Trauma Violence & Abuse最新文献

Peer support models of service provision have become increasingly prevalent in recent decades across multiple health and human services fields. In this scoping review, we examine peer support work within the context of intimate partner violence (IPV) service provision, including an examination of how this approach is conceptualized, the mechanisms underlying it, the impact of professionalism, and the benefits and challenges experienced by IPV peer support workers (PSWs). Three social science databases were searched with keywords related to IPV and peer support work, with additional articles and materials identified via targeted Google searches. The final sample of materials meeting criteria for the study (i.e., focusing on trained peer workers and their experiences serving IPV survivor clients) includes 10 papers and reports published from 1983 to 2022. We find that peer support work is conceptualized as a holistic alternative to traditional forms of IPV service provision, and that PSWs are viewed as occupying a unique role in relation to clients that enhances their ability to provide comprehensive care. However, we also identify several challenges resulting from the increasing professionalization of the IPV field, including a lack of role clarity for PSWs, a need to balance structure and flexibility in peer work service settings, and skepticism toward PSWs from credentialed professionals. Lastly, we find that although PSWs experience advantages from providing services, including enhanced personal growth and healing, they also navigate challenges related to maintaining their own emotional well-being and would benefit from additional training and institutional support.

Pelvic examination, a routine practice for gynecological care, can cause anxiety and be considered traumatic. This study aimed to define the association between domestic or sexual violence and the experience of pelvic examination, as well as the uptake of gynecological care following domestic or sexual violence. Pubmed, Cochrane Library, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar were searched, up to April 30, 2023. Cohort, cross-sectional, case-control studies and controlled trials assessing perception of pelvic examination or the use of gynecological care for women with a history of violence were selected and analyzed. Each study underwent a descriptive analysis and was assessed for bias using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale and the RoB2 tool. Twenty-three articles met the inclusion criteria. Eleven studies, including 7,329 women, investigated the experience of pelvic examination following lifetime or childhood sexual violence. Most reported an association between violence and adverse experiences of pelvic examination, such as discomfort, anxiety, distress, and pain perceptions. Ten studies, including 9,248 women, investigated the uptake of gynecological care following domestic or sexual violence and reported mixed results, such as a decreased or an increased uptake, particularly for acute symptoms. Two studies, including 1,304 women, examined both outcomes. The present study highlights the association between violence and adverse experiences of pelvic examination, as well as mixed results on the uptake of gynecological care. It argues for the necessity to screen for violence in consultations, particularly when considering a pelvic examination, to guarantee the utility of pelvic examinations, and to consider the traumatic impact of sexual violence in care.

Child maltreatment (CM) poses significant risks to victims, resulting in enduring physical, psychological, and developmental consequences. Adult survivors of CM seem especially vulnerable to perinatal complications. However, existing research on perinatal outcomes presents mixed results and relies heavily on self-reported data, which may not align with official medical data. Hence, a systematic review using official health data may provide clarity on this association; it may orient future research and the provision of perinatal services. This scoping review aimed to synthesize and evaluate the quality of the literature that utilizes official health data to explore associations between CM and perinatal complications. Following Arksey and O'Malley's model, searches across four databases (PsycINFO, MEDLINE, Scopus, and ProQuest Dissertations/Thesis) produced 8,870 articles. After screening, 23 articles met the inclusion criteria (e.g., recorded perinatal complications using official health data, and peer-reviewed studies or dissertation). Evidence indicates CM survivors have less prenatal care visits, more fetal loss and preterm births, lower gestational age, and increases in emergency cesarean sections. Adults had more cervical insufficiency, lower episiotomies and sphincter ruptures, and overall pregnancy and postpartum complications while adolescents had lower Apgar scores. No associations were observed on other outcomes (e.g., vaginal bleeding, group B streptococcus, and fetal distress). Mixed findings emerged for other perinatal and maternal health concerns such as birth weight and blood pressure. CM survivors may face an increased risk of experiencing perinatal complications. Findings point to the relevance of leveraging health data for CM research and adopting trauma-informed practices in perinatal services.

