Pub Date : 2022-06-02DOI: 10.24028/gj.v44i2.256268
T. Sumaruk, P. V. Sumaruk
Based on the results of geomagnetic observatories located near the North magnetic pole and in the middle latitudes of the North American tectonic plate, the secular variations (SV) of the Earth’s geomagnetic field have been studied. The influence of solar activity on SV on the North American plate has been shown. The author has identified the SV source of non-dipole origin with a period of about 22 years. The source did not affect SV in the XX—XXI cycle of solar activity probably due to the influence of the SV jerk, but it showed itself well in the XXII—XXIV cycles of solar activity. It is demonstrated that the influence of the SV source increases with increasing latitude of the observatory and is almost imperceptible at low latitudes. According to the Minuk observatory and others, a 100-year cycle of age-related variation has been identified — the early 20th century: a maximum took place in the 1960s and cycle termination was in 2013. Following the observatories located on the eastern part of the plate, the SV acceleration triggered by the influence of the Atlantic focus has been calculated. The research identifies that the «activation» of the SV Atlantic focus occurs with an expansion in the number of recurrent geomagnetic storms, which is evidenced in odd cycles of solar activity (the VMS direction from the Sun). According to observatories located near the Pacific Plate (west coast of North America), the impact of the Atlantic focus on SV is not as pronounced as in the eastern part. However, there is an influence of the non-dipole SV source depending on the observatory’s latitude and solar activity.
{"title":"Secular variations on the North American tectonic plate","authors":"T. Sumaruk, P. V. Sumaruk","doi":"10.24028/gj.v44i2.256268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24028/gj.v44i2.256268","url":null,"abstract":"Based on the results of geomagnetic observatories located near the North magnetic pole and in the middle latitudes of the North American tectonic plate, the secular variations (SV) of the Earth’s geomagnetic field have been studied. The influence of solar activity on SV on the North American plate has been shown. \u0000The author has identified the SV source of non-dipole origin with a period of about 22 years. The source did not affect SV in the XX—XXI cycle of solar activity probably due to the influence of the SV jerk, but it showed itself well in the XXII—XXIV cycles of solar activity. It is demonstrated that the influence of the SV source increases with increasing latitude of the observatory and is almost imperceptible at low latitudes. \u0000According to the Minuk observatory and others, a 100-year cycle of age-related variation has been identified — the early 20th century: a maximum took place in the 1960s and cycle termination was in 2013. \u0000Following the observatories located on the eastern part of the plate, the SV acceleration triggered by the influence of the Atlantic focus has been calculated. The research identifies that the «activation» of the SV Atlantic focus occurs with an expansion in the number of recurrent geomagnetic storms, which is evidenced in odd cycles of solar activity (the VMS direction from the Sun). \u0000According to observatories located near the Pacific Plate (west coast of North America), the impact of the Atlantic focus on SV is not as pronounced as in the eastern part. However, there is an influence of the non-dipole SV source depending on the observatory’s latitude and solar activity.","PeriodicalId":54141,"journal":{"name":"Geofizicheskiy Zhurnal-Geophysical Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43592709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-03DOI: 10.24028/gzh.v44i1.253717
I. Rokityansky, A. Tereshyn
The Donbas was formed as the result of Late Devonian rifting of the East European craton. During the Carboniferous, the subsidence of the basin and sedimentation were at their maximum, and a 15-kilometer stratum of Carboniferous deposits formed in the Donbas. The total thickness of the deposits reaches more than 20 km. The next important event was folding, which occurred in the Late Triassic — Early Jurassic and Late Cretaceous — Early Tertiary. The inversion lifted the upper part of the folded Donbas and subsequent erosion exposed the Carboniferous coal-bearing strata on the surface of the earth. Deep electrical conductivity was studied by the methods of magnetovariational profiling (MVP) and magnetotelluric sounding (MTS). The first large survey (13 long-period MTS sites and 32 MTS points) was carried out in 1986; in 1988 another 30 MTS were performed. In 2012-2013, a profile of 15 MVP-MTS sites was made with modern instruments that allow obtaining more accurate results. The data interpretation yields the following conclusions. The intense Donbass electrical conductivity anomaly (DAE) runs along the main anticline of the folded Donbass. In the northwest, it continues in the DDD, in the southeast — on the Karpinsky swell. DAE parameters obtained by the MVP method: Based on the frequency response of the anomalous field, the total longitudinal conductance G = (8±2)×108S×m was estimated. Profile graphs of the anomalous field of geomagnetic variations give an estimate of the maximum possible depth of the anomalous currents center hmax.c.curr, which depends on the variations period. For DAE at the maximum frequency response Т0≈3600 s, it turns out to be equal to hmax.c.curr=18±2 km. The upper edge of the anomaly is estimated from MTS data. Most of the available 70 MTS ρк curves begin at periods of 0.1—1 s from approximately the same level of 15 Ohm·m±half an order of magnitude. This means that in the Donbass, the rocks of the upper approximately half-kilometer layer have, as a rule, electrical resistivity in the range of 5—50 Ohm·m. Deeper, the resistivity can increase to hundreds and thousands of Ohm·m or decrease to units or fractions of Ohm·m. An analysis of the MTS by area showed that objects of low resistance (LRO) are located in two conductive bands, the upper edge of which varies from 0.3 to 5 km. The bands are parallel to the DAE axis and can be considered as some part of the anomaly. A very large value of G leads to the assumption that the anomalous body extends to a considerable depth. When compared with the data of other geophysical methods, it turned out that the DAE spatially coincides with an intense (up to 90 mW/m2) linear anomaly of the deep heat flow. This fact suggests that the nature of the DAE lower part can be a partial melting of fluid-enriched heated local rocks or intrusion of mantle magma. The obtained geoelectric results support the idea of the modern tectonic activation in Donbas.
