Pub Date : 2022-08-24DOI: 10.24028/gj.v44i3.261966
T. Burakhovych, A. Kushnir, V. Ilienko
Based on the results of modern synchronous geoelectromagnetic studies, a spatiotemporal picture of the distribution of geomagnetic variations and the electric field on the Earth’s surface, as well as an idea of the distribution of electrical conductivity and the geoelectric structure of the subsurface section of the southwestern Ukrainian Carpathians, was obtained. The experimental data were processed using the PRC_MTMV software package; the properties of response functions — tippers for periods of geomagnetic variations from 50 to 5000 s and curves of apparent electrical resistivity (amplitude values and impedance phases) from 10 to 1000 s were analyzed. The anomalies of electrical conductivity in the Earth’s crust outlined as a result of a qualitative interpretation correspond to fault tectonics and create a chain of four local differently oriented sections, the common axis of which runs between the Transcarpathian and Chernogolovsky deep faults, and in the southern part between the latter and Uzhotsky (it is also possible to consider the option of a single longitudinally heterogeneous conductive structure within the concept of the axial zone of the Carpathian magnetovariational anomaly). An inhomogeneous distribution of electrical conductivity at the depths of the upper mantle was recorded in the Ukrainian Carpathian region from the Transcarpathian trough to the Skibov cover. It is shown that there is a general northeastern deepening of the upper edge from 40—60 km (Transcarpathian trough) to 90—100 km (Krosnensky cover) and its sharp subsidence in the zone of the Porkuletsky and Duklyansky covers. Three sections were distinguished along the strike of the inner and central zones of the Outer Carpathians: the northern one is characterized by a deepening of the upper edge and a branching of electrical conductivity along the depth towards the south; The obtained results of geoelectromagnetic studies are in good agreement with geothermal zoning, correspond to the structure of the lithosphere according to the DSS profiles and with ideas about the geodynamic development of the interior.
{"title":"Modern geoelectromagnetic researches of the Ukrainian Carpathians","authors":"T. Burakhovych, A. Kushnir, V. Ilienko","doi":"10.24028/gj.v44i3.261966","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24028/gj.v44i3.261966","url":null,"abstract":"Based on the results of modern synchronous geoelectromagnetic studies, a spatiotemporal picture of the distribution of geomagnetic variations and the electric field on the Earth’s surface, as well as an idea of the distribution of electrical conductivity and the geoelectric structure of the subsurface section of the southwestern Ukrainian Carpathians, was obtained. The experimental data were processed using the PRC_MTMV software package; the properties of response functions — tippers for periods of geomagnetic variations from 50 to 5000 s and curves of apparent electrical resistivity (amplitude values and impedance phases) from 10 to 1000 s were analyzed. The anomalies of electrical conductivity in the Earth’s crust outlined as a result of a qualitative interpretation correspond to fault tectonics and create a chain of four local differently oriented sections, the common axis of which runs between the Transcarpathian and Chernogolovsky deep faults, and in the southern part between the latter and Uzhotsky (it is also possible to consider the option of a single longitudinally heterogeneous conductive structure within the concept of the axial zone of the Carpathian magnetovariational anomaly). An inhomogeneous distribution of electrical conductivity at the depths of the upper mantle was recorded in the Ukrainian Carpathian region from the Transcarpathian trough to the Skibov cover. It is shown that there is a general northeastern deepening of the upper edge from 40—60 km (Transcarpathian trough) to 90—100 km (Krosnensky cover) and its sharp subsidence in the zone of the Porkuletsky and Duklyansky covers. Three sections were distinguished along the strike of the inner and central zones of the Outer Carpathians: the northern one is characterized by a deepening of the upper edge and a branching of electrical conductivity along the depth towards the south; The obtained results of geoelectromagnetic studies are in good agreement with geothermal zoning, correspond to the structure of the lithosphere according to the DSS profiles and with ideas about the geodynamic development of the interior.","PeriodicalId":54141,"journal":{"name":"Geofizicheskiy Zhurnal-Geophysical Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45549268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-24DOI: 10.24028/gj.v44i3.261967
T. Tsvetkova, I. Bugaenko, L.M. Zaets
According to the three-dimensional P-velocity model of the mantle under Eurasia obtained by the Taylor approximation method, the analysis of the velocity structure of the mantle (to depths of 2500 km south of 50° N and 1700 km north) in the territory of the Dnieper-Donetsk depression was carried out in order to determine the possible areas of primary hydrogen release. Primary hydrogen is formed in the core and lower mantle, can be transferred to the surface (according to I.L. Gufeld). According to seismotomography, nine superdeep mantle fluids are isolated on the territory of Ukraine, the routes of which are defined as subvertical columns of alternation of high-speed and low-speed anomalies. In addition to the presence of superdeep mantle fluids in the study area, the following characteristics were analyzed: the depth of the main geodynamic boundary, the influence of the high-velocity transition zone of the upper mantle (propagating northward into the low-velocity transition zone of the upper mantle of the East European platform), the depth of the Moho boundary, gravity mantle anomalies and heat flow. The totality of the studies performed allowed us to conclude that, according to seismic tomography data, the Izyumsky and the eastern part of the Lokhvitsky segment of the Dnieper-Donetsk depression are promising areas for detecting primary hydrogen in the territory of the Dnieper-Donetsk depression.
