Trauma Violence & Abuse最新文献

This article is the first qualitative systematic review of studies examining the barriers and facilitators to male sex offenders reintegration from prison or secure care into the community. A search of 16 electronic databases produced 14,218 potential sources, which, after screening, resulted in 79 articles for inclusion. Papers were included if they used qualitative research methods about the barriers, facilitators, perceptions, experiences, and attitudes toward community reintegration from prison or secure care for men convicted of sexual offenses. Included papers were critically appraised and the findings were thematically synthesized. The findings identified that formal and cultural aspects of reintegration, such as probation services, stigmatization, and registration, were the three largest barriers that men faced upon their release, with stability aspects, such as positive relationships, religion, and support groups, being key facilitators to their successful reintegration. The implications for future research, and policy and practice, including prioritizing risk assessment and management, offering appropriate and timely treatment and rehabilitation, educating the community, better access to housing and employment, and services adopting a collaborative approach, are discussed.

Since it was first published in 1995, the Spousal Assault Risk Assessment (SARA) Guide has become one of the most used and researched intimate partner violence (IPV) risk measures worldwide. Yet, no recent review has formally and systematically established the psychometric properties of this measure. Furthermore, the third version of the SARA (SARA-V3) was published in 2015, with no psychometric critique to date. This review aimed to provide an inclusive and exhaustive literature review of all psychometric properties (i.e., predictive validity, convergent validity, internal consistency, and inter-rater) of the SARA, including V3. A systematic search of 17 databases was conducted following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Academic journals, book chapters, and gray literature were included but conference presentations were not. To be included studies had to report a psychometric property of any version of the SARA and be composed of individuals having committed IPV. The search identified 28 records published between 1997 and 2022. Results showed that although the literature on the SARA is mostly positive, it is much more varied in terms of both results and research quality than its widespread implementation might suggest. Most studies were conducted using case files in a research context with non-diverse samples, undermining ecological validity. Results for convergent and predictive validity were mostly positive. However, reliability statistics were under-researched and showed poorer results. Lastly, little research has gone into validating the SARA-V3, with what is available suggesting poorer reliability and validity than its predecessor. Practitioners are cautioned against transitioning to the newer version before further validation research has occurred.

In the past decade, there has been a significant increase in the forced migrant and refugee population in Europe. As the journey to arrive at the country of destination is mostly irregular, research has shown that forced migrants survive a number of traumatic experiences trying to reach safety and ensure the well-being of themselves and their families. Since research shows that exposure to traumatic experiences refugee and migrant families endure on their journey is severe, a systematic literature review was conducted to understand the concept of trauma-informed approaches for migrant and refugee families. A total of seven research databases have been a part of this study, and the search resulted in 45 papers that were analyzed and their results presented. The following inclusion criteria were considered: (a) migrant/refugee families living with their children and (b) migrant/refugee families approaching care (health, social, educational, legal). Inclusion criteria refer to phenomenological studies, consider trauma/resilience of migrant/refugee families, include studies that are published in English language only; published literature only; 2013 onwards, and only full-text studies. The results of this analysis imply that papers are more focused on the experiences of trauma than on the approaches to treat it. However, this analysis did result in identifying approaches, interventions, and tools in working with trauma refugee and migrant families. Trauma-informed approaches for forced migrant families require a culturally adapted response provided across all sectors of family support to refugees and migrants.

Elder abuse is a global public health problem with severe social costs. Research on elder abuse has gradually increased; however, less attention has been paid to older adults' perceptions and experiences of abuse. This review aimed to integrate older adults' perceptions and experiences of abuse to provide a theoretical basis for developing interventions that meet their authentic needs. Six electronic databases were searched to include qualitative studies examining perceptions and experiences of abuse among adults aged 60 years or older, and 22 studies were included. This study used the Joanna Briggs Institute meta-aggregation approach to integrate the qualitative findings, which identified four themes: (a) changes resulting from elder abuse, (b) causes of abuse, (c) barrier factors and facilitating factors to the disclosure of abusive behavior, and (d) adopting different response strategies. The findings revealed that older adults experience persistent physical and psychological burdens and financial stress following abuse. Multiple factors influence the emergence of abuse and older adults search for help from the outside world, especially social support and perceptions of abuse. Older adults can deal with abuse by accepting the status quo or taking steps to change it. These findings have important implications for helping older adults prevent and cope with abuse experiences.