{"title":"Donbas geoelectrical structure","authors":"I. Rokityansky, A. Tereshyn","doi":"10.24028/gzh.v44i1.253717","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24028/gzh.v44i1.253717","url":null,"abstract":"The Donbas was formed as the result of Late Devonian rifting of the East European craton. During the Carboniferous, the subsidence of the basin and sedimentation were at their maximum, and a 15-kilometer stratum of Carboniferous deposits formed in the Donbas. The total thickness of the deposits reaches more than 20 km. The next important event was folding, which occurred in the Late Triassic — Early Jurassic and Late Cretaceous — Early Tertiary. The inversion lifted the upper part of the folded Donbas and subsequent erosion exposed the Carboniferous coal-bearing strata on the surface of the earth. Deep electrical conductivity was studied by the methods of magnetovariational profiling (MVP) and magnetotelluric sounding (MTS). The first large survey (13 long-period MTS sites and 32 MTS points) was carried out in 1986; in 1988 another 30 MTS were performed. In 2012-2013, a profile of 15 MVP-MTS sites was made with modern instruments that allow obtaining more accurate results. The data interpretation yields the following conclusions. The intense Donbass electrical conductivity anomaly (DAE) runs along the main anticline of the folded Donbass. In the northwest, it continues in the DDD, in the southeast — on the Karpinsky swell. DAE parameters obtained by the MVP method: Based on the frequency response of the anomalous field, the total longitudinal conductance G = (8±2)×108S×m was estimated. Profile graphs of the anomalous field of geomagnetic variations give an estimate of the maximum possible depth of the anomalous currents center hmax.c.curr, which depends on the variations period. For DAE at the maximum frequency response Т0≈3600 s, it turns out to be equal to hmax.c.curr=18±2 km. The upper edge of the anomaly is estimated from MTS data. Most of the available 70 MTS ρк curves begin at periods of 0.1—1 s from approximately the same level of 15 Ohm·m±half an order of magnitude. This means that in the Donbass, the rocks of the upper approximately half-kilometer layer have, as a rule, electrical resistivity in the range of 5—50 Ohm·m. Deeper, the resistivity can increase to hundreds and thousands of Ohm·m or decrease to units or fractions of Ohm·m. An analysis of the MTS by area showed that objects of low resistance (LRO) are located in two conductive bands, the upper edge of which varies from 0.3 to 5 km. The bands are parallel to the DAE axis and can be considered as some part of the anomaly. A very large value of G leads to the assumption that the anomalous body extends to a considerable depth. When compared with the data of other geophysical methods, it turned out that the DAE spatially coincides with an intense (up to 90 mW/m2) linear anomaly of the deep heat flow. This fact suggests that the nature of the DAE lower part can be a partial melting of fluid-enriched heated local rocks or intrusion of mantle magma. The obtained geoelectric results support the idea of the modern tectonic activation in Donbas.","PeriodicalId":54141,"journal":{"name":"Geofizicheskiy Zhurnal-Geophysical Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42864618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-03DOI: 10.24028/gzh.v44i1.253714
F. Zablotskyi, V. Maksymchuk, B. Dzhuman
Baltic Height System 1977, currently used in Ukraine, the starting point of which is the zero of the Kronstadttide-gauge, isobsoletedue to the great distance from the zero-point of the reference height and the difficulty of adapting satellite methods of geodesy. For the successful modernization of the height system of Ukraine, it is necessary to integrate it into the United European Leveling Network (UELN). For the full functioning of any modern height system, namely to determine the gravity-depend heights by satellite methods, it is necessary to operate with a high-precision geoid model. Therefore, an important task is construction of a high-precision regional model of the geoid on the territory of our state. The rear many methods of constructing a model of the regional Earth’s gravitational field, including the geoid model, each of which has its advantages and disadvantages. The purpose of this article is to test the STHA-method for calculating the model of the regional gravitational field, in particular the gravimetric model of the geoid, on the territory of Lviv region and to assess its accuracy. Free air gravity anomalies ∆g from WGM2012 provided by the International Gravimetric Bureau (BGI) were used as initial data. The gravimetric STHA-model of the geoid was calculated with in the procedure «Remove-Compute-Restore» up to 8 degrees/order. To assess the accuracy of the model, it was compared with 213 points of GNSS leveling, as well as with the model EGM2008 up to 360 degrees/order. There are always differences between geometric and gravimetric geoid models duet or and ommeasurement errors, in consistencies in datums, different geodynamic effects etc. Respectively the parameters of the transition between gravimetric and geometric models of the geoid on the territory of Lviv region were also found. The proposed method can be used to build a high-precision model of the geoid for the entire territory of Ukraine with its subsequent coordination with the model of the European geoid EGG2015.