{"title":"Seismic tomography of the mantle and primary hydrogen deposits in the Dnieper-Donetsk basin","authors":"T. Tsvetkova, I. Bugaenko, L.M. Zaets","doi":"10.24028/gj.v44i3.261967","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24028/gj.v44i3.261967","url":null,"abstract":"According to the three-dimensional P-velocity model of the mantle under Eurasia obtained by the Taylor approximation method, the analysis of the velocity structure of the mantle (to depths of 2500 km south of 50° N and 1700 km north) in the territory of the Dnieper-Donetsk depression was carried out in order to determine the possible areas of primary hydrogen release. Primary hydrogen is formed in the core and lower mantle, can be transferred to the surface (according to I.L. Gufeld). According to seismotomography, nine superdeep mantle fluids are isolated on the territory of Ukraine, the routes of which are defined as subvertical columns of alternation of high-speed and low-speed anomalies. In addition to the presence of superdeep mantle fluids in the study area, the following characteristics were analyzed: the depth of the main geodynamic boundary, the influence of the high-velocity transition zone of the upper mantle (propagating northward into the low-velocity transition zone of the upper mantle of the East European platform), the depth of the Moho boundary, gravity mantle anomalies and heat flow. The totality of the studies performed allowed us to conclude that, according to seismic tomography data, the Izyumsky and the eastern part of the Lokhvitsky segment of the Dnieper-Donetsk depression are promising areas for detecting primary hydrogen in the territory of the Dnieper-Donetsk depression.","PeriodicalId":54141,"journal":{"name":"Geofizicheskiy Zhurnal-Geophysical Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48230816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-24DOI: 10.24028/gj.v44i3.261975
V. Gonchar
On the basis of the structural analysis of folds the complex deformation profile in the Hust—Ivano-Frankivsk (central part of Ukrainian Carpathians) transsection is constructed. It characterises distribution of non-coaxial flow deformation on a spectrum of parameters: angles of an axis of compression and simple shear, sizes of horizontal compression and deformational ellipses. Horizontal shortening shows a series of peaks over more or less levelled general background of double compression. The most intensive deformation, expressed in the maximum sizes of horizontal and general compression (to 4 times), is dated for area of Internal Nappes (basically the Dukljansky zone) and to the termination of the Krosnensky zone. There are also indications on growth of deformation in back of Internal Nappes and in front of Skibovaya zone. Deformation as a whole goes down to the central part of a profile occupied by Krosnensky zone where conditions of almost horizontal main compression are marked also. Reconstruction of the primary sizes of structural zones along of Hust—Ivano-Frankivsk profile in the interval of Porkuletsky—Skibovoj zones as a result of returning in a initial condition before deformation of non-coaxial flow has increased in 2.4 times, having reached 183 km that it is necessary to consider as the bottom estimation of initial width which should be increased at the expense of components of bend folding. Possibilities which are given by model of non-coaxial flow for reconstruction on the scale of full deep crossing of Carpathians are short estimated for what approach of homogeneous deformation on depth has been used: 2-time size of horizontal reduction, and also angle of an axis of compression 20є are accepted as averages. Obtained contours of the Krosnensky zone of profile DOBRE-3 shows convergence with results of application of a method of the balanced cross-sections.
{"title":"Transverse deformation zonality values and palinspastic reconstructions of Carpathians on the base of structural analysis of folding","authors":"V. Gonchar","doi":"10.24028/gj.v44i3.261975","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24028/gj.v44i3.261975","url":null,"abstract":"On the basis of the structural analysis of folds the complex deformation profile in the Hust—Ivano-Frankivsk (central part of Ukrainian Carpathians) transsection is constructed. It characterises distribution of non-coaxial flow deformation on a spectrum of parameters: angles of an axis of compression and simple shear, sizes of horizontal compression and deformational ellipses. Horizontal shortening shows a series of peaks over more or less levelled general background of double compression. The most intensive deformation, expressed in the maximum sizes of horizontal and general compression (to 4 times), is dated for area of Internal Nappes (basically the Dukljansky zone) and to the termination of the Krosnensky zone. There are also indications on growth of deformation in back of Internal Nappes and in front of Skibovaya zone. Deformation as a whole goes down to the central part of a profile occupied by Krosnensky zone where conditions of almost horizontal main compression are marked also. Reconstruction of the primary sizes of structural zones along of Hust—Ivano-Frankivsk profile in the interval of Porkuletsky—Skibovoj zones as a result of returning in a initial condition before deformation of non-coaxial flow has increased in 2.4 times, having reached 183 km that it is necessary to consider as the bottom estimation of initial width which should be increased at the expense of components of bend folding. Possibilities which are given by model of non-coaxial flow for reconstruction on the scale of full deep crossing of Carpathians are short estimated for what approach of homogeneous deformation on depth has been used: 2-time size of horizontal reduction, and also angle of an axis of compression 20є are accepted as averages. Obtained contours of the Krosnensky zone of profile DOBRE-3 shows convergence with results of application of a method of the balanced cross-sections.","PeriodicalId":54141,"journal":{"name":"Geofizicheskiy Zhurnal-Geophysical Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42142890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-02DOI: 10.24028/gj.v44i2.256264
K. Bondar, O. Petrauskas, R. Khomenko, S. Popov