Intimate partner violence (IPV), inclusive of all forms of abuse, is an ongoing public health and criminal-legal issue that transcends social boundaries. However, there is a lack of equitable representation of diverse populations who experience IPV in the literature. To garner a holistic knowledge of diverse IPV survivor populations' experiences with seeking help from the police, the current review utilized a qualitative research synthesis methodology to explore police interactions among six IPV survivor populations that are underrepresented in the current literature: women with substance use issues, immigrant women, women in rural localities, heterosexual men, racially/ethnically minoritized women, and sexual minority women. Seven electronic databases were searched to identify peer-reviewed articles on IPV survivors' narrative descriptions (qualitative or mixed-methods) of their encounters with law enforcement. The final analysis included 28 studies that were then coded with an iterative coding strategy. The analysis uncovered the following themes: (a) revictimization by the police, (b) police negligence, (c) discrimination, (d) cultural differences, and (e) positive experiences. These themes demonstrated that while some experiences with law enforcement were shared between under-researched survivor groups, some experiences were explicitly tied to some aspects of survivors' identities. Recognizing the potential law enforcement has to support survivors, the findings of the current review reiterate the need for ongoing efforts to improve law enforcement knowledge and overall response to IPV, especially for diverse populations of IPV survivors.

Many new surveys have been developed to assess the prevalence of online sexual abuse. An important type of question asked in many of these surveys is about online sexual solicitation. However, not all sexual solicitations of children necessarily qualify as sexual abuse as it has conventionally been defined. Sexual solicitations from other same age youth may be legal and nonabusive. Solicitations of youth above the age of consent by adults may also be legal. At the same time, many true online sex offenses may not be identified with questions about solicitation wanted or unwanted. This article reviewed 25 online sexual abuse survey reports. It also examined episodes and narratives from the U.S. National Technology Facilitated Abuse (TFA) survey, which asked about online solicitation and other online sexual offenses. Among the surveys reviewed, 9 of 25 elicited and counted online sexual solicitation from adults only, but the rest counted other youth solicitors as well as adults. Eight of 25 asked about only "unwanted" solicitations, but the rest had no such qualification, possibly including solicitations with positive or neutral reactions. Analysis of the TFA survey showed that in over half of solicitation episodes, the recipients did not actually know the age or identity of the solicitor. Very large differences in prevalence rates can occur depending on what types of solicitation are counted and how missing information is classified. Recommendations are made about classifying and reporting on findings about online solicitation.

Elder abuse is a global public health problem with severe social costs. Research on elder abuse has gradually increased; however, less attention has been paid to older adults' perceptions and experiences of abuse. This review aimed to integrate older adults' perceptions and experiences of abuse to provide a theoretical basis for developing interventions that meet their authentic needs. Six electronic databases were searched to include qualitative studies examining perceptions and experiences of abuse among adults aged 60 years or older, and 22 studies were included. This study used the Joanna Briggs Institute meta-aggregation approach to integrate the qualitative findings, which identified four themes: (a) changes resulting from elder abuse, (b) causes of abuse, (c) barrier factors and facilitating factors to the disclosure of abusive behavior, and (d) adopting different response strategies. The findings revealed that older adults experience persistent physical and psychological burdens and financial stress following abuse. Multiple factors influence the emergence of abuse and older adults search for help from the outside world, especially social support and perceptions of abuse. Older adults can deal with abuse by accepting the status quo or taking steps to change it. These findings have important implications for helping older adults prevent and cope with abuse experiences.

Refugees within the post-migration context experience higher rates of mental health symptoms due to a variety of pre- and post-migration factors. However, there is a lack of research in understanding best practices in culturally grounded interventions aimed at improving well-being outcomes. Recent research shows group interventions are a potential pathway to mental health treatment for refugees. This systematic review aimed to (1) assess best practices among group-based interventions within the refugee context, (2) provide literature-informed guidance on best practices within group-based interventions for this population, and (3) examine the impact of group-based interventions on the mental health outcomes of adult refugees in the post-migration context in high-income countries. A systematic literature search was conducted using Academic Search Complete, Social Work Abstracts, and PsycINFO. A total of 2,243 studies were identified, with 19 meeting the inclusion criteria to be from a peer-reviewed journal article; be published from 2003 to 2023; be written in English; have a study population of refugees in the post-resettlement context in a high-income country; include a group-based intervention model; and be quantitative or mixed methods. Results demonstrated that group-based interventions improve mental health symptoms, including post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, and anxiety. Studies varied on their use of culturally grounded mechanisms in developing and implementing interventions. Future research is needed to understand the longitudinal impacts of group-based interventions on mental health and better support current practices to facilitate access to intervention implementation.