{"title":"On the construction of gravimetric geoid model on the Lviv region area","authors":"F. Zablotskyi, V. Maksymchuk, B. Dzhuman","doi":"10.24028/gzh.v44i1.253714","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24028/gzh.v44i1.253714","url":null,"abstract":"Baltic Height System 1977, currently used in Ukraine, the starting point of which is the zero of the Kronstadttide-gauge, isobsoletedue to the great distance from the zero-point of the reference height and the difficulty of adapting satellite methods of geodesy. For the successful modernization of the height system of Ukraine, it is necessary to integrate it into the United European Leveling Network (UELN). For the full functioning of any modern height system, namely to determine the gravity-depend heights by satellite methods, it is necessary to operate with a high-precision geoid model. Therefore, an important task is construction of a high-precision regional model of the geoid on the territory of our state. The rear many methods of constructing a model of the regional Earth’s gravitational field, including the geoid model, each of which has its advantages and disadvantages. The purpose of this article is to test the STHA-method for calculating the model of the regional gravitational field, in particular the gravimetric model of the geoid, on the territory of Lviv region and to assess its accuracy. Free air gravity anomalies ∆g from WGM2012 provided by the International Gravimetric Bureau (BGI) were used as initial data. The gravimetric STHA-model of the geoid was calculated with in the procedure «Remove-Compute-Restore» up to 8 degrees/order. To assess the accuracy of the model, it was compared with 213 points of GNSS leveling, as well as with the model EGM2008 up to 360 degrees/order. There are always differences between geometric and gravimetric geoid models duet or and ommeasurement errors, in consistencies in datums, different geodynamic effects etc. Respectively the parameters of the transition between gravimetric and geometric models of the geoid on the territory of Lviv region were also found. The proposed method can be used to build a high-precision model of the geoid for the entire territory of Ukraine with its subsequent coordination with the model of the European geoid EGG2015.","PeriodicalId":54141,"journal":{"name":"Geofizicheskiy Zhurnal-Geophysical Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46713752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-03DOI: 10.24028/gzh.v44i1.253710
V. Pryvalov, J. Pironon, P. D. Donato, R. Michels, A. Izart, C. Morlot, O. Panova
The Lorraine-Saar Basin (LSB) is one of the major Paleozoic coalfields of Western Europe that has been shapedover two centuries as a heartland of underground coal mining and associated industrial activities in the transborderarea of France and Germany. The Basin still has considerable coal reserves accumulated in numerous laterally continuous coal seams that were affected by processes of thermogenic production of gaseous hydrocarbons during post-Carboniferous burial and related coalification. The LSB stands out by its up to 6 km sedimentary column and its inversion resulting in Paleozoic erosion in the range of 750 m (French part of the Basin) and pre-Mesozoic (Permian) erosion between 1800 and 3000 m (German part of the Basin). Historically, coal production in the Lorraine and the Saar portions of the entire Basin was associated with numerous mining hazards because of the high methane content in coal seams. The LSB has the potential to host an enormous unconventional resource base including coalbed methane (CBM). Coal mines here are no longer operated to produce coal; however, methane generated in deep compartments is venting here via fracture swarms to the Earth’s surface. Cutting natural methane emissions throughout CBM production within coal-bearing terrains is a crucial opportunity for slowing global warming rates. Nearly all CBM plays worldwide are affected in some way by natural multiscale fracture sets ranging from large fault zones to closely spaced joints, micro-shears, or cleat sets in coal seams. The LSB is not excluded indeed from this trend because of the long-term experience of geological exploration during extensive coal mining in the past. Characterization of structural patterns of fracture networks at different scales is a pragmatic process boosting the reliable perception of the performance of coalbed methane gas reservoirs. The focus of this contribution is to get an insight into the style and kinematic description of the multi-scale fault and cleat patterns in the LSB based on results of subsurface and underground geological mapping, and X-ray computer tomography. It will benefit the right mindset to ensure proper technical decisions for efficient exploration and exploitation of CBM reservoirs in the Basin.