The paper presents the outcome of the magnetic survey at the settlement and cemetery of the production center of the 3rd—5th centuries, Komariv (Khotyn district, Chernivtsi region), which is located on the right bank of the Dniester. The settlement has about seventy anomalies that may have an archaeological origin. The archaeological study of individual anomalies has confirmed, as expected, the reliability of geophysical interpretation of thermal structures (kilns, furnaces) and living and production dugouts deepened into the loess parent rock. Magnetic imaging at the cemetery showed about eight tens of local anomalies with an intensity of 1.5—4.5 nT. Excavations of some anomalies revealed the Early Iron Age dugout and two Late Roman graves. However, the other two excavated graves did not cause disturbance of magnetic field. Laboratory measurements of magnetic susceptibility, natural remanent magnetization and other concentration-dependent and grain-size-dependent parameters of the ferromagnetic phase, as well as magnetic mineralogy examination have shown that grave pits, which appeared on a magnetic map, are refilled almost exclusively with humus soil material. Magnetic modeling proved graves can create measured anomalies if their magnetization is equal to the magnetization of the humus horizon of the soil. Thus, these grave pits were left open and gradually refilled with moist soil material. In particular, conditions have been created for the formation of detrital remanence. When restoring the spatial structure of Komariv sites based on magnetic prospecting results, it is necessary to take into account probable multilayered structure of monuments, geomorphological features of the area, which can be misinterpreted as archeological objects, and the fact that important examples of ancient architecture constructed of non-magnetic materials and grave pits refilled immediately after digging will be absent on magnetic maps.
{"title":"Magnetic prospecting and rock magnetic study of soils and archaeological objects on the Late Roman time sites near Komariv in Middle Transnistria","authors":"K. Bondar, O. Petrauskas, R. Khomenko, S. Popov","doi":"10.24028/gj.v44i2.256264","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24028/gj.v44i2.256264","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The paper presents the outcome of the magnetic survey at the settlement and cemetery of the production center of the 3rd—5th centuries, Komariv (Khotyn district, Chernivtsi region), which is located on the right bank of the Dniester. The settlement has about seventy anomalies that may have an archaeological origin. The archaeological study of individual anomalies has confirmed, as expected, the reliability of geophysical interpretation of thermal structures (kilns, furnaces) and living and production dugouts deepened into the loess parent rock.\u0000Magnetic imaging at the cemetery showed about eight tens of local anomalies with an intensity of 1.5—4.5 nT. Excavations of some anomalies revealed the Early Iron Age dugout and two Late Roman graves. However, the other two excavated graves did not cause disturbance of magnetic field.\u0000Laboratory measurements of magnetic susceptibility, natural remanent magnetization and other concentration-dependent and grain-size-dependent parameters of the ferromagnetic phase, as well as magnetic mineralogy examination have shown that grave pits, which appeared on a magnetic map, are refilled almost exclusively with humus soil material. Magnetic modeling proved graves can create measured anomalies if their magnetization is equal to the magnetization of the humus horizon of the soil. Thus, these grave pits were left open and gradually refilled with moist soil material. In particular, conditions have been created for the formation of detrital remanence.\u0000When restoring the spatial structure of Komariv sites based on magnetic prospecting results, it is necessary to take into account probable multilayered structure of monuments, geomorphological features of the area, which can be misinterpreted as archeological objects, and the fact that important examples of ancient architecture constructed of non-magnetic materials and grave pits refilled immediately after digging will be absent on magnetic maps.\u0000","PeriodicalId":54141,"journal":{"name":"Geofizicheskiy Zhurnal-Geophysical Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68827073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-02DOI: 10.24028/gj.v44i2.256263
O. Usenko
The basic world ferruginous formations evolve from 3.5 to 1.9 billion years and have three main peaks of manifestation: 3.2—2.7, 2.6—2.5, and 2.0—1.9 billion years ago. Three ferruginous formations, which correspond to these periods, are highlighted at the Ukrainian shield: ferruginous-siliceous-volcanogenic (FSV), ferruginous-siliceous-shale (FSS), and ferruginous-siliceous-carbonate (FSC). The source of the material for ferruginous formations, associated primary volcanogenic and chemogenic-sedimentary formations are magmatic melts of the thermal asthenosphere. The FSV Archean formation occurs in greenstone structures of granite-greenstone areas. The ferruginous rocks are jespers, consisting of a mixture of quartz-magnetite, volcanogenic silicate and carbonate (siderite and breinerite) layers. They occur mainly among amphibolites and komatiites, and obligatory contain ferruginous amphiboles and pyroxenes. Similar melts and fluids form in the presence of oxidized fluids (О2–, СО2, Н2О, SiO2), at high activity of Cl–, which provides miscibility of melts and fluids. Ferruginous-siliceous-shale formation is generated at the boundary of Archean and Paleoproterozoic. Lower and upper parts of productive strata are folded by the iron carbonates, and in the center quartz-magnetite and quartz-hematite interlayers are separated, alternating with each other. Separation into an independent phase of a water-silicate fluid carrying iron chloride complexes indicates an increase in the alkalinity of fluids and melts of the feeding asthenosphere while maintaining a high oxidizing potential. An increase in alkalinity is indicated by the presence of graphite in the accompanying shale formations. FSC formation is territorially connected with mantle fault zones of deep laying. Associates with igneous rocks (serpentinites) and shale formations (high magnesian and high alumina shales with graphite) formed in an alkaline environment (with the participation of carbonate-fluoride-sodium fluids) at a depth of at least 250 km, with a high oxidizing potential. Ferro carbonate rocks, including olivine and hematite, are formed from a carbonate phase separating from similar depths. A directed change in the ferruginous formations’ composition reflects the deep fluids and melts composition evolution and is associated with the self-organization of the Earth’s shells.
