically focused on BFTs or the SDGs; they also do not specifically address issues from a developing country perspective. Further, while regulators and policymakers are now focusing on digitization and sustainability-related risks, so far there appears to be little synergy between the governance of BFTs and the pursuit of the SDGs.<br><br>To better understand the scope and limitations of existing regulatory approaches, this paper considers two aspects. First, the paper examines regulations relating to economic activities, structures and impact of BFTs, with a focus on financial, data, competition and Internet/telecoms regulations. The existing regulatory processes address some of the challenges brought by BFTs, including risks to financial stability (i.e. systemic risk considerations), market dominance and concentration, data protection and Internet/telecommunications licensing. At the same time, existing regulatory responses to BFTs are not consistent across jurisdictions, leading to problems with extraterritoriality of domestic laws and regulatory fragmentation. Further, regulators often have limited technical expertise and experience in dealing with BFTs and are grappling with providing effective answers to risks generated by BFTs.<br><br>Second, the paper examines regulatory initiatives relating to the SDGs. To date, most sustainability-related initiatives have been developed in the context of environmental, social and governance frameworks (ESG) rather than the SDGs. Our review concludes that an array of domestic and international policies has emerged to address sustainability-related risks, rather than to support sustainable development in a holistic manner. The proliferation of such different standards, however, creates regulatory uncertainty and a lack of clear standards for ESG/SDG governance. While several jurisdictions such as the EU have attempted to standardize ESG/SDG governance, there is still no coherent approach to ","PeriodicalId":54132,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Entrepreneurship","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88471906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-01DOI: 10.15678/ier.2021.0702.01
K. Wach
Objective: The objective of the article is to synthesize the process of transforming the Uppsala model of internationalization of the firm from the original one of 1977 to the most up-to-date model of globalization of 2017.Research Design & Methods: This article is based on a literature review – primary sources presenting the concepts of Johanson and Vahlne as the authors of the Uppsala models.Findings: This article discusses a total of seven models proposed by Johansson and Vahlne (in the years 1977, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2014, 2017) with their various smooth extensions (1990, 2003, 2006, 2012) showing the way they were transformed and evolved.Implications & Recommendations: Although stages models are often criticized in the literature, they are still widely used in empirical research. Their successive modifications may attest to their universal character and timelessness.Contribution & Value Added: The article compiles all the major models from Johanson and Vahlne, and sometimes also of their co-authors (Ivarsson and Schweizer), in one place, showing their common base and differentiating issues that differ in these models.
{"title":"The evolution of the Uppsala model: Towards non-linearity of internationalization of firms","authors":"K. Wach","doi":"10.15678/ier.2021.0702.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15678/ier.2021.0702.01","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: The objective of the article is to synthesize the process of transforming the Uppsala model of internationalization of the firm from the original one of 1977 to the most up-to-date model of globalization of 2017.Research Design & Methods: This article is based on a literature review – primary sources presenting the concepts of Johanson and Vahlne as the authors of the Uppsala models.Findings: This article discusses a total of seven models proposed by Johansson and Vahlne (in the years 1977, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2014, 2017) with their various smooth extensions (1990, 2003, 2006, 2012) showing the way they were transformed and evolved.Implications & Recommendations: Although stages models are often criticized in the literature, they are still widely used in empirical research. Their successive modifications may attest to their universal character and timelessness.Contribution & Value Added: The article compiles all the major models from Johanson and Vahlne, and sometimes also of their co-authors (Ivarsson and Schweizer), in one place, showing their common base and differentiating issues that differ in these models.","PeriodicalId":54132,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Entrepreneurship","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88920520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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