{"title":"Multi-scale structural inheritance of fracture systems pattern in coal-bearing measures of the Lorraine-Saar coal Basin","authors":"V. Pryvalov, J. Pironon, P. D. Donato, R. Michels, A. Izart, C. Morlot, O. Panova","doi":"10.24028/gzh.v44i1.253710","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24028/gzh.v44i1.253710","url":null,"abstract":"The Lorraine-Saar Basin (LSB) is one of the major Paleozoic coalfields of Western Europe that has been shapedover two centuries as a heartland of underground coal mining and associated industrial activities in the transborderarea of France and Germany. The Basin still has considerable coal reserves accumulated in numerous laterally continuous coal seams that were affected by processes of thermogenic production of gaseous hydrocarbons during post-Carboniferous burial and related coalification. The LSB stands out by its up to 6 km sedimentary column and its inversion resulting in Paleozoic erosion in the range of 750 m (French part of the Basin) and pre-Mesozoic (Permian) erosion between 1800 and 3000 m (German part of the Basin). Historically, coal production in the Lorraine and the Saar portions of the entire Basin was associated with numerous mining hazards because of the high methane content in coal seams. The LSB has the potential to host an enormous unconventional resource base including coalbed methane (CBM). Coal mines here are no longer operated to produce coal; however, methane generated in deep compartments is venting here via fracture swarms to the Earth’s surface. Cutting natural methane emissions throughout CBM production within coal-bearing terrains is a crucial opportunity for slowing global warming rates. Nearly all CBM plays worldwide are affected in some way by natural multiscale fracture sets ranging from large fault zones to closely spaced joints, micro-shears, or cleat sets in coal seams. The LSB is not excluded indeed from this trend because of the long-term experience of geological exploration during extensive coal mining in the past. Characterization of structural patterns of fracture networks at different scales is a pragmatic process boosting the reliable perception of the performance of coalbed methane gas reservoirs. The focus of this contribution is to get an insight into the style and kinematic description of the multi-scale fault and cleat patterns in the LSB based on results of subsurface and underground geological mapping, and X-ray computer tomography. It will benefit the right mindset to ensure proper technical decisions for efficient exploration and exploitation of CBM reservoirs in the Basin.","PeriodicalId":54141,"journal":{"name":"Geofizicheskiy Zhurnal-Geophysical Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41611808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-03DOI: 10.24028/gzh.v44i1.253708
M. Bondarenko, V. Kulyk
To ensure the reliability and long-term usage of high housing buildings, important industrial, infrastructural and other objects, it is necessary to carry out engineering geological investigations of grounds (near-surface rocks) as the basis of these structures. To prevent the potential danger of destruction of the objects, it is also necessary to perform microseismic investigations of the near-surface geological environment and to agree the obtained results with the engineering geological parameters in the section of the test boreholes. Engineering geological parameters, determined by geophysical methods, are named engineering geophysical parameters. To solve the geophysical engineering problems, including seismic microzonation, at the Institute of Geophysics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine a modern investigation technology has been created. The technology is based on apparatus and methodical complex of radioactive logging, which involves gamma-ray logging (GL), density logging (DL) and neutron logging (NL). This paper presents the results of developing adequate methodical and metrological assurance of the radioactive logging complex as a key technology element. Complexation of methods GL, DL and NL (taking into account a priori data) and the use of the proposed approaches allow determining a wide set of engineering geophysical parameters: density, porosity, volume moisture, groundwater level, the content of shale, the content of clay minerals, water saturation, dry ground density, etc. The features of obtaining parameters by the radioactive logging complex in the zone of aeration and the zone of saturation are shown, as well as taking into account the influence of the shaliness on the determined parameters. The effectiveness of the technology has been demonstrated by specific examples and confirmed by independent laboratory measurements.
{"title":"Determination of engineering geophysical parameters of grounds on building sites and for seismic microzonation (methodical and metrological components of technology)","authors":"M. Bondarenko, V. Kulyk","doi":"10.24028/gzh.v44i1.253708","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24028/gzh.v44i1.253708","url":null,"abstract":"To ensure the reliability and long-term usage of high housing buildings, important industrial, infrastructural and other objects, it is necessary to carry out engineering geological investigations of grounds (near-surface rocks) as the basis of these structures. To prevent the potential danger of destruction of the objects, it is also necessary to perform microseismic investigations of the near-surface geological environment and to agree the obtained results with the engineering geological parameters in the section of the test boreholes. Engineering geological parameters, determined by geophysical methods, are named engineering geophysical parameters. To solve the geophysical engineering problems, including seismic microzonation, at the Institute of Geophysics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine a modern investigation technology has been created. The technology is based on apparatus and methodical complex of radioactive logging, which involves gamma-ray logging (GL), density logging (DL) and neutron logging (NL). This paper presents the results of developing adequate methodical and metrological assurance of the radioactive logging complex as a key technology element. Complexation of methods GL, DL and NL (taking into account a priori data) and the use of the proposed approaches allow determining a wide set of engineering geophysical parameters: density, porosity, volume moisture, groundwater level, the content of shale, the content of clay minerals, water saturation, dry ground density, etc. The features of obtaining parameters by the radioactive logging complex in the zone of aeration and the zone of saturation are shown, as well as taking into account the influence of the shaliness on the determined parameters. The effectiveness of the technology has been demonstrated by specific examples and confirmed by independent laboratory measurements.","PeriodicalId":54141,"journal":{"name":"Geofizicheskiy Zhurnal-Geophysical Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49414829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-07DOI: 10.24028/gzh.v43i6.251551
R. Kutas
The article presents the results of comprehensive analysis of geodynamic conditions, geothermal regime, distribution of oil-and-gas deposits, as well as degassing of Earth’s crust in the Ukrainian sector of the Eastern Carpathians, being a part of the Carpathian petroliferous province. Within the boundaries of the Ukrainian sector of the Carpathians, three main tectonic units are distinguished: the Pre-Carpathian Foredeep, the Folded Carpathians, and the Transcarpathian Trough. Each of them consists of several zones or tectonic covers. Oil-and-gas deposits are mainly concentrated within the Pre-Carpathian Foredeep. Gas deposits prevail in its outer zone, while the oil deposits in inner one. Seve-ral small methane deposits were discovered in the Transcarpathian Trough, and only one deposit in the Folded Carpathians.Earth’s crust within the whole Carpathian region is characterized by high level of gas saturation. Here methane and carbon dioxide prevail. According to chemical composition of gas and isotopic signature of carbon in carbonaceous gases, two areas can be distinguished within the region: north-east, where methane dominates, and south-west, where carbon dioxide prevails. These areas are divided by the Central Carpathian tectonic zone. They adhere to geothermal zoning. The former is characterized by low geothermal activity (heat flow density is 35—60 mW/m2), and the latter — by high level activity (heat flow density exceeds 70 mW/m2). Hydrocarbon deposits are formed in three stages, concurring with three stages of tectonic evolution of the Carpathians. The first stage is distinguished by accumulation of primary components (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen) and thermal activity increase. It concurs with a stage of lithosphere destruction and extension, ocean basin generation, sedimentation, asthenosphere uplift, as well as formation of deep fluid-and-gas flows. At the second stage, hydrocarbon generation commences. It corresponds to the stage of lithosphere collapse, activation of subduction and collision processes, depression and heating of sedimentary strata, enriched in organic substances and water. At the third stage, the processes of hydrocarbon generation, migration and accumulation proceed. Time interval for deposit formation is coincident with the last stage of the Carpathians evolution during Badenian and Sarmatian time, as well as with formation of overthrusts, deep depressions, and thick masses of Miocene argillaceous deposits.
