Forest Ecosystems最新文献_第2页

Old-growth mixed beech-dominated forests continue accumulating carbon with advancing age 以混合山毛榉为主的原始森林随着年龄的增长继续积累碳

IF 4.4 1区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecosystems

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100411

Katarína Markuljaková , Marek Svitok , Martin Mikoláš , Jeňýk Hofmeister , Wiliam S. Keeton , Anders Alhström , Dheeraj Ralhan , Jakob Pavlin , Audrey Rose Salerno , Daniel Kozák , Daniela Dúhová , Pavel Janda , Stjepan Mikac , Tzvetan Zlatanov , Momchil Panayotov , Elvin Toromani , Srdjan Keren , Abdulla Dikku , Cătălin-Constantin Roibu , Krešimir Begović , Miroslav Svoboda

Old-growth forests uniquely support biodiversity while serving as some of the planet's most important carbon stocks. The influence of tree and stand age on carbon flux dynamics remains debated—an urgent question as climate-driven disturbances may reshape forest age structures and in situ carbon storage. To clarify these relationships in Fagus sylvatica, systems, we examined a unique dataset of 3,503 tree ring series from 190 plots across some of the best preserved old-growth forests from five southern European countries. By employing a dendrochronological approach and integrating key environmental variables, including elevation, slope, temperature, and the presence of large-diameter trees (≥60 cm), we analyzed the complex relationships between tree/stand age within a plot (represented by plot-level mean values, hereafter “stand age”) and aboveground carbon stock across live, standing, and lying deadwood pools. The average stand age was 220 years, with 230 tC·ha⁻¹ of carbon stored in aboveground biomass and necromass. We found a positive correlation between age and carbon storage at both the individual tree and plot levels. Notably, the presence of large-diameter trees was the strongest indicator of carbon stock, with carbon accumulation peaking at about 30% large-tree stems proportion before stabilising, while younger beech trees (below 100 years old) had a smaller contribution to carbon storage. We found no evidence of a decline in carbon stock with advancing stand age across the studied sites. Despite the ecological importance of old-growth forests, many of them remain unprotected and are disappearing across Europe. Our findings highlight the importance of preserving old-growth forests to maximize their role as long-term ecosystem carbon reservoirs.

原始森林独特地支持着生物多样性，同时也是地球上最重要的碳储量之一。树木和林分年龄对碳通量动力学的影响仍然存在争议，这是一个迫切的问题，因为气候驱动的干扰可能重塑森林年龄结构和原位碳储量。为了澄清这些关系，我们研究了一个独特的数据集，其中包括来自五个南欧国家保存最完好的原始森林的190个样地的3503个树木年轮系列。通过采用树木年代学方法，结合海拔、坡度、温度和大直径树木（≥60 cm）的存在等关键环境变量，分析了样地内树木/林龄（用样地水平平均值表示，以下简称“林龄”）与活、立、卧枯木池地上碳储量之间的复杂关系。林龄平均为220年，地上生物量和坏死物碳储量为230 tC·ha−1。我们发现树龄与碳储量在单株和样地水平上均呈正相关。值得注意的是，大直径树木的存在是碳储量的最强指标，碳积累在大树干比例约30%时达到峰值，然后趋于稳定，而幼龄山毛榉（100岁以下）对碳储量的贡献较小。我们没有发现碳储量随林龄增长而下降的证据。尽管原生林具有重要的生态意义，但在欧洲，许多原生林仍未受到保护，甚至正在消失。我们的研究结果强调了保护原始森林的重要性，以最大限度地发挥其作为长期生态系统碳库的作用。

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引用次数: 0

Comparison of multiple satellite-derived products for assessing vegetation productivity and evapotranspiration in Nepal: Toward understanding carbon and water coupling in a mountainous region 评估尼泊尔植被生产力和蒸散的多种卫星衍生产品的比较：了解山区碳和水的耦合

IF 4.4 1区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecosystems

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.fecs.2026.100423

Jiaxin Song , Decheng Zhou , Lu Hao , Jingfeng Xiao , Xing Li , Liangxia Zhang , Ge Sun