{"title":"Evolution of the Mantle Fluids Composition in the Precambrian (on the example of the Ukrainian shield ferruginous formation)","authors":"O. Usenko","doi":"10.24028/gj.v44i2.256263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24028/gj.v44i2.256263","url":null,"abstract":"The basic world ferruginous formations evolve from 3.5 to 1.9 billion years and have three main peaks of manifestation: 3.2—2.7, 2.6—2.5, and 2.0—1.9 billion years ago. Three ferruginous formations, which correspond to these periods, are highlighted at the Ukrainian shield: ferruginous-siliceous-volcanogenic (FSV), ferruginous-siliceous-shale (FSS), and ferruginous-siliceous-carbonate (FSC). The source of the material for ferruginous formations, associated primary volcanogenic and chemogenic-sedimentary formations are magmatic melts of the thermal asthenosphere.\u0000The FSV Archean formation occurs in greenstone structures of granite-greenstone areas. The ferruginous rocks are jespers, consisting of a mixture of quartz-magnetite, volcanogenic silicate and carbonate (siderite and breinerite) layers. They occur mainly among amphibolites and komatiites, and obligatory contain ferruginous amphiboles and pyroxenes. Similar melts and fluids form in the presence of oxidized fluids (О2–, СО2, Н2О, SiO2), at high activity of Cl–, which provides miscibility of melts and fluids.\u0000Ferruginous-siliceous-shale formation is generated at the boundary of Archean and Paleoproterozoic. Lower and upper parts of productive strata are folded by the iron carbonates, and in the center quartz-magnetite and quartz-hematite interlayers are separated, alternating with each other. Separation into an independent phase of a water-silicate fluid carrying iron chloride complexes indicates an increase in the alkalinity of fluids and melts of the feeding asthenosphere while maintaining a high oxidizing potential. An increase in alkalinity is indicated by the presence of graphite in the accompanying shale formations.\u0000FSC formation is territorially connected with mantle fault zones of deep laying. Associates with igneous rocks (serpentinites) and shale formations (high magnesian and high alumina shales with graphite) formed in an alkaline environment (with the participation of carbonate-fluoride-sodium fluids) at a depth of at least 250 km, with a high oxidizing potential. Ferro carbonate rocks, including olivine and hematite, are formed from a carbonate phase separating from similar depths.\u0000A directed change in the ferruginous formations’ composition reflects the deep fluids and melts composition evolution and is associated with the self-organization of the Earth’s shells.","PeriodicalId":54141,"journal":{"name":"Geofizicheskiy Zhurnal-Geophysical Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44838574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-02DOI: 10.24028/gj.v44i2.256267
К. Bezruchko
World energy problems can largely be solved in the event of discovering huge amounts of gaseous hydrogen in a free state, which is considered as a promising alternative to the reserves of traditional fossil fuel in the earth’s crust. However, the hydrogen industry’s development is inhibited by many challenges, in particular, in geology. Today there is neither strategy for exploration activity nor resource evaluation due to the lack of relevant experience and practical recommendations aimed at geological hydrogen. The purpose of the work is to establish and analyze potential ways and geological conditions for the formation, migration, and accumulation of hydrogen of natural origin in the earth’s crust for the further justification of the concept of the search of free hydrogen accumulation. The author has considered all possible theoretical natural sources and ways of generating hydrogen naturally. Its origin is generally assumed to magmatic, thermogenic, endogenous, biogenic, as well as one that is caused by radiolysis, decomposition of organic matter, the interaction of water with reducing agents in the mantle. All known possible ways of the genesis of free hydrogen in natural conditions are analyzed. Geologically controlled sources of natural hydrogen can be grouped according to the main processes: aqueous processes of hydrolysis (several processes including the oxidation of iron minerals, radiolysis, cataclasis and metamorphism; decomposition of organic matter (including thermal maturing); decomposition of hydrogen-containing compounds (in particular, methane and/or ammonia at metamorphisms); deep degassing of Earth’s interior. Potential location areas of free hydrogen in a geological environment are analyzed. Natural conditions for high/increased hydrogen content have basins with the presence of hydrocarbons, recent deposits with prolific organic, coal beds, zones of tectonic faults, extrusive magmatic bodies, alkaline magmatic complexes, geothermal fields, crystalline basements, geologic formation of rocks enriched with potassium, salt-bearing sections and ultrabasic rocks. Due to the uncertainty concerning the ways and conditions for generating hydrogen in the earth’s crust, geological searches and possible further study of hydrogen accumulations require a mix of methods and approaches used for traditional searches of hydrocarbon deposits – conventional oil and gas fields (source rocks, basin, cap) given the features of free hydrogen, in particular, mobility and reactive capacity of its molecule. Regardless of the genesis of hydrogen, the main search criteria should be focused on the ways of its migration and the availability of a basin and a cap. This approach maximally combines hypotheses competing among themselves (from the viewpoint of the genesis of hydrogen). It is required the geological structure with the corresponding basin and fluid trap (cap), which, unlike the fluid traps in the usual sense, should be not only impermeable but als