{"title":"Deep degasion and oil-and-gas containment of the Eastern (Ukrainian) Carpathians: geodynamic and geothermal aspects","authors":"R. Kutas","doi":"10.24028/gzh.v43i6.251551","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24028/gzh.v43i6.251551","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents the results of comprehensive analysis of geodynamic conditions, geothermal regime, distribution of oil-and-gas deposits, as well as degassing of Earth’s crust in the Ukrainian sector of the Eastern Carpathians, being a part of the Carpathian petroliferous province. Within the boundaries of the Ukrainian sector of the Carpathians, three main tectonic units are distinguished: the Pre-Carpathian Foredeep, the Folded Carpathians, and the Transcarpathian Trough. Each of them consists of several zones or tectonic covers. Oil-and-gas deposits are mainly concentrated within the Pre-Carpathian Foredeep. Gas deposits prevail in its outer zone, while the oil deposits in inner one. Seve-ral small methane deposits were discovered in the Transcarpathian Trough, and only one deposit in the Folded Carpathians.Earth’s crust within the whole Carpathian region is characterized by high level of gas saturation. Here methane and carbon dioxide prevail. According to chemical composition of gas and isotopic signature of carbon in carbonaceous gases, two areas can be distinguished within the region: north-east, where methane dominates, and south-west, where carbon dioxide prevails. These areas are divided by the Central Carpathian tectonic zone. They adhere to geothermal zoning. The former is characterized by low geothermal activity (heat flow density is 35—60 mW/m2), and the latter — by high level activity (heat flow density exceeds 70 mW/m2). \u0000Hydrocarbon deposits are formed in three stages, concurring with three stages of tectonic evolution of the Carpathians. The first stage is distinguished by accumulation of primary components (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen) and thermal activity increase. It concurs with a stage of lithosphere destruction and extension, ocean basin generation, sedimentation, asthenosphere uplift, as well as formation of deep fluid-and-gas flows. At the second stage, hydrocarbon generation commences. It corresponds to the stage of lithosphere collapse, activation of subduction and collision processes, depression and heating of sedimentary strata, enriched in organic substances and water. At the third stage, the processes of hydrocarbon generation, migration and accumulation proceed. Time interval for deposit formation is coincident with the last stage of the Carpathians evolution during Badenian and Sarmatian time, as well as with formation of overthrusts, deep depressions, and thick masses of Miocene argillaceous deposits.","PeriodicalId":54141,"journal":{"name":"Geofizicheskiy Zhurnal-Geophysical Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43940694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-07DOI: 10.24028/gzh.v43i6.251555
V. Bakhmutov, I. Poliachenko, S. Cherkes, V. V. Shcherbakova, D. Hlavatskyi
In Earth’s geological evolution the Vendian is significant because: 1) it preceded the «Cambrian Evolutionary explosion» when the multicellular organisms became suddenly much more diverse; 2) it is associated with the global tectonic and palaeogeographic restructuring of supercontinents, a change in geomagnetic field generation and other global processes affecting different layers of the Earth. At the same time, recent publications indicate an extremely irregular behavior of the geomagnetic field in the Vendian, which significantly differs from the recent regime of the geomagnetic field generation. New information on the configuration and magnitude of the geomagnetic field is crucial for understanding the reasons that can cause different modes of geodynamo. The article describes the new results of palaeomagnetic studies of the Volyn traps — basalts and tuffs of the Volyn series with ages about 560—580 My. The determined palaeodirections and palaeopoles are in good agreement with the previously published data of other authors and substantially complement them. The ChRM-component of «low-titanium» basalts was isolated in high-temperature (>500 °C) and characterized as primary. The same samples were used for palaeointensity determinations which showed the extremely low values of the geomagnetic field — an order of magnitude lower than the present one. The ChRM-component of «high-titanium» basalts was yielded in the temperature range of 200—400 °C. No results were obtained from palaeointensity experiments, and the complex nature of remanent magnetization remains unclear. The new data are compared with the palaeo-magnetic data of the Vendian—Early Cambrian poles of the East European Platform determined by other authors. To test the hypothesis of an anomalous Ediacaran magnetic field characterized by a low dipole moment and a high inversion frequency, more data are necessary. These data can be obtained from the studies of a stratigraphically more complete section of the Volyn traps opened by boreholes. These results will be presented in the next part of the article.
