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Bandgap optimization of sol–gel-derived TiO2 and its effect on the photodegradation of formic acid 溶胶-凝胶衍生TiO2的带隙优化及其对甲酸光降解的影响
IF 2.1 4区 材料科学 Q3 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.1088/2399-1984/abfb7d
M. Zouheir, O. Assila, K. Tanji, A. El Gaidoumi, J. Araña, J. M. Doña Rodríguez, J. Smått, T. Huynh, A. Kherbeche
This work reports a key factor, the H2SO4 concentration, in controlling the physicochemical properties of titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalysts during the sol–gel synthesis. The photocatalysts synthesized using different concentrations of H2SO4 possess specific anatase/rutile ratios and crystallite sizes as well as surface areas, resulting in different photocatalytic performance in the degradation of formic acid in solution. The best photocatalytic performance is observed for the TiO2 photocatalyst containing a relatively high percentage of the rutile phase (∼84%), which is obtained from the sol–gel synthesis without H2SO4.
本文报道了在溶胶-凝胶合成过程中,H2SO4浓度是控制二氧化钛光催化剂理化性质的关键因素。不同浓度H2SO4合成的光催化剂具有特定的锐钛矿/金红石比、晶粒尺寸和比表面积,从而对溶液中甲酸的降解产生不同的光催化性能。采用溶胶-凝胶法合成的TiO2光催化剂中,金红石相含量较高(约84%),光催化性能最好。
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引用次数: 16
Geometric effects on carrier collection in core–shell nanowire p–n junctions 核壳纳米线p–n结中载流子收集的几何效应
IF 2.1 4区 材料科学 Q3 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.1088/2399-1984/ac094c
Mingze Yang, A. Darbandi, S. Watkins, K. Kavanagh
We report electron-beam-induced current (EBIC) microscopy carried out on free-standing GaAs nanowire core–shell, p–n tunnel junctions. The carrier kinetics in both the n-type core and the p-type shell were determined by analyzing radial EBIC profiles as a function of beam energy. These profiles are highly sensitive to geometric effects such as facet width, shell and core thicknesses, and depletion widths. Combined with Monte Carlo simulations, they permitted measurement of the minority carrier diffusion lengths in the core and the shell, as well as the depletion widths as a function of radial direction. The relatively short minority carrier diffusion length in the core (50 nm), can be attributed to bulk point defects originating from low-temperature core growth (400 ∘C), or to interfacial recombination at traps at the p–n junction.
我们报道了在独立的GaAs纳米线核-壳,p–n隧道结上进行的电子束感应电流(EBIC)显微镜。通过分析作为束能量函数的径向EBIC分布来确定n型核和p型壳中的载流子动力学。这些轮廓对几何效应高度敏感,例如刻面宽度、壳和芯厚度以及耗尽宽度。结合蒙特卡罗模拟,他们允许测量核心和外壳中的少数载流子扩散长度,以及作为径向函数的耗尽宽度。核心中相对较短的少数载流子扩散长度(50 nm)可归因于源自低温核心生长(400∘C)的体点缺陷,或归因于p–n结处陷阱处的界面复合。
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引用次数: 0
Multilayer adsorption and kinetic studies of dyes on pure and structurally modified poly(methyl methacrylate) electrospun nanofibers 纯结构改性聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯电纺纳米纤维对染料的多层吸附及动力学研究
IF 2.1 4区 材料科学 Q3 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-04-09 DOI: 10.1088/2399-1984/abf6b2
P. Philip, Tomlal Jose, J. T. Mathew, Jinesh M. Kuthanapillil
Natural fibers and materials are well known for adsorption studies, whereas synthetic fibers have not received enough attention in this field. Therefore, an attempt is made here to study the adsorption properties of synthetic poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) nanofibers and methods for improving or modifying their adsorption properties. PMMA nanofibers are prepared by the most recent electrospinning technique and the structural, and hence, the adsorption properties of the PMMA nanofibers are modified by preparing them in surface-roughened and coaxial hollow forms through electrospinning. Studies of the adsorption of methylene blue (MB) and brilliant green (BG) dyes by the three types of PMMA nanofiber demonstrate that all the PMMA nanofibers show a certain amount of adsorption. Fiber samples that had adsorbed MB and BG were subjected to various adsorption isotherms which confirmed the multilayer adsorption properties of the fiber samples by satisfying various isotherms, mainly the Freundlich and Elovich adsorption isotherms. Kinetic studies of pure and structurally modified PMMA nanofibers that had adsorbed MB and BG dyes proved that the intraparticle diffusion model applied to these fiber samples. Here, it is also shown that the adsorption properties of electrospun synthetic fibers can be further improved by structural modification using the possibilities of electrospinning.