Mountain ecosystems are highly sensitive to climate change, as they regulate carbon–water dynamics that underpin critical ecosystem services. Satellite remote sensing serves as a powerful tool for large-scale monitoring in mountainous regions where ground-based measurements are scarce. However, it remains unclear how satellite-derived gross primary productivity (GPP) and evapotranspiration (ET) vary with elevation and the magnitude of discrepancies across different datasets. This case study focuses on Nepal to systematically investigate the spatiotemporal consistency of six GPP products (EC-LUE, GOSIF, MODIS, MuSyQ, PML_v2, and VPM) and three ET products (ETMonitor, MODIS, and PML_v2) during 2001–2016, with validation against eddy covariance flux measurements. Our results indicate that no single dataset outperforms others across all elevational gradients. Based on the relatively superior datasets (VPM for GPP and PML_v2 for ET), we reveal a strong elevation dependence of GPP, ET, and water use efficiency (WUE = GPP/ET): The highest multi-year mean values are observed in lowland regions (<200 m), and the greatest interannual variability occurs in midland zones (1,000–3,000 m). Across most datasets, GPP and ET exhibit consistent upward trends, accompanied by a concurrent decline in WUE. Notably, at the pixel scale, only 11.2%, 33.3%, and 0.5% of terrestrial areas show consistent long-term trends in GPP, ET, and WUE, respectively. Such inconsistencies significantly hinder efforts to elucidate carbon–water coupling processes in mountainous ecosystems. Our findings indicate that sustained increases in vegetation productivity may exacerbate hydrological water loss in Nepal, while also underscoring the urgent need for targeted improvements to satellite-derived products.

山地生态系统对气候变化高度敏感，因为它们调节着支撑关键生态系统服务的碳水动态。卫星遥感是在地面测量很少的山区进行大规模监测的有力工具。然而，目前尚不清楚卫星获得的总初级生产力（GPP）和蒸散发（ET）如何随海拔和不同数据集之间差异的大小而变化。本研究以尼泊尔为研究对象，系统研究了2001-2016年6个GPP产品（EC-LUE、GOSIF、MODIS、MuSyQ、PML_v2和VPM）和3个ET产品（ETMonitor、MODIS和PML_v2）的时空一致性，并对涡动相关通量测量结果进行了验证。我们的结果表明，没有一个数据集在所有海拔梯度上都优于其他数据集。基于相对优越的数据集（GPP的VPM和ET的PML_v2），我们发现GPP、ET和水分利用效率（WUE = GPP/ET）具有很强的海拔依赖性：多年平均值最高的是低地地区（< 200 m），年际变化最大的是中部地区（1,000-3,000 m）。在大多数数据集中，GPP和ET呈现一致的上升趋势，同时伴有WUE的下降。值得注意的是，在像元尺度上，只有11.2%、33.3%和0.5%的陆地面积的GPP、ET和WUE表现出一致的长期趋势。这种不一致性严重阻碍了阐明山区生态系统中碳-水耦合过程的努力。我们的研究结果表明，植被生产力的持续增长可能会加剧尼泊尔的水文水分流失，同时也强调迫切需要有针对性地改进卫星衍生产品。

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引用次数: 0

Forest structures are shaped by elevation and precipitation in the Central Himalaya 喜马拉雅中部的森林结构受海拔和降水的影响

IF 4.4 1区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecosystems

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100421

Kishor Prasad Bhatta , Prakash Basnet , Alejandra Valdés-Uribe , Dominik Seidel , Dirk Hölscher

Forests in the Himalaya occur across a huge elevational range up to the tree-line ecotone. Precipitation also varies strongly; it is usually high at the windward side and low at the leeward side of the central mountain chain. Our objectives were (a) to compare forest structures in the tree-line ecotones at the wind and leeward side, and (b) to test the predictability of forest structural complexity by topographic and climatic variables from lower elevations to the tree-line. The study was conducted in the Annapurna range with 90 plots in the tree-line ecotones and an additional 69 plots at lower elevations. Forest structure was assessed by mobile laser scanning. On the windward side, the tree-line ecotone forest was mainly composed of broad-leaved species such as Rhododendron campanulatum. The stands had a high number of stems, small crowns, low vertical stratification, and dense canopy cover. On the leeward side, the tree-line ecotone forest was predominantly composed of needle-leaved species, including Pinus wallichiana. The stands had a low number of stems, large crowns, greater vertical stratification, and an open canopy. Forest structural complexity, measured by the box dimension (D_b) was similar at the tree-line on both sides. For all available plots (n = 159), generalized additive models explained up to 83% of the variation in D_b with the variable elevation, precipitation, slope, and aspect. Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) analysis underlined the dominant influence of elevation, followed by precipitation on both D_b and forest height. Overall, D_b remained relatively stable up to 3,600 m a.s.l. and then abruptly declined. This contrasts with forest height, which had already declined earlier. Overall, our study highlights the differences between precipitation regimes and underscores the importance of topography and precipitation in shaping forest height and structural complexity differently in the Himalaya.