{"title":"Palаeomagnetism of the Vendian traps of Volyn, southwestern margin of the East European platform. P. 1: palаeomagnetic directions and poles","authors":"V. Bakhmutov, I. Poliachenko, S. Cherkes, V. V. Shcherbakova, D. Hlavatskyi","doi":"10.24028/gzh.v43i6.251555","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24028/gzh.v43i6.251555","url":null,"abstract":"In Earth’s geological evolution the Vendian is significant because: 1) it preceded the «Cambrian Evolutionary explosion» when the multicellular organisms became suddenly much more diverse; 2) it is associated with the global tectonic and palaeogeographic restructuring of supercontinents, a change in geomagnetic field generation and other global processes affecting different layers of the Earth. At the same time, recent publications indicate an extremely irregular behavior of the geomagnetic field in the Vendian, which significantly differs from the recent regime of the geomagnetic field generation. New information on the configuration and magnitude of the geomagnetic field is crucial for understanding the reasons that can cause different modes of geodynamo. The article describes the new results of palaeomagnetic studies of the Volyn traps — basalts and tuffs of the Volyn series with ages about 560—580 My. The determined palaeodirections and palaeopoles are in good agreement with the previously published data of other authors and substantially complement them. The ChRM-component of «low-titanium» basalts was isolated in high-temperature (>500 °C) and characterized as primary. The same samples were used for palaeointensity determinations which showed the extremely low values of the geomagnetic field — an order of magnitude lower than the present one. The ChRM-component of «high-titanium» basalts was yielded in the temperature range of 200—400 °C. No results were obtained from palaeointensity experiments, and the complex nature of remanent magnetization remains unclear. The new data are compared with the palaeo-magnetic data of the Vendian—Early Cambrian poles of the East European Platform determined by other authors. To test the hypothesis of an anomalous Ediacaran magnetic field characterized by a low dipole moment and a high inversion frequency, more data are necessary. These data can be obtained from the studies of a stratigraphically more complete section of the Volyn traps opened by boreholes. These results will be presented in the next part of the article.","PeriodicalId":54141,"journal":{"name":"Geofizicheskiy Zhurnal-Geophysical Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46395919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-07DOI: 10.24028/gzh.v43i6.251556
I. Makarenko
An extensive analysis of the available information on the density of themain tectonic elements of the Ukrainian Carpathians is given in connection with the need for further construction of a three-dimensional gravity model. The density was studied both from cores of reference, exploration, crelius and deep exploration wells, and from samples taken from numerous outcrops. In the Ukrainian Carpathians, there is a change in the density of rocks depending on the age, lithological composition and depth of occurrence. Local metamorphism plays a significant role in the increase in density. It is shown that in the Bilche-Volitsky Nappe of the Precarpathian Trough, a discontinuous change in the density of clays with increasing depth is more often observed, which is caused not by a static load, but by the geological conditions of the formation of the region: by tectonic processes and a change in sedimentation and denudation processes, which cause residual compaction. According to the analysis of available data, the density of molasse and flysch strata within the Borislav-Pokutsky and Sambir Nappes at depths of 1000 m and more practically does not change, and an increase in the density of Pokuttya rocks is associated with a decrease in the porosity of rocks by 2—5 % and is due to the degree of their metamorphism. Analysis of a large amount of data showed a very complex nature of the density distribution in the Folded Carpathians and its dependence, mainly, on porosity. For different stratigraphic subdivisions of the Skiba Nappe, there is a general tendency to an increase in density with depth (in most cases, unevenly), which is most clearly manifested in the Stryi series of deposits.In the Transcarpathian Trough, the change in density with depth depends on the ratio of clay, tuffogenic and sandy material in the rock. Sedimentary and igneous rocks in the upper part of the section of the Vygurlat-Gutinskaya volcanic ridge are not differentiated in density, which can be explained by the high densities of sedimentary rocks, on the one hand, and a decrease in the density of igneous rocks due to their decompaction, on the other. In the stratigraphic complexes of the Solotvino and Mukachevo Depressions, the density varies over the area. For the first time, based on generalized data on the density of rocks of different age groups of the sedimentary complex for the folded region of the Ukrainian Carpathians, a diagram of the distribution of the average density for each structural-facial zone has been drawn up. An increase in density from north-east to south-west is shown. It is concluded that the density of the Precarpathian and TranscarpathianTroughsis much lower than the density of the rocks of the Folded Carpathians.