天然纤维和材料在吸附研究方面是众所周知的,而合成纤维在这一领域还没有得到足够的关注。因此,本文试图研究合成聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)纳米纤维的吸附性能以及改善或改性其吸附性能的方法。PMMA纳米纤维是通过最新的静电纺丝技术制备的,因此,通过静电纺丝将其制备成表面粗糙的同轴中空形式,从而改变了PMMA纳米光纤的吸附性能。三种类型的PMMA纳米纤维对亚甲基蓝(MB)和亮绿色(BG)染料的吸附研究表明,所有PMMA纳米光纤都表现出一定的吸附量。对吸附了MB和BG的纤维样品进行了各种吸附等温线,通过满足各种等温线,主要是Freundlich和Elovich吸附等温线,证实了纤维样品的多层吸附性能。对吸附MB和BG染料的纯和结构改性PMMA纳米纤维的动力学研究证明,颗粒内扩散模型适用于这些纤维样品。在此,还表明,通过利用静电纺丝的可能性进行结构修饰,可以进一步提高静电纺丝合成纤维的吸附性能。
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引用次数: 1
Ambipolar carbon nanotube transistors with hybrid nanodielectric for low-voltage CMOS-like electronics 具有混合纳米介质的双极性碳纳米管晶体管,用于低压类cmos电子器件
IF 2.1 4区 材料科学 Q3 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-04-09 DOI: 10.1088/2399-1984/abf6b1
Luis Portilla, Jianwen Zhao, Jing Zhao, L. Occhipinti, V. Pecunia
The proliferation of place-and-forget devices driven by the exponentially-growing Internet of Things industry has created a demand for low-voltage thin-film transistor (TFT) electronics based on solution-processible semiconductors. Amongst solution-processible technologies, TFTs based on semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (sc-SWCNTs) are a promising candidate owing to their comparatively high current driving capability in their above-threshold region at low voltages, which is desirable for applications with constraints on supply voltage and switching speed. Low-voltage above-threshold operation in sc-SWCNTs is customarily achieved by using high-capacitance-density gate dielectrics such as metal-oxides fabricated via atomic layer deposition (ALD) and ion-gels. These are unattractive, as ALD requires complex-processing or exotic precursors, while ion-gels lead to slower devices with poor stability. This work demonstrates the fabrication of low-voltage above-threshold sc-SWCNTs TFTs based on a high-capacitance-density hybrid nanodielectric, which is composed of a readily-made AlO x nanolayer and a solution-processed self-assembled monolayer (SAM). The resultant TFTs can withstand a gate-channel voltage of 1–2 V, which ensures their above-threshold operation with balanced ambipolar behavior and electron/hole mobilities of 7 cm2 V−1 s−1. Key to achieving balanced ambipolarity is the mitigation of environmental factors via the encapsulation of the devices with an optimized spin-on polymer coating, which preserves the inherent properties of the sc-SWCNTs. Such balanced ambipolarity enables the direct implementation of CMOS-like circuit configurations without the use of additional dopants, semiconductors or source/drain electrode metals. The resultant CMOS-like inverters operate in the above-threshold region with supply voltages in the 1–2 V range, and have positive noise margins, gain values surpassing 80 V/V, and a bandwidth exceeding 100 kHz. This reinforces SAM-based nanodielectrics as an attractive route to easy-to-fabricate sc-SWCNT TFTs that can operate in the above-threshold region and that can meet the demand for low-voltage TFT electronics requiring moderate speeds and higher driving currents for wearables and sensing applications.