In the past decade, there has been a significant increase in the forced migrant and refugee population in Europe. As the journey to arrive at the country of destination is mostly irregular, research has shown that forced migrants survive a number of traumatic experiences trying to reach safety and ensure the well-being of themselves and their families. Since research shows that exposure to traumatic experiences refugee and migrant families endure on their journey is severe, a systematic literature review was conducted to understand the concept of trauma-informed approaches for migrant and refugee families. A total of seven research databases have been a part of this study, and the search resulted in 45 papers that were analyzed and their results presented. The following inclusion criteria were considered: (a) migrant/refugee families living with their children and (b) migrant/refugee families approaching care (health, social, educational, legal). Inclusion criteria refer to phenomenological studies, consider trauma/resilience of migrant/refugee families, include studies that are published in English language only; published literature only; 2013 onwards, and only full-text studies. The results of this analysis imply that papers are more focused on the experiences of trauma than on the approaches to treat it. However, this analysis did result in identifying approaches, interventions, and tools in working with trauma refugee and migrant families. Trauma-informed approaches for forced migrant families require a culturally adapted response provided across all sectors of family support to refugees and migrants.

People with refugees and asylum seeker status (R/AS) have been forced to leave their home and resettle in new countries due to political unrest, conflict, and violence. This review aimed to describe the nature and extent of cultural adaptations to psychological interventions for adults with R/AS experiencing clinically significant psychological distress, and the acceptability and efficacy of these interventions. A search was conducted in October 2023 and February 2024 across five electronic databases: PsycINFO, Medline, Embase, PubMed, and Cochrane. Eligible studies were randomized controlled trials of psychological interventions conducted in any geographic context. Studies reporting on interventions with minimal adaptations only to facilitate treatment access, with no clear evidence for cultural adaptation, were excluded. Eighteen studies were identified, and cultural adaptations were described in line with the Ecological Validity Model. Studies investigating transdiagnostic interventions, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) interventions, and other psychotherapies were synthesized. Analysis and reporting of acceptability were limited across intervention groups, highlighting a need for more robust research in this area. CBT interventions and other psychological therapies were found to be most efficacious with moderate to large effects across validated psychological measures. Small to moderate effect sizes were observed across transdiagnostic interventions. The evidence quality was generally of some concerns. While the evidence requires further developments, the current review provides a timely synthesis of culturally adapted interventions for adults with R/AS to inform intervention development and clinical practice. Strengths, limitations, and recommendations for future research are discussed.

Mental Health Professionals (MHP) often harbor strong negative attitudes toward people with a sexual attraction to children, hindering the provision of essential treatment. This reluctance stems from pervasive stigmatization, contributing to mental health issues among people with pedophilia and exacerbating risk factors associated with child sexual abuse. Limited research and small sample sizes in prior studies underscore the need to conduct a meta-analysis, examining the effectiveness of educational interventions as a tool for reducing stigmatization toward people with pedophilia in MHP. Eight studies meeting specific inclusion criteria were identified through a literature search. These criteria included (a) peer-reviewed empirical, (b) quantitative data, (c) a focus on attitudes toward people with pedophilia, (d) a sample of MHP that might come in contact with people with pedophilia (or the general public), (e) the intervention is educational, (f) the educational intervention is based on people with pedophilia, (g) pre- and post-test data, and (h) be written in English. Comparable variables within these studies encompassed dangerousness, social distance, intentionality, deviance, punitiveness, anger, sympathy, and motivation to treat. The intervention significantly improved perceptions of dangerousness (d = 0.65), social distance (d = 0.33), intentionality (d = 0.38), and punitiveness (d = 0.77). However, it showed non-significant effects on deviance (d = 0.22), anger (d = -0.22), sympathy (d = -0.12), and motivation to treat (d = -0.04). These findings indicate that educational interventions can reduce MHP stigmatization toward people with pedophilia, especially with contact-based and sufficiently prolonged interventions.