Pelvic examination, a routine practice for gynecological care, can cause anxiety and be considered traumatic. This study aimed to define the association between domestic or sexual violence and the experience of pelvic examination, as well as the uptake of gynecological care following domestic or sexual violence. Pubmed, Cochrane Library, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar were searched, up to April 30, 2023. Cohort, cross-sectional, case-control studies and controlled trials assessing perception of pelvic examination or the use of gynecological care for women with a history of violence were selected and analyzed. Each study underwent a descriptive analysis and was assessed for bias using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale and the RoB2 tool. Twenty-three articles met the inclusion criteria. Eleven studies, including 7,329 women, investigated the experience of pelvic examination following lifetime or childhood sexual violence. Most reported an association between violence and adverse experiences of pelvic examination, such as discomfort, anxiety, distress, and pain perceptions. Ten studies, including 9,248 women, investigated the uptake of gynecological care following domestic or sexual violence and reported mixed results, such as a decreased or an increased uptake, particularly for acute symptoms. Two studies, including 1,304 women, examined both outcomes. The present study highlights the association between violence and adverse experiences of pelvic examination, as well as mixed results on the uptake of gynecological care. It argues for the necessity to screen for violence in consultations, particularly when considering a pelvic examination, to guarantee the utility of pelvic examinations, and to consider the traumatic impact of sexual violence in care.

Despite the high prevalence and severity of intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration among men with mental health (MH) problems and substance use (SU), there is limited evidence on the most effective ways to reduce IPV within these groups. Hence, the present systematic review aims to evaluate the effectiveness of psychological interventions for male IPV perpetrators with MH issues and SU problems. Five databases (B-On, Pubmed PsycInfo, Science Direct, and Scopus) were searched for studies examining the effectiveness of IPV interventions. Twenty-three studies met the inclusion criteria, with 13 interventions described. Interventions were grouped into (1) specific interventions for SU among IPV perpetrators (k = 8), (2) nonspecific interventions for SU among IPV perpetrators (K = 3), and (3) specific interventions targeting MH among IPV perpetrators (k = 2). Cognitive behavioral therapy and motivational interviewing techniques were the most common approaches. Both specific and nonspecific programs addressing SU problems showed some positive effects on perpetrators' behavior and attitudes. However, data from the two intervention programs focusing on MH showed reduced symptoms and re-assaults but without significant differences between the conditions. Despite methodological shortcomings in the studies, the specific and nonspecific interventions targeting SU and IPV show promise, which hinders drawing firmer conclusions. Nonetheless, further research is necessary to deepen our understanding of the MH impact interventions on IPV perpetrators.

Sexual victimization of adult women remains an underreported crime. This systematic review identified and synthesized the barriers to reporting, investigating, prosecuting, and sentencing cases of sexual assault and rape against adult women in Western countries. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, a comprehensive search was conducted on August 3, 2023, across databases including PsycINFO, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Scopus, ProQuest Central, Web of Science, MedNar, and ProQuest Dissertations & Theses. Studies meeting the inclusion criteria provided relevant information on the decision not to formally disclose, investigate, prosecute, or convict incidents of sexual assault and rape of adult women. We included 28 studies and identified 70 barriers in total. Identified barriers were most prevalent to reporting, followed by investigating, prosecuting, and, lastly, sentencing. Key themes in the barriers included lack of trust in the criminal justice system, internal reactions, rape myths and societal norms, and perpetrator characteristics. The identified barriers emphasize an urgent need for reform of the criminal justice system's response to sexual assault and rape. Prioritizing victim-survivors' needs, enhancing transparency of the criminal justice system, and addressing attrition rates are crucial. Future studies need to engage with diverse population to address all victim-survivors' needs and provide further insights into the challenges across all stages of the criminal justice system to enhance the outcome of rape and sexual assault cases.