喜马拉雅的森林分布在一个巨大的海拔范围内，一直到树木线交错带。降水变化也很大；它通常在中央山脉的迎风面高，背风面低。我们的目标是(a)比较风侧和背风侧林木线过渡带的森林结构，以及(b)测试从低海拔到林木线的地形和气候变量对森林结构复杂性的可预测性。这项研究是在安纳普尔纳山脉进行的，其中90个地块位于树线过渡带，另外69个地块位于低海拔地区。采用移动激光扫描对森林结构进行了评价。在迎风面，林线交错林以钟状杜鹃（Rhododendron campanulatum）等阔叶树种为主。林分茎数多，树冠小，垂直分层低，林冠覆盖密。背风面林线交错带以针叶松（Pinus wallichiana）为主；林分茎数少，树冠大，垂直分层大，林冠开阔。以箱维数（Db）测量的森林结构复杂性在树线两侧相似。对于所有可用的样地（n = 159），广义加性模型解释了高达83%的Db随海拔、降水、坡度和坡向变化的变化。Shapley加性解释（SHAP）分析强调海拔对Db和森林高度的主要影响，其次是降水。总体而言，海拔高度在3600 m处Db保持相对稳定，然后急剧下降。这与早先已经下降的森林高度形成对比。总的来说，我们的研究强调了降水制度之间的差异，并强调了地形和降水在塑造喜马拉雅森林高度和结构复杂性方面的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

Evaporation dominates growing season evapotranspiration: A case study from a boreal larch forest with synchronized water supply and energy demand in China 蒸发量主导生长期蒸散作用：以中国北方落叶松森林为例

IF 4.4 1区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecosystems

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100385

Zhipeng Xu , Xiuling Man , Tijiu Cai , Shuo Zhang , Liangliang Duan

Understanding the relative contributions of transpiration (T) and evaporation (E) to evapotranspiration (ET) is critical for evaluating water use efficiency, ecosystem productivity, and soil–plant–atmosphere interactions in a changing environment. However, such partitioning and its responses to dry, normal, and wet conditions, as well as the controlling factors at multiple temporal scales, remain poorly understood in China's boreal forests, characterized by synchronization of water supply and energy demand. In this study, we used 8 years of ET data from the growing season (GS; May–September) collected via the eddy-covariance system and applied the underlying water use efficiency (uWUE) method to estimate T and E in a boreal larch forest in China. Our results revealed that E was the dominant component of ET. Specifically, T accounted for 0.44 of ET (T/ET), whereas E contributed to 0.56 of ET (E/ET) over the study period. The response of T/ET to dry conditions during the leaf defoliation stage (LDS) was more pronounced than during the leaf expansion stage (LES). Despite an increase in T/ET (reaching 0.49) during the dry season compared to the normal season (0.42), E was still the dominant contributor to ET. Furthermore, E/ET was significantly controlled by vapor pressure deficit (VPD) across daily to GS scales. Interestingly, soil water content (SWC) was not a controlling factor for regulating E/ET, indicating that atmospheric forces strongly constrained the variability of E/ET in this boreal forest. These findings highlight that E should be given greater attention in boreal forests than before. Our study suggests that effective management strategies for improving water use efficiency in such forest ecosystems are urgently needed.