{"title":"Natural sources and conditions of geological hydrogen generation (in the context of hydrogen depositssearches)","authors":"К. Bezruchko","doi":"10.24028/gj.v44i2.256267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24028/gj.v44i2.256267","url":null,"abstract":"World energy problems can largely be solved in the event of discovering huge amounts of gaseous hydrogen in a free state, which is considered as a promising alternative to the reserves of traditional fossil fuel in the earth’s crust. However, the hydrogen industry’s development is inhibited by many challenges, in particular, in geology. Today there is neither strategy for exploration activity nor resource evaluation due to the lack of relevant experience and practical recommendations aimed at geological hydrogen.\u0000The purpose of the work is to establish and analyze potential ways and geological conditions for the formation, migration, and accumulation of hydrogen of natural origin in the earth’s crust for the further justification of the concept of the search of free hydrogen accumulation.\u0000The author has considered all possible theoretical natural sources and ways of generating hydrogen naturally. Its origin is generally assumed to magmatic, thermogenic, endogenous, biogenic, as well as one that is caused by radiolysis, decomposition of organic matter, the interaction of water with reducing agents in the mantle. All known possible ways of the genesis of free hydrogen in natural conditions are analyzed. Geologically controlled sources of natural hydrogen can be grouped according to the main processes: aqueous processes of hydrolysis (several processes including the oxidation of iron minerals, radiolysis, cataclasis and metamorphism; decomposition of organic matter (including thermal maturing); decomposition of hydrogen-containing compounds (in particular, methane and/or ammonia at metamorphisms); deep degassing of Earth’s interior. Potential location areas of free hydrogen in a geological environment are analyzed. Natural conditions for high/increased hydrogen content have basins with the presence of hydrocarbons, recent deposits with prolific organic, coal beds, zones of tectonic faults, extrusive magmatic bodies, alkaline magmatic complexes, geothermal fields, crystalline basements, geologic formation of rocks enriched with potassium, salt-bearing sections and ultrabasic rocks.\u0000Due to the uncertainty concerning the ways and conditions for generating hydrogen in the earth’s crust, geological searches and possible further study of hydrogen accumulations require a mix of methods and approaches used for traditional searches of hydrocarbon deposits – conventional oil and gas fields (source rocks, basin, cap) given the features of free hydrogen, in particular, mobility and reactive capacity of its molecule. Regardless of the genesis of hydrogen, the main search criteria should be focused on the ways of its migration and the availability of a basin and a cap. This approach maximally combines hypotheses competing among themselves (from the viewpoint of the genesis of hydrogen). It is required the geological structure with the corresponding basin and fluid trap (cap), which, unlike the fluid traps in the usual sense, should be not only impermeable but als","PeriodicalId":54141,"journal":{"name":"Geofizicheskiy Zhurnal-Geophysical Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45069056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-02DOI: 10.24028/gj.v44i2.256269
V. Starostenko, I. Makarenko, О.S. Savchenko, P. Kuprienko, O. Legostaeva
For the first time, based on the data of three-dimensional density modeling, a diagram of the density distribution on the surface of the basement of the Tarasivka mafic-metamafic structure with an area of 2.5×5.5 km, extending to a depth of no more than 3—4 km, was constructed. The distribution of density to a depth of 5 km has been studied in detail, and the depths of occurrence of geological bodies have been determined. New in methodological terms is the use of a bypass step-like boundary from below, the form of representation of which is determined by the expected depth of occurrence of bodies with different densities. Thus, the depth of bodies with increased density near the basement surface is 2 km, of granitoids — 3 km, of undivided charnockites and enderbites — 4 km. It is shown that apogabbroids and aponorites with an average density of 2,80—2,90 g/cm3 (slightly altered rocks of mafic-metamafic composition), which form the central part of the Tarasivka mafic-metamafic structure, extend to a depth of 2 km without changing their angle fall, which is confirmed by seismic and electrical survey data. Based on the complex of available data, the selection and substantiation of the density of the host rocks of the charnockite-enderbite series, which are characterized by a density of 2,75—2,76 g/cm3 and form a ledge of about 1—2 km within the Tarasivka structure, were made. The marginal parts of the structure extend deeper than the central ones, which testifies against its synclinal structure. Along the latitudinal strike-slip fault, which passes through the central part, the Tarasivka structure is divided into two parts: the northern, less dense, and the compacted southern one. It is shown that in the eastern and northeastern parts of the structure, the fault zones are fragmented and compacted.In some of them, the density is 2,77 and 2,80 g/cm3 throughout the section, which can be explained by the intersection of high-density rocks by faults in such a places.The absence of supply channels and the shallow depth of the Tarasivka structure can be explained in two ways: either the channels of the mafic intrusion that forms the structure, most likely, have a small diameter (or diameters), that is why they cannot be fixed by gravimetry; or powerful strike-slip processes, which are fixed within the Golovanivsk suture zone, led to the formation of a detachment at a depth (modern) of 3—4 km, as a result of which the upper part of the Yatra block, together with the Tarasivka mafic-metamafic structure, moved quite strongly to the south, tearing it from root part. The last statement is considered the most probable.
{"title":"Three-dimensional density model of the Tarasivka structure of the Golovanivsk suture zone of the Ukrainian Shield","authors":"V. Starostenko, I. Makarenko, О.S. Savchenko, P. Kuprienko, O. Legostaeva","doi":"10.24028/gj.v44i2.256269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24028/gj.v44i2.256269","url":null,"abstract":"For the first time, based on the data of three-dimensional density modeling, a diagram of the density distribution on the surface of the basement of the Tarasivka mafic-metamafic structure with an area of 2.5×5.5 km, extending to a depth of no more than 3—4 km, was constructed. The distribution of density to a depth of 5 km has been studied in detail, and the depths of occurrence of geological bodies have been determined. New in methodological terms is the use of a bypass step-like boundary from below, the form of representation of which is determined by the expected depth of occurrence of bodies with different densities. Thus, the depth of bodies with increased density near the basement surface is 2 km, of granitoids — 3 km, of undivided charnockites and enderbites — 4 km. It is shown that apogabbroids and aponorites with an average density of 2,80—2,90 g/cm3 (slightly altered rocks of mafic-metamafic composition), which form the central part of the Tarasivka mafic-metamafic structure, extend to a depth of 2 km without changing their angle fall, which is confirmed by seismic and electrical survey data. Based on the complex of available data, the selection and substantiation of the density of the host rocks of the charnockite-enderbite series, which are characterized by a density of 2,75—2,76 g/cm3 and form a ledge of about 1—2 km within the Tarasivka structure, were made. The marginal parts of the structure extend deeper than the central ones, which testifies against its synclinal structure. Along the latitudinal strike-slip fault, which passes through the central part, the Tarasivka structure is divided into two parts: the northern, less dense, and the compacted southern one. It is shown that in the eastern and northeastern parts of the structure, the fault zones are fragmented and compacted.In some of them, the density is 2,77 and 2,80 g/cm3 throughout the section, which can be explained by the intersection of high-density rocks by faults in such a places.The absence of supply channels and the shallow depth of the Tarasivka structure can be explained in two ways: either the channels of the mafic intrusion that forms the structure, most likely, have a small diameter (or diameters), that is why they cannot be fixed by gravimetry; or powerful strike-slip processes, which are fixed within the Golovanivsk suture zone, led to the formation of a detachment at a depth (modern) of 3—4 km, as a result of which the upper part of the Yatra block, together with the Tarasivka mafic-metamafic structure, moved quite strongly to the south, tearing it from root part. The last statement is considered the most probable.","PeriodicalId":54141,"journal":{"name":"Geofizicheskiy Zhurnal-Geophysical Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47237715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-02DOI: 10.24028/gj.v44i2.256270
T. Yegorova, О.O. Verpakhovska, G. V. Murovskaya
The method of finite-difference migration of reflected/refracted waves, applied to the PANCAKE and RomUkrSeis WARR seismic profiles, made it possible to form wave images of sedimentary layer and crystalline basement under the Carpathian orogen to a depth of 25 km. The study area belongs to Ukrainian Carpathians, which consist of Outer Carpathians — the Cretaceous-Neogene accretionary prism and Inner Carpathians —fragments of Alkapa and Tissia-Dakia microplates. The Carpathian belt is thrusted over the Neogene Carpathian Foredeep, which was laid on the basement of the Eastern/West European platforms. We used a technique specially developed for WARR study to generate a wave image of basement and deep sedimentary basin. The wave images obtained for two profiles show the presence of deep troughs (accretionary prism) under the Carpathian orogen and reveal their similarities and differences due to the peculiarities of the tectonic development in the junction zone of East- and West European platforms. The sedimentary prism reaches a depth of 20 km and consists of three nested troughs distinguished well in the wave field and characterized by different velocities on velocity models. The upper two layers up to ~15 km belong to the allochthon of the Ukrainian Carpathians and the underlying sequence. Whereas the lower one (15—21 km) could represent the older complexes of the basement, up to the Neoproterozoic age (Ediacaran), associated with accretion of young plates from the west to the East European platform and formation of the Trans-European suture zone. The deep trough along the RomUkrSeis profile is significantly narrower than along the PANCAKE one, which indicates a stronger shortening of the sedimentary basin (and possibly the upper crust) in the southeastern part of Ukrainian Carpathians. The sedimentary prism on both profiles is bounded from both sides by steeply dipping faults — from the east by the Forecarpathian fault, and from the west by the Transcarpathian fault along PANCAKE profile and by the Dragos Voda fault on RomUkrSeis profile, which may indicate active strike-slip tectonics.
{"title":"Three-layer structure of the Carpathian sedimentary prism from the results of seismic migration on the PANCAKE and RomUkrSeis WARR profiles","authors":"T. Yegorova, О.O. Verpakhovska, G. V. Murovskaya","doi":"10.24028/gj.v44i2.256270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24028/gj.v44i2.256270","url":null,"abstract":"The method of finite-difference migration of reflected/refracted waves, applied to the PANCAKE and RomUkrSeis WARR seismic profiles, made it possible to form wave images of sedimentary layer and crystalline basement under the Carpathian orogen to a depth of 25 km. The study area belongs to Ukrainian Carpathians, which consist of Outer Carpathians — the Cretaceous-Neogene accretionary prism and Inner Carpathians —fragments of Alkapa and Tissia-Dakia microplates. The Carpathian belt is thrusted over the Neogene Carpathian Foredeep, which was laid on the basement of the Eastern/West European platforms. We used a technique specially developed for WARR study to generate a wave image of basement and deep sedimentary basin. The wave images obtained for two profiles show the presence of deep troughs (accretionary prism) under the Carpathian orogen and reveal their similarities and differences due to the peculiarities of the tectonic development in the junction zone of East- and West European platforms. The sedimentary prism reaches a depth of 20 km and consists of three nested troughs distinguished well in the wave field and characterized by different velocities on velocity models. The upper two layers up to ~15 km belong to the allochthon of the Ukrainian Carpathians and the underlying sequence. Whereas the lower one (15—21 km) could represent the older complexes of the basement, up to the Neoproterozoic age (Ediacaran), associated with accretion of young plates from the west to the East European platform and formation of the Trans-European suture zone. The deep trough along the RomUkrSeis profile is significantly narrower than along the PANCAKE one, which indicates a stronger shortening of the sedimentary basin (and possibly the upper crust) in the southeastern part of Ukrainian Carpathians. The sedimentary prism on both profiles is bounded from both sides by steeply dipping faults — from the east by the Forecarpathian fault, and from the west by the Transcarpathian fault along PANCAKE profile and by the Dragos Voda fault on RomUkrSeis profile, which may indicate active strike-slip tectonics.","PeriodicalId":54141,"journal":{"name":"Geofizicheskiy Zhurnal-Geophysical Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49133295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-02DOI: 10.24028/gj.v44i2.256402
A. Bomba, M. Boichura, O. Michuta
The works by specialists in electrical tomography usually model soil masses as a two-dimensional single-connected domain, the boundary of which consists of a horizon line and some «deep» line with a constant potential value on it. At the same time, the latter is set very approximately because of the «absence» of charges in remote (deep) areas. To avoid such simplification, the author proposes to solve the corresponding model problem in a relatively simple domain through its subsequent conformal mapping onto studied physical environment with a complex structure. The latter is carried out using some fractional-rational function. Whereas to simulate the movement of charges, numerical complex analysis methods are generally used. In this case, common simplification regarding the «point-like» nature of the applied quasipotential sections is rejected, and the distribution of current density on the last is taken into account. The studied medium, for example, is assumed to be given in the form of a function of local bursts of homogeneities. Image reconstruction is conducted during alternate iterative solving of problems on the construction of a range of fields of current densities and refinement of parameters of conductivity coefficient. The latter is implemented out under the minimization of the functional of residuals between discrete (known) measurements of potential and stream functions on the surface of the soil mass and the corresponding calculated ones, using the ideas of regularization. Non-use of information (due to the high complexity of obtaining it) about the distribution of voltage and current in deep areas generates a certain mathematical uncertainty. However, its influence on the results of image reconstruction in the near-surface areas is insignificant. Numerical experiments were performed and analyzed. For the given examples, the conductivity coefficient on the «lion’s share» of the medium was found with a small residual. Whereas the coordinates of the identified bursts, in comparison with a priori known ones, shifted towards the surface of soil mass. This is explained both by the peculiarities of the construction of the subproblem of identification of the conductivity coefficient in the absence of boundary conditions at deep sections and the existing significant quasiconformity residuals. In the future, these shortcomings can be «eliminated» by implementing an additional intermediate conformal mapping onto a circle and applying «fictitious orthogonalization» in the vicinity of the «junction» points of boundary streamlines and equipotential lines.