Although 9 million older adults are estimated to be victims of sexual violence and abuse (SVA) globally each year, this population is largely overlooked in criminological research. Given the known impacts of SVA, particularly for older victims, enhanced understanding of incident characteristics, and how these events unfold, is crucial to improving prevention and response. Guided by environmental criminology perspectives, a scoping review was conducted to assess the extent to which SVA events against older people have been empirically examined to gain an understanding of the immediate circumstances in which incidents occur and how this can inform early intervention and prevention. Eight databases were searched, with records included if they reported characteristics of SVA events occurring in older adulthood, were original, peer-reviewed, empirical research, and published in English. After screening 1,278 records, 33 studies were included for review. Findings demonstrate that considerable attention has been given to understanding who is involved in SVA events and what typically occurs, however, there is a dearth of information regarding when and how these crimes are perpetrated, and the situational factors influencing offending. Resultingly, prevention recommendations largely focus on actors (e.g., victims, perpetrators, witnesses), rather than the environment in which abuse occurs, emphasizing significant gaps in understanding and response to this growing issue.

Evidence shows that parenting interventions are an effective method of reducing caregiver-perpetrated child maltreatment. The recent COVID-19 pandemic has changed the provision of parenting interventions worldwide, with many interventions adapting to continue providing services during the crisis. This global systematic review examined how parenting interventions targeting child maltreatment and its risk and protective factors were adapted during the COVID-19 pandemic. We searched for studies published between 2020 and 2022 and identified 31 eligible studies. The data on the rationale, process, feasibility, acceptability, and impacts of adaptations were narratively synthesized in accordance with the Framework for Reporting Adaptations and Modifications to Evidence-Based Interventions. Results showed that most adaptations were proactive and focused on delivery methods, predominantly digitalization. While feasibility and acceptability were generally observed, the impacts of adapted programs were inconclusive. Inadequate reporting, especially regarding rationale, fidelity, facilitator capacity building, stakeholder involvement, and decision-making processes, was noted. The review recommends enhanced planning, documentation, and reporting of program adaptations using established guidelines, as well as process and impact evaluations.

Young people who transition to adulthood from out-of-home care (OOHC) are more likely to experience a range of poorer outcomes relative to their same-age peers in the community. This systematic review assessed the effectiveness of policies or interventions (hereafter "interventions") aimed at improving housing, health, education, economic, and psychosocial outcomes for youth leaving OOHC (hereafter "care leavers"). Eleven databases of published literature were reviewed along with gray literature. Eligible studies used randomized or quasi-experimental designs and assessed interventions that provided support to care leavers prior to, during, or after they left OOHC. Primary outcomes were housing and homelessness, health and well-being, education, economic and employment, criminal and delinquent behavior, and risky behavior, while secondary outcomes were supportive relationships and life skills. Where possible, results were pooled in a meta-analysis. Certainty of evidence was assessed using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation. Fourteen studies published in 27 reports were identified that examined independent living programs (ILPs) (n = 5), intensive support services (n = 2), coaching and peer support (C&PSP) (n = 2), transitional housing (n = 1), health information or coaching (n = 2), and extended care (n = 2). All but one study was conducted in the United States. Twenty small meta-analyses were undertaken encompassing ILPs and C&PSP, with two showing results that favored the intervention with certainty. The level of confidence in each meta-analysis was considered very low. A significant risk of bias was identified in each of the included studies. While some interventions showed promise, particularly extended care, the scope and strength of included evidence is insufficient to recommend any included approach.