Studies show considerable cultural variation in the definitions and measurements of child maltreatment (CM). This limits the comparability of findings, the formulation of policy, and tailored interventions. This review systematically maps existing published research regarding CM definitions and measurements, as well as related laws in China. A scoping review was conducted to explore the relevant published literature in English and Chinese from eight databases and legal documents between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2025. Our review identified 34 full-text studies on perceptions of CM in China, six laws related to CM and child protection, and seven scales that are frequently used to assess CM. Five characteristics emerged that explain CM operational definitions in China: frequency, outcome, intention, blood relationship, and perpetrator. Most scales focus solely on abusive behaviors, neglecting multiple characteristics, which may lead to culturally biased interpretations. Discrepancies exist between the CM operationalization framework and its measurement in China. The interpretation of CM results should be approached with caution, considering the operational definitions applicable to different cultural contexts.
Over the past 40+ years, a range of frameworks and models have emerged to support the prevention of child sexual abuse (CSA) in organizations. Existing implementation resources and guides often address key dimensions of CSA, including prevention and response, relevant people (victims and perpetrators), varied environments, and organizational processes. However, it remains unclear whether these resources reflect the core constructs common to existing frameworks and models, and whether any reflect all the key dimensions. We aimed to identify constructs related to organizational CSA prevention to assess strengths and gaps in current approaches. We searched across six databases, supplemented by grey literature, and conducted a systematic scoping review of documents-including frameworks, models, books, guidelines, and journal articles-related to preventing CSA in institutional or organizational settings. Documents were included if they discussed multi-dimensional approaches to CSA prevention. We extracted relevant concepts and used thematic analysis to identify overarching conditions of safety. We identified 25 documents that met our inclusion criteria. We extracted 50 prevention-related concepts and thematically coded these, resulting in 6 overarching conditions of safety. Drawing on the concepts related to organizational CSA prevention which we identified, we created six conditions of safety. These conditions offer a synthesized foundation for understanding the core elements of contemporary frameworks and models. They are intended to support researchers, policy makers, families, practitioners, and organizational leaders in developing, implementing, and evaluating strategies to prevent and respond to CSA.
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