了解蒸腾(T)和蒸发(E)对蒸散发（ET）的相对贡献对于评估变化环境中水分利用效率、生态系统生产力和土壤-植物-大气相互作用至关重要。然而，在中国北方针叶林中，这种分配及其对干湿、正常和湿润条件的响应以及多时间尺度的控制因素仍然知之甚少，其特征是供水和能源需求同步。本研究利用涡旋协方差系统收集的8年生长季（GS； 5 - 9月）ET数据，应用基础水分利用效率（uWUE）方法估算了中国北方落叶松森林的T和E。我们的研究结果表明，E是ET的主要组成部分，在研究期间，T占ET （T/ET）的0.44，而E占ET （E/ET）的0.56。叶片脱落期（LDS）的T/ET对干燥条件的响应比叶片膨大期（LES）更明显。尽管旱季的T/ET（0.49）高于正常季节（0.42），但E仍是ET的主要贡献因子。此外，日至日尺度上的E/ET受水汽压亏缺（VPD）的显著控制。有趣的是，土壤水分含量（SWC）不是调节E/ET的控制因子，表明大气力量强烈地制约了该北方针叶林E/ET的变率。这些发现突出表明，在北方森林中应给予E比以前更多的关注。我们的研究表明，迫切需要有效的管理策略来提高这些森林生态系统的水利用效率。

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引用次数: 0

Effects of topography and fine roots on soil nitrogen transformations in acidic coniferous forest soils 地形和细根对酸性针叶林土壤氮转化的影响

IF 4.4 1区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecosystems

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100420

Zixiao Wang , Makoto Shibata , Guoxiang Niu , Kozue Sawada , Han Lyu , Jinsen Zheng , Keitaro Fukushima , Shinya Funakawa

Topographical variation shapes soil organic matter (SOM) accumulation, influencing soil nitrogen (N) flows, including fine root uptake. In this study, we quantified fine root uptake of inorganic N (NH₄⁺ and NO₃⁻) and its contribution to gross consumption in surface soils (0–2.5 cm) using in situ incubation on upslope and downslope positions in an acidic coniferous forest in Japan. We also examined differences in specific N transformation rates under incubations with severed roots (conventional soil cores (CSCs)) and those maintaining intact structures (virtual soil cores (VSCs)). Our results showed that fine roots in upslope positions had lower net NH₄⁺ uptake (0.13 mg N·m⁻²·day⁻¹) and contributed marginally (approximately 0.1%) to gross NH₄⁺ consumption, whereas downslope positions exhibited notably higher contributions from fine root uptake and nitrification (approximately 30%). Microbial immobilization appeared to be the dominant pathway of NH₄⁺ consumption on upslope positions, likely associated with the accumulation of SOM. Contrarily, variation in NO₃⁻ consumption pathways between slope positions was limited. Slope position exerted a pronounced effect on gross NH₄⁺ consumption rates (F = 37.0; P < 0.001), with enhanced immobilization upslope. Gross nitrification rates in VSC were higher downslope. Additionally, they were significantly influenced by core type (F = 15.3; P < 0.01) and were elevated in the absence of intact fine roots on upslope positions, which was unlikely due to reduced root NH₄⁺ uptake. Overall, these findings provide new field-based insights into the role of fine roots in ecosystem N strategies.

地形变化影响土壤有机质（SOM）积累，影响土壤氮(N)流动，包括细根吸收。在本研究中，我们量化了日本酸性针叶林表层土壤（0-2.5 cm）细根对无机氮（NH4+和NO3−）的吸收及其对总消耗的贡献。我们还研究了断根（传统土芯（CSCs））和保持完整结构（虚拟土芯（VSCs））孵育下特定N转化速率的差异。结果表明，上坡位置的细根对NH4+的净吸收量较低（0.13 mg N·m−2·day−1），对NH4+总消耗的贡献很小（约0.1%），而下坡位置的细根对NH4+的吸收和硝化作用的贡献明显较高（约30%）。微生物固定化似乎是上坡部位NH4+消耗的主要途径，可能与SOM的积累有关。相反，不同坡位间NO3−消耗路径的变化有限。坡位对总NH4+消耗率有显著影响（F = 37.0; P < 0.001），上坡固定作用增强。下坡VSC的总硝化速率较高。此外，它们受核心类型的显著影响（F = 15.3; P < 0.01），并且在上坡位置没有完整细根的情况下升高，这是由于根对NH4+的吸收减少而不太可能的。总的来说，这些发现为细根在生态系统氮策略中的作用提供了新的基于实地的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Non-native shrub overrides understory assembly rules through ecosystem engineering 非原生灌木通过生态系统工程覆盖了林下植物的组合规则