随着物联网行业呈指数级增长,即放即弃设备的激增,催生了对基于可解决方案处理半导体的低压薄膜晶体管(TFT)电子产品的需求。在溶液可加工技术中,基于半导体单壁碳纳米管(sc-SWCNTs)的TFTs是一个很有前途的候选技术,因为它们在低电压下在阈值以上区域具有相对较高的电流驱动能力,这对于电源电压和开关速度受限的应用是理想的。sc-SWCNTs中的低压高于阈值的工作通常是通过使用高电容密度的栅极介质来实现的,例如通过原子层沉积(ALD)和离子凝胶制备的金属氧化物。这些都没有吸引力,因为ALD需要复杂的处理或外来的前体,而离子凝胶导致设备速度较慢,稳定性较差。本研究展示了基于高电容密度杂化纳米电介质的低电压高于阈值的sc-SWCNTs tft的制造,该纳米电介质由现成的AlO x纳米层和溶液处理的自组装单层(SAM)组成。所得到的tft可以承受1 - 2 V的栅极通道电压,这确保了它们的高于阈值的工作,具有平衡的双极性行为和7 cm2 V−1 s−1的电子/空穴迁移率。实现平衡双极性的关键是通过使用优化的自旋聚合物涂层封装器件来减轻环境因素,从而保留sc-SWCNTs的固有特性。这种平衡的双极性可以直接实现类似cmos的电路配置,而无需使用额外的掺杂剂、半导体或源极/漏极金属。由此产生的类cmos逆变器工作在高于阈值的区域,电源电压在1-2 V范围内,并且具有正噪声余量,增益值超过80 V/V,带宽超过100 kHz。这加强了基于sam的纳米电介质作为易于制造的sc- swcnts TFT的有吸引力的途径,可以在高于阈值的区域工作,并且可以满足低压TFT电子设备的需求,需要中等速度和更高的驱动电流,用于可穿戴设备和传感应用。
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引用次数: 6
Preparation and water flow velocity measurement of a large diameter single-wall carbon nanotube 大直径单壁碳纳米管的制备及流速测量
IF 2.1 4区 材料科学 Q3 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.1088/2399-1984/abe0cb
Aoran Fan, Yu-dong Hu, Yufeng Zhang, Weigang Ma, Xing Zhang
To fill the gap in the measurement of large diameter single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) and further predict the variation rule of mass flux versus diameter, this work measured the water flow velocity and mass flux coefficient in an individual SWCNT with a 3.07 nm diameter. A mechanical method is used to obtain the large diameter SWCNT by removing the internal tube of a double-wall carbon nanotube, and then the water flow velocity through this SWCNT was measured by an electrical method. The water flow velocity of large diameter SWCNT can reach to 146.1 ± 32.5 μm s−1, and the enhancement factor compared with no-slip Hagen–Poiseuille relation is about 14.5. A mass flux coefficient is defined to describe the mass flow ability through SWCNT and calculated by the experiment data. Although the enhancement factor decreased to ∼1/4 of the normal size SWCNT (∼1.5 nm), the mass flux coefficient in the large diameter SWCNT increased efficiently, and which is about 5.7 times to the normal size SWCNT. Based on the above measurement result, a reported simulation result can be revised and then verified to describe the enhancement factor versus diameter, and the mass flux coefficient of the SWCNT can be further predicted. According to the prediction result, in the bulk-like liquid region, the mass flux of an individual SWCNT can reach to maximum when the diameter is around 2.9 nm, which would provide a new idea for the design of the SWCNT-based nanodevices in the future.