{"title":"The density of sedimentary complexes of the Carpathian-Pannonian region (generalization)","authors":"I. Makarenko","doi":"10.24028/gzh.v43i6.251556","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24028/gzh.v43i6.251556","url":null,"abstract":"An extensive analysis of the available information on the density of themain tectonic elements of the Ukrainian Carpathians is given in connection with the need for further construction of a three-dimensional gravity model. The density was studied both from cores of reference, exploration, crelius and deep exploration wells, and from samples taken from numerous outcrops. In the Ukrainian Carpathians, there is a change in the density of rocks depending on the age, lithological composition and depth of occurrence. Local metamorphism plays a significant role in the increase in density. It is shown that in the Bilche-Volitsky Nappe of the Precarpathian Trough, a discontinuous change in the density of clays with increasing depth is more often observed, which is caused not by a static load, but by the geological conditions of the formation of the region: by tectonic processes and a change in sedimentation and denudation processes, which cause residual compaction. According to the analysis of available data, the density of molasse and flysch strata within the Borislav-Pokutsky and Sambir Nappes at depths of 1000 m and more practically does not change, and an increase in the density of Pokuttya rocks is associated with a decrease in the porosity of rocks by 2—5 % and is due to the degree of their metamorphism. Analysis of a large amount of data showed a very complex nature of the density distribution in the Folded Carpathians and its dependence, mainly, on porosity. For different stratigraphic subdivisions of the Skiba Nappe, there is a general tendency to an increase in density with depth (in most cases, unevenly), which is most clearly manifested in the Stryi series of deposits.In the Transcarpathian Trough, the change in density with depth depends on the ratio of clay, tuffogenic and sandy material in the rock. Sedimentary and igneous rocks in the upper part of the section of the Vygurlat-Gutinskaya volcanic ridge are not differentiated in density, which can be explained by the high densities of sedimentary rocks, on the one hand, and a decrease in the density of igneous rocks due to their decompaction, on the other. In the stratigraphic complexes of the Solotvino and Mukachevo Depressions, the density varies over the area. For the first time, based on generalized data on the density of rocks of different age groups of the sedimentary complex for the folded region of the Ukrainian Carpathians, a diagram of the distribution of the average density for each structural-facial zone has been drawn up. An increase in density from north-east to south-west is shown. It is concluded that the density of the Precarpathian and TranscarpathianTroughsis much lower than the density of the rocks of the Folded Carpathians.","PeriodicalId":54141,"journal":{"name":"Geofizicheskiy Zhurnal-Geophysical Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44530338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-07DOI: 10.24028/gzh.v43i6.251563
A. M. Salamov, V. Mammadov, H. Khalilova, A. Zamanova, E. Gasımov
Landslide-prone areas on the coastal zone of the downstream of the Takhtakorpu reservoir located on the arid-hilly part of the southeastern slope of the Great Caucasus mountain system (Azerbaijan) were investigated using vertical electrical sounding (VES) method. The entire research area is geologically active. It is complicated by seismicity (with an intensity of 8—9 points on the MSK-64 scale), vertical (uplift of the Earth’s crust about +6 mm/year) and horizontal (4 ± 1 mm/year, generally north-north-east) movements, landslides (in more than 5 centers) as well as the Gaynarja mud volcano, in the form of hill ≥100 m in diameter with griffins. Tectonically, the mud volcano is timed to the consolidated part of the anticline of the same name, which currently is located in the right-bank zone, closer to the water of the Takhtakorpu reservoir. Therefore, the erupted products of the mud volcano come into contact with the aquatic environment. The geological structure of the territory is dominated by rocks of the Pliocene Productive Stratum (N2). With respect to lithology, they consist of clays and argillaceous rocks. Groundwater occurs sporadically, with a total salinity of 7 g/l and a filtration coefficient of 4 m/day. Geological sections of the area were studied to a depth of 40 m, the thickness and composition of individual layers of rocks were described. 3D models of the study area were developed completely in an arbitrary cut and also along the X, Y and Z axes. It was revealed that the layers composing the geological section of the region are subject to the impact of plicative dislocations due to the geodynamic processes. It is assumed that landslides in the study area are mainly formed at the contact of eluvial-deluvial deposits with bedrocks. One of the main reasons for the formation of landslide phenomena, apparently, is also associated with the steepness of the slopes and their constituent rocks, which absorbing atmospheric precipitation become waterlogged. The depths of the assumed slip planes in individual landslide blocks were revealed and the thickness and direction of the landslide body were determined.