IF 4.4 1区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecosystems

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100412

Patryk Czortek , Mateusz Rawlik , Marcin Koprowski , Piotr Sewerniak , Radosław Puchałka

Non-native plants are increasingly recognized as ecosystem engineers across a wide range of ecosystems. While their impacts on understory composition have been widely documented, consequences for community assembly remain largely unexplored. We investigated the engineering impacts of Sorbaria sorbifolia, a naturalized Rosaceae shrub, on abiotic conditions and understory community assembly in Central European forests. Across 60 plots spanning coniferous and deciduous stands, we quantified light availability, organic layer C/N ratio and thickness, and understory functional diversity along an invasion gradient. Using ordination and linear regression, we found that increasing S. sorbifolia cover reduced light availability, thickened the organic layer, and altered C/N ratio in contrasting, forest-type-specific ways. In coniferous stands, invasion increased C/N and strongly suppressed understory light, whereas in deciduous stands it reduced C/N with weaker shading effects. These changes translate into consistent declines in functional richness and dispersion, particularly in coniferous forests where invasion led to homogenization of the understory. Trait shifts indicated stronger habitat filtering under invasion, with declines in specific leaf area (SLA) and increases in leaf dry matter content and seed mass, reflecting exclusion of light-demanding species and persistence of stress-tolerant taxa and woody seedlings. Remarkably, once S. sorbifolia exceeded ∼50% cover, positive relationships between habitat properties and understory functional diversity collapsed, replaced by uniform light limitation. This threshold effect highlights S. sorbifolia as an ecosystem engineer, capable of transforming forest structure and regeneration trajectories. Early detection and management are therefore crucial to prevent long-term homogenization and the formation of novel, invasion-driven forest states.

非本地植物越来越被认为是广泛生态系统中的生态系统工程师。虽然它们对林下植被组成的影响已被广泛记录，但对群落聚集的影响在很大程度上仍未被探索。研究了归化蔷薇科灌木Sorbaria sorbifolia对中欧森林非生物条件和林下群落聚集的工程影响。在60个样地，包括针叶林和落叶林，我们沿着入侵梯度量化了光有效性、有机层C/N比和厚度以及林下功能多样性。通过排序和线性回归分析，我们发现增加文冠盖度会降低光效，增加有机层厚度，并以不同林型的方式改变C/N比。在针叶林中，入侵增加了C/N，强烈抑制了林下光照，而在落叶林中，入侵降低了C/N，遮光作用较弱。这些变化转化为功能丰富度和分散度的持续下降，特别是在针叶林中，入侵导致下层植被同质化。性状变化表明，入侵对生境的过滤作用更强，比叶面积（SLA）下降，叶片干物质含量和种子质量增加，反映了需光物种的排除和耐胁迫分类群和木本幼苗的持续存在。值得注意的是，一旦文冠枯盖度超过50%，生境特性和林下功能多样性之间的正相关关系就会消失，取而代之的是均匀光照限制。这种阈值效应凸显了文冠是一个生态系统工程师，能够改变森林结构和更新轨迹。因此，早期发现和管理对于防止长期同质化和形成新的、由入侵驱动的森林状态至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

Considering tree species of the future: Tree species in Mexico predicted to have suitable current climate in the United States and Canada 考虑到未来的树种：墨西哥的树种预计适合美国和加拿大当前的气候

IF 4.4 1区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecosystems

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100419

Brice B. Hanberry

Suitable climate for tree species currently located in Mexico may shift to the United States and Canada under future warming, resulting in the potential for tree species shifts, with new species gained in the USA and Canada and species losses in Mexico. To isolate dynamics, I modeled distributions of 184 commonly recorded wide-ranging or transboundary tree species of North America, including presence in Mexico, and 258 tree species primarily abundant in Mexico, including 51 endemic species, under current climate and predicted to three future climates (projected warming of 4.3–8