为了填补大直径单壁碳纳米管(SWCNT)测量中的空白,并进一步预测质量流量随直径的变化规律,本工作测量了直径为3.07nm的单个SWCNT中的水流速度和质量流量系数。使用机械方法通过去除双壁碳纳米管的内管来获得大直径SWCNT,然后通过电学方法测量通过该SWCNT的水流速度。大直径SWCNT的水流速度可达146.1±32.5μm s−1,与无滑移Hagen–Poiseuille关系相比,增强因子约为14.5。定义了质量流量系数来描述通过SWCNT的质量流动能力,并根据实验数据进行了计算。尽管增强因子降低到正常尺寸SWCNT的~1/4(~1.5nm),但大直径SWCNT中的质量通量系数有效增加,约为正常尺寸SWNT的5.7倍。基于上述测量结果,可以对已报道的模拟结果进行修正,然后对其进行验证,以描述增强因子与直径的关系,并可以进一步预测SWCNT的质量通量系数。根据预测结果,在块状液体区域,当直径在2.9nm左右时,单个单壁碳纳米管的质量通量可以达到最大值,这将为未来基于单壁碳管的纳米器件的设计提供新的思路。
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引用次数: 2
Overcoming roadblocks in computational roadmaps to the future for safe nanotechnology 克服未来安全纳米技术计算路线图中的障碍
IF 2.1 4区 材料科学 Q3 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-02-11 DOI: 10.1088/2399-1984/abe560
C. Ö. Karakus, D. Winkler
The rapid rise of nanotechnology has resulted in a parallel rise in the number of products containing nanomaterials. The unusual properties that nano forms of materials exhibit relative to the bulk has driven intense research interest and relatively rapid adoption by industry. Regulatory agencies are charged with protecting workers, the public, and the environment from any adverse effects of nanomaterials that may also arise because of these novel physical and chemical properties. They need data and models that allow them to flag nanomaterials that may be of concern, while balancing potential stifling of commercial innovation. Roadmaps for the future of safe nanotechnology were defined more than a decade ago, but many roadblocks identified in these studies remain. Here, we discuss the roadblocks that are still hindering the effective application of informatics and predictive computational nanotoxicology methods from providing more effective guidance to nanomaterials regulatory agencies and safe-by-design rationale for industry. We describe how developments in high throughput synthesis, characterization, and biological assessment of nanomaterials will overcome many of these roadblocks, allowing a clearly defined roadmap for computational design of effective but safe-by-design nanomaterials to be realized.
纳米技术的迅速兴起导致了含有纳米材料的产品数量的同时增加。纳米材料相对于本体表现出的不同寻常的特性引起了人们的强烈研究兴趣,并相对迅速地被工业界采用。监管机构负责保护工人、公众和环境免受纳米材料的任何不利影响,这些不利影响也可能因这些新的物理和化学特性而产生。他们需要数据和模型,使他们能够标记出可能令人担忧的纳米材料,同时平衡商业创新的潜在扼杀。安全纳米技术的未来路线图早在十多年前就已经确定,但这些研究中发现的许多障碍仍然存在。在这里,我们讨论了仍然阻碍信息学和预测计算纳米毒理学方法有效应用的障碍,这些障碍无法为纳米材料监管机构提供更有效的指导,也无法为工业提供安全的设计依据。我们描述了纳米材料高通量合成、表征和生物评估的发展将如何克服其中的许多障碍,从而实现有效但安全的设计纳米材料的计算设计的明确路线图。
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引用次数: 6
Futures Honed 期货磨练
IF 2.1 4区 材料科学 Q3 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-02-10 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198806820.013.7
B. Adam
This chapter comprises an interview between Barbara Adam and the editors, and is followed by Adam’s ‘Honing Futures’, which is presented in four short verses of distilled theory. In the interview Adam reflects on thirty-five years of futures-thinking rooted in her deeply original work on time and temporality, and her innovative response to qualitative and linear definitions of time within the social sciences. The interview continues with a discussion of the way Adam’s thinking on futures intersects in her work with ideas of ethics and collective responsibility politics and concludes with a brief rationale for writing theory in verse form. In ‘Honing Futures’, a piece of futures theory verse form, Adam charts the movements and moments in considerations of the Not Yet and futurity’s active creation: from pluralized imaginings of the future, to an increasingly tangible and narrower anticipated future, to future-making as designing and reality-creating performance. Collectively, the verses identify the varied complex interdependencies of time, space, and matter with the past and future in all iterations of honing and making futures.
本章包括芭芭拉亚当和编辑之间的采访,然后是亚当的“磨练未来”,这是在四个简短的诗句提炼的理论。在采访中,亚当反思了她35年来对未来的思考,这些思考植根于她对时间和时间性的深刻原创研究,以及她对社会科学中时间的定性和线性定义的创新回应。访谈继续讨论了亚当对未来的思考方式在她的作品中与伦理学和集体责任政治的思想相交叉,并以诗歌形式写作理论的简要基础结束。在《打磨未来》这首未来理论诗体中,亚当在思考“尚未”和“未来”的主动创造中,记录了从对未来的多元想象,到越来越具体和狭隘的预期未来,再到作为设计和创造现实的表演的“未来制造”的运动和时刻。总的来说,这些诗句在磨练和创造未来的所有迭代中,确定了时间、空间和物质与过去和未来之间各种复杂的相互依存关系。
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引用次数: 0
From Boundless Expansion to Existential Threat 从无限扩张到生存威胁
IF 2.1 4区 材料科学 Q3 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-02-10 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198806820.013.20
Apolline Taillandier
This essay examines visions of the future of human life in transhumanist imaginaries of the posthuman, ranging from utopian figurations to catastrophist warnings. Focusing on libertarian, liberal, and conservative posthuman imaginaries, it argues that the posthuman condition is defined by changing scientific, moral, and political narratives, including ideas of revolutionary change, progressive evolution through the ethical use of human enhancement technologies, and the mitigation of existential risk for the preservation of intelligence and civilization in the long term. Changing posthuman imaginaries, it shows, reshape spaces of present and future political imagination.
