Trauma Violence & Abuse最新文献

This study examined current evidence on children's pathways into commercial sexual exploitation (CSE) in the United States to determine if characteristics, vulnerabilities, and social contexts were distinguishable by age, gender, race/ethnicity, and location. Using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses guidelines, peer-reviewed studies and grey literature were included if they were focused on CSE pathways prior to age 18, available in English, U.S. based, and published in or after 2013. In total, 1,989 articles were screened and 306 were eligible for full-text review. In total, 22 studies were analyzed. Nine studies focused on cis girls or women. No studies exclusively focused on CSE among cis boys, gender diverse children, children identifying as LGBTQ+, or children initiated from infancy through preadolescence. Findings indicate that boys and girls at different life stages were initiated into CSE by five pathways, including: (a) family members and caregivers' paramours; (b) romantic partners; (c) peers, friends, and acquaintances; (d) strangers; and (e) circumstantial need. Girls and boys in infancy, toddlerhood, and preadolescence and across rural-urban classifications were exploited by family members, parent's romantic partners, and acquaintances known to their family. Adolescent girls, including those with intellectual disabilities, were trafficked by boyfriends, strangers, and out of circumstantial needs. This is the first review to provide a contemporary overview of dynamics that marked children's CSE pathways from infancy through adolescence. Findings revealed need for future research on CSE-impacted boys, gender diverse and LGBTQ+ children, and intellectually challenged children across early life stages and geographic areas.

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) can be extremely traumatic, and their impact on health throughout the life course has been a public policy issue all around the world. Oral health conditions significantly influence quality of life, but its relationship with ACEs among children and adolescents is not well defined. This systematic review investigated the association between ACEs and oral health outcomes in children and adolescents. The search was conducted across six databases and the gray literature, with no restrictions. It included studies evaluating the association between ACEs and oral health outcomes (oral health condition, utilization of dental services, oral hygiene habits, or oral health related to quality of life) in individuals aged 0 to 19. Data of included studies were extracted and methodological quality was assessed. Meta-analysis was used for quantitative synthesis, and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach assessed evidence certainty. From the 12 included studies, 11 had a cross-sectional design, and 1 was a cohort study. Seventeen types of ACEs were investigated, including neglect; violence between parents or caregivers; alcohol and substance abuse; and peer, community, and collective violence. The methodological quality compliance ranged between 38% and 100%. The meta-analysis revealed associations between ACEs and lower use of dental services, toothache, gingival bleeding, and dental cavities. Cumulative exposure to more than three ACEs was associated with poorer oral health. The certainty of the evidence varied from low to very low. These results highlight that children and adolescents with ACEs are more likely to present higher oral health problems, including decreased use of dental services.

The use of alcohol or other drugs to facilitate sexual violence (AOD-facilitated sexual violence) is a public health concern. There are significant gaps in knowledge on victimization, perpetration, contexts, impacts, and attitudes. Using a scoping review method, we mapped existing peer-reviewed, global literature to examine what is known about AOD-facilitated sexual violence to inform the development of AOD-facilitated sexual violence targeted interventions. We searched databases such as: Medline, PsycINFO, Scopus, ProQuest, PubMed, and EBSCO. Studies were included if they examined sexual violence where alcohol and/or other drugs were opportunistically or proactively used to facilitate sexual offending, within intimate partner and non-intimate partner (acquaintance or stranger) relationships. We reviewed 53 articles and mapped the findings to five knowledge areas: (1) prevalence; (2) victim-survivors and perpetrators; (3) location, nature, and substance used; (4) predictors, risk factors, and impacts; and (5) representations and attributions of blame. Although conclusions are difficult to draw due to the limited disparate literature, our review extends existing knowledge, highlighting that perpetrators are often known to victim-survivors, AOD-facilitated sexual violence also occurs in private locations, and alcohol is a common substance utilized in AOD-facilitated sexual violence (though its role is complex). Troubling myths and misconceptions about victim-survivors and negative representations in the media affect attributions of blame, particularly in cases where victim-survivors voluntarily consume substances. To inform interventions, this review identifies the need for consistent definitions and measurement of AOD-facilitated sexual violence, greater diversity of experiences, and the need to challenge attitudes that blame victim-survivors where substances are involved.