{"title":"Research into landslide processes in the coastal zone of the Takhtakorpureservoir using vertical electrical sounding method (the southeastern slope of the Great Caucasus)","authors":"A. M. Salamov, V. Mammadov, H. Khalilova, A. Zamanova, E. Gasımov","doi":"10.24028/gzh.v43i6.251563","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24028/gzh.v43i6.251563","url":null,"abstract":"Landslide-prone areas on the coastal zone of the downstream of the Takhtakorpu reservoir located on the arid-hilly part of the southeastern slope of the Great Caucasus mountain system (Azerbaijan) were investigated using vertical electrical sounding (VES) method. The entire research area is geologically active. It is complicated by seismicity (with an intensity of 8—9 points on the MSK-64 scale), vertical (uplift of the Earth’s crust about +6 mm/year) and horizontal (4 ± 1 mm/year, generally north-north-east) movements, landslides (in more than 5 centers) as well as the Gaynarja mud volcano, in the form of hill ≥100 m in diameter with griffins. Tectonically, the mud volcano is timed to the consolidated part of the anticline of the same name, which currently is located in the right-bank zone, closer to the water of the Takhtakorpu reservoir. Therefore, the erupted products of the mud volcano come into contact with the aquatic environment. The geological structure of the territory is dominated by rocks of the Pliocene Productive Stratum (N2). With respect to lithology, they consist of clays and argillaceous rocks. Groundwater occurs sporadically, with a total salinity of 7 g/l and a filtration coefficient of 4 m/day. Geological sections of the area were studied to a depth of 40 m, the thickness and composition of individual layers of rocks were described. 3D models of the study area were developed completely in an arbitrary cut and also along the X, Y and Z axes. It was revealed that the layers composing the geological section of the region are subject to the impact of plicative dislocations due to the geodynamic processes. It is assumed that landslides in the study area are mainly formed at the contact of eluvial-deluvial deposits with bedrocks. One of the main reasons for the formation of landslide phenomena, apparently, is also associated with the steepness of the slopes and their constituent rocks, which absorbing atmospheric precipitation become waterlogged. The depths of the assumed slip planes in individual landslide blocks were revealed and the thickness and direction of the landslide body were determined.","PeriodicalId":54141,"journal":{"name":"Geofizicheskiy Zhurnal-Geophysical Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41588729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-07DOI: 10.24028/gzh.v43i6.251564
L. Pysarenko, S. Krakovska
The study presents results of analysis of the impact of partial deforestation on spatio-temporal distribution of the outflow part of water balance, namely evaporation from soil and canopy. The data of 6 Global climate models of theoretical experiment Land Use Model Intercomparison Project (LUMIP) was used in the research. The aim of this experiment is to reveal the influence of global deforestation with further replacement by grass cover on distribution of climate characteristics. It was done for the period 1850—1929, where the first part 1850—1899 refers to the pre-industrial period or period with minimal mostly constant anthropogenic influence; the second part is the next 30 years — 1900—1929. During the pre-industrial period 1850—1899 land cover was reduced globally with a trend of 400 thousand km2 per year and during 1900—1929 it was stable. Defining the impact of deforestation, the normalization over the first 20 years (1850—1869) was performed and there were found anomalies of climatic characteristics as difference to this basic period. Deforestation with further replacement of the forest cover by grass causes an increase in soil evaporation with the trend up to 1.6 mm/10 years in the warm season with more significant changes in April —July, as deforestation reveals more of the soil. Thus, the correlation was −0.8 ...−0.4 between forest cover and soil evaporation with maximal changes in April. It can be connected with grass being sparse in this period but later on covering more soil and preventing intensive evaporation. On the contrary, evaporation from canopy in global climate models is reduced with deforestation as the evaporation area is shrunk. This effect was revealed during all seasons in most grid points, where deforestation occurs. But the biggest change is found in spring and summer months with values up to −0.8 mm/10 years and correlation r = 0.4 ... 0.9 depending on the model and the season. Thus, we found an effect of increasing evaporation from soil while decreasing evaporation from canopy in climate modeling as the effect of partial deforestation on the territory of Ukraine. These changes can cause redistribution in water balance components of the territory and have consequences for hydrological regime, agrometeorology etc. In particular, the increase in soil evaporation due to deforestation can provoke more intensive soil aridization and degradation. The influence of deforestation on total soil moisture and regime of precipitation will be presented in the next publication.
{"title":"Impact of deforestation on moisture evaporation from soil and canopy for the territory of Ukraine based on data of numerical experiment LUMIP","authors":"L. Pysarenko, S. Krakovska","doi":"10.24028/gzh.v43i6.251564","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24028/gzh.v43i6.251564","url":null,"abstract":"The study presents results of analysis of the impact of partial deforestation on spatio-temporal distribution of the outflow part of water balance, namely evaporation from soil and canopy. The data of 6 Global climate models of theoretical experiment Land Use Model Intercomparison Project (LUMIP) was used in the research. The aim of this experiment is to reveal the influence of global deforestation with further replacement by grass cover on distribution of climate characteristics. It was done for the period 1850—1929, where the first part 1850—1899 refers to the pre-industrial period or period with minimal mostly constant anthropogenic influence; the second part is the next 30 years — 1900—1929. During the pre-industrial period 1850—1899 land cover was reduced globally with a trend of 400 thousand km2 per year and during 1900—1929 it was stable. Defining the impact of deforestation, the normalization over the first 20 years (1850—1869) was performed and there were found anomalies of climatic characteristics as difference to this basic period. Deforestation with further replacement of the forest cover by grass causes an increase in soil evaporation with the trend up to 1.6 mm/10 years in the warm season with more significant changes in April —July, as deforestation reveals more of the soil. Thus, the correlation was −0.8 ...−0.4 between forest cover and soil evaporation with maximal changes in April. It can be connected with grass being sparse in this period but later on covering more soil and preventing intensive evaporation. On the contrary, evaporation from canopy in global climate models is reduced with deforestation as the evaporation area is shrunk. This effect was revealed during all seasons in most grid points, where deforestation occurs. But the biggest change is found in spring and summer months with values up to −0.8 mm/10 years and correlation r = 0.4 ... 0.9 depending on the model and the season. Thus, we found an effect of increasing evaporation from soil while decreasing evaporation from canopy in climate modeling as the effect of partial deforestation on the territory of Ukraine. These changes can cause redistribution in water balance components of the territory and have consequences for hydrological regime, agrometeorology etc. In particular, the increase in soil evaporation due to deforestation can provoke more intensive soil aridization and degradation. The influence of deforestation on total soil moisture and regime of precipitation will be presented in the next publication.","PeriodicalId":54141,"journal":{"name":"Geofizicheskiy Zhurnal-Geophysical Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48993072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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