本文探讨了后人类的超人类主义想象中人类生活的未来,从乌托邦的形象到灾难的警告。本书聚焦于自由主义、自由主义和保守主义对后人类的想象,认为后人类状态是由不断变化的科学、道德和政治叙事来定义的,包括革命性变革、通过伦理地使用人类增强技术而逐步进化的想法,以及为了长期保存智慧和文明而降低存在风险的想法。它表明,改变后人类的想象重塑了现在和未来的政治想象空间。
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引用次数: 0
Wakanda Phambili!
IF 2.1 4区 材料科学 Q3 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-02-10 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198806820.013.16
Laura M. Pereira, Charne Lavery, B. Moyo, O. Selomane, N. Sitas, Rike Sitas, C. Trisos
This chapter develops and articulates an African futurist approach to framing and meeting the challenges of social-ecological futures. It advocates a broader conception of futures as lived practice embedded within specific places (e.g. Africa) and their histories, and explores how such practice can form an alternative model to current (Western) climate and environmental scenarios. It proposes that narratives from non-Western cultures offer more nuanced and diverse approaches to decision-making under conditions of uncertainty than the archetypical scenarios depicted in current models. This chapter uses science fiction from sub-Saharan Africa as a source for more experiential decision-making that emphasizes a decolonial agenda, which could shape and change the way we use quantitative modelling to consider future trajectories for the planet in the age of the Anthropocene.
本章发展并阐明了一种非洲未来主义者的方法来构建和应对社会生态未来的挑战。它提倡将未来作为嵌入特定地区(如非洲)及其历史的生活实践的更广泛的概念,并探索这种实践如何形成当前(西方)气候和环境情景的替代模式。它提出,与当前模型中描述的典型情景相比,非西方文化的叙事为不确定条件下的决策提供了更细致和多样化的方法。本章使用来自撒哈拉以南非洲的科幻小说作为更多经验决策的来源,强调非殖民化议程,这可能会塑造和改变我们使用定量建模来考虑人类世时代地球未来轨迹的方式。
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引用次数: 1
The Birth of Nuclear Eternity 核永恒的诞生
IF 2.1 4区 材料科学 Q3 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-02-10 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198806820.013.28
Benoît Pelopidas
This chapter reconnects modes of futures-making with the requirements of democracy by focusing on the naturalization of nuclear weapons and their removal from the realm of democratic choice at a particular point in time. The chapter revolves around the concept of ‘nuclear eternity’ as a means of reducing public choices about the use of nuclear weapons. It critiques the idea that nuclear weapons have always been perceived as ‘here to stay’ and reassesses the dominant narrative about the 1960s as an emancipatory decade by arguing that the decade actually witnessed a significant shrinking of future political possibilities. Finally, the chapter identifies three shapes of the future which produce ‘nuclear eternity’—an absent post-nuclear future, an inconsistent post-nuclear future, and a disconnected post-nuclear future—and illustrates them with historical examples
本章通过关注核武器的归化及其在特定时间点从民主选择领域中移除,将未来制定模式与民主的要求重新联系起来。这一章围绕着“核永恒”的概念,作为减少公众对使用核武器的选择的一种手段。它批评了核武器一直被视为“存在”的观点,并重新评估了20世纪60年代作为解放十年的主导叙事,认为这十年实际上见证了未来政治可能性的显著缩小。最后,本章确定了产生“核永恒”的未来的三种形态——不存在的后核未来、不一致的后核未来和不连贯的后核未来——并以历史实例加以说明
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引用次数: 16
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Nano Futures
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