Trauma can be both a cause and a consequence of homelessness and has lasting impacts on mental health and wellbeing. Often research focusses on trauma and adversity in childhood leading to homelessness, but understanding traumatic experiences during adulthood homelessness can be just as important for informing intervention development and policies to mitigate and eradicate homelessness. Working with people with lived experience of homelessness, this review aimed to synthesis the qualitative evidence exploring the impact of trauma during homelessness on mental health (including substance use) from the perspective of adults (18 years of age and older) experiencing homelessness. Alongside gray literature, ASSIA, CINAHL, Cochrane, EMBASE, MEDLINE, Proquest theses and dissertations, PsychInfo, Scopus and Web of Science were searched from inception until February 2024. No language, date, or geographical limits were applied. A 'best-fit' framework synthesis of 26 papers, covering the experience of over 900 people, identified three overarching themes linked with the SAMHSA three E's of trauma: 1) making sense of homelessness as a trauma, 2) dealing with the impacts of trauma and 3) responses to repeated exposure to trauma. Trauma rarely takes place in isolation and often prior experiences shape how people experiencing homelessness make sense and cope with trauma. Policy and prevention should prioritise early intervention to reduce the mental health burden of trauma and homelessness. Additionally, creating support that empowers and builds resilience will encourage more positive management strategies.

Violence against women and girls (VAWG) is a complex social problem affecting many women globally. In Zimbabwe, intimate partner violence (IPV) and child marriages remain persistent public health problems with detrimental effects on the health and well-being of women and girls. Statistics show that Zimbabwe has one of the highest rates of IPV and child marriage in sub-Saharan Africa. Given this background, this paper systematically reviewed published research on VAWG in Zimbabwe from 2012 to 2022 to identify research gaps. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses, we systematically searched for literature across five electronic databases: Web of Science, Medline, Psych-Info via EBSCO-Host, and Google Scholar. Our initial search yielded 261 articles, of which only 45 met our inclusion criteria. We summarized these studies using thematic analysis and performed a quality assessment using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. The findings revealed several gaps, including a limited focus on relational and perpetrator perspectives, insufficient attention to other forms of VAWG such as non-partner sexual violence, rape, and trafficking, and a lack of studies on marginalized groups such as people with disabilities, sex workers, and same-sex couples. In addition, there were no longitudinal studies examining trends and dynamics of VAWG over extended periods or comparing different geographical regions. Few studies also focused on the evaluation of interventions. Although significant progress has been made in addressing VAWG, this review underscores the need for more research to fill these gaps for effective and evidence-based policymaking and response strategies.

Violence against children affects children in every region, nation, and community in the world. Despite a significant body of literature about the victims of such violence, there has been little empirical research, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, focused on perpetrators, their relationship to victims, and interventions that might alter their behavior. This scoping review sought to identify and summarize the scholarly literature on perpetrators of violence against children in Sub-Saharan Africa and their relationship with victims. Using a keyword search of academic databases, we included peer-reviewed studies published from January 2013 to June 2023 that focused on physical, sexual, or emotional violence against children in Sub-Saharan Africa and included prevalence data about victim-perpetrator relationships. Eighteen of the 42 studies that met eligibility criteria shared one or more primary data sources with other studies included in this review, most frequently using data from Violence Against Children Surveys (10), the Uganda Good Schools Project (7), and the National Child Homicide Study (3). The most common classifications of perpetrators, in order of frequency, were caregivers/family members, intimate partners, peers, teachers/school staff and strangers, and the most common settings in which research took place were schools. Wide variability in the taxonomies used to define and report frequencies for age, victim, perpetrator, and type of violence obscures our ability to form a complete picture of victim-perpetrator relationships. Research emphasis on victims of violence may lead to missed opportunities to disrupt the perpetration of violence against children through interventions that specifically target its source.