{"title":"Identification of parameters of structure of soil curvilinear massifs by numerical methods of complex analysis","authors":"A. Bomba, M. Boichura, O. Michuta","doi":"10.24028/gj.v44i2.256402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24028/gj.v44i2.256402","url":null,"abstract":"The works by specialists in electrical tomography usually model soil masses as a two-dimensional single-connected domain, the boundary of which consists of a horizon line and some «deep» line with a constant potential value on it. At the same time, the latter is set very approximately because of the «absence» of charges in remote (deep) areas. To avoid such simplification, the author proposes to solve the corresponding model problem in a relatively simple domain through its subsequent conformal mapping onto studied physical environment with a complex structure. The latter is carried out using some fractional-rational function. Whereas to simulate the movement of charges, numerical complex analysis methods are generally used. In this case, common simplification regarding the «point-like» nature of the applied quasipotential sections is rejected, and the distribution of current density on the last is taken into account. The studied medium, for example, is assumed to be given in the form of a function of local bursts of homogeneities.\u0000Image reconstruction is conducted during alternate iterative solving of problems on the construction of a range of fields of current densities and refinement of parameters of conductivity coefficient. The latter is implemented out under the minimization of the functional of residuals between discrete (known) measurements of potential and stream functions on the surface of the soil mass and the corresponding calculated ones, using the ideas of regularization. Non-use of information (due to the high complexity of obtaining it) about the distribution of voltage and current in deep areas generates a certain mathematical uncertainty. However, its influence on the results of image reconstruction in the near-surface areas is insignificant.\u0000Numerical experiments were performed and analyzed. For the given examples, the conductivity coefficient on the «lion’s share» of the medium was found with a small residual. Whereas the coordinates of the identified bursts, in comparison with a priori known ones, shifted towards the surface of soil mass. This is explained both by the peculiarities of the construction of the subproblem of identification of the conductivity coefficient in the absence of boundary conditions at deep sections and the existing significant quasiconformity residuals. In the future, these shortcomings can be «eliminated» by implementing an additional intermediate conformal mapping onto a circle and applying «fictitious orthogonalization» in the vicinity of the «junction» points of boundary streamlines and equipotential lines.","PeriodicalId":54141,"journal":{"name":"Geofizicheskiy Zhurnal-Geophysical Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42688682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-02DOI: 10.24028/gj.v44i2.256266
V. Gordienko
The author’s advection-polymorphic hypothesis of deep processes in the tectonosphere is based on V.V. Belousov’s system of endogenous regimes, a certain source of energy (radioactive decay in crustal and upper mantle rocks), and the method of energy transfer (advection). Elementary volumes of transported material have been termed «quanta of tectonic action» (QTA) with the diameter of about 50―70 km. The physical reality of such objects is proved. The choice of endogenous regime is related to the type of the preceding thermal model. The mechanism of the tectonosphere’s «heat machine», which relies firmly established facts and quantitatively explains the main events of geological history within the energy conservation law, has been substantiated. For any period, from the Early Archaean to our time, it is possible to numerically justify the pattern of heat and mass transfer, to select the endogenous regimes, and construct a non-stationary heat model and variation in time of the distribution of physical properties of rocks. By using the findings and solving only direct problems, one can determine the geological manifestations of the process and the anomalies of the physical fields. The results are compared with the observed ones (without fitting), and the discrepancies do not exceed the values due to the observation and calculation errors. Pursuant to the advection-polymorphic hypothesis, it became possible for the first time to predict: 1. The emergence of quanta of tectonic action. 2. Stability of parameters (depth and temperature) of magma chambers in the mantle in the history of the Earth. 3. Existence of the global asthenosphere (depth about 700―1000 km). 4. Velocity distribution of longitudinal seismic waves in the upper mantle of regions with all types of endogenous regimes. 5. The difference in the nature of earthquakes at various depths in the focal zones. Successful verification of predictions transfers the hypothesis into the rank of theory. The theory is used to explain the following at the quantitative level: dating of active processes on all platforms of the Earth, temperature distribution in the crust and upper mantle of platforms and active regions, sediment thickness in geosynclines and post-rift depressions, changes in mass flow in geological history, heat flow and gravitational field anomalies. Several applications of the theory to studies of seismicity and UHP-blocks problems and prospecting for mineral deposits (hydrocarbons, hydrothermal sulfide ores, diamonds, and geothermal energy resources) have been considered.
{"title":"About geological theory","authors":"V. Gordienko","doi":"10.24028/gj.v44i2.256266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24028/gj.v44i2.256266","url":null,"abstract":"The author’s advection-polymorphic hypothesis of deep processes in the tectonosphere is based on V.V. Belousov’s system of endogenous regimes, a certain source of energy (radioactive decay in crustal and upper mantle rocks), and the method of energy transfer (advection). Elementary volumes of transported material have been termed «quanta of tectonic action» (QTA) with the diameter of about 50―70 km. The physical reality of such objects is proved. The choice of endogenous regime is related to the type of the preceding thermal model. \u0000The mechanism of the tectonosphere’s «heat machine», which relies firmly established facts and quantitatively explains the main events of geological history within the energy conservation law, has been substantiated. \u0000For any period, from the Early Archaean to our time, it is possible to numerically justify the pattern of heat and mass transfer, to select the endogenous regimes, and construct a non-stationary heat model and variation in time of the distribution of physical properties of rocks. By using the findings and solving only direct problems, one can determine the geological manifestations of the process and the anomalies of the physical fields. The results are compared with the observed ones (without fitting), and the discrepancies do not exceed the values due to the observation and calculation errors. \u0000Pursuant to the advection-polymorphic hypothesis, it became possible for the first time to predict: 1. The emergence of quanta of tectonic action. 2. Stability of parameters (depth and temperature) of magma chambers in the mantle in the history of the Earth. 3. Existence of the global asthenosphere (depth about 700―1000 km). 4. Velocity distribution of longitudinal seismic waves in the upper mantle of regions with all types of endogenous regimes. 5. The difference in the nature of earthquakes at various depths in the focal zones. Successful verification of predictions transfers the hypothesis into the rank of theory. \u0000The theory is used to explain the following at the quantitative level: dating of active processes on all platforms of the Earth, temperature distribution in the crust and upper mantle of platforms and active regions, sediment thickness in geosynclines and post-rift depressions, changes in mass flow in geological history, heat flow and gravitational field anomalies. \u0000Several applications of the theory to studies of seismicity and UHP-blocks problems and prospecting for mineral deposits (hydrocarbons, hydrothermal sulfide ores, diamonds, and geothermal energy resources) have been considered.","PeriodicalId":54141,"journal":{"name":"Geofizicheskiy Zhurnal-Geophysical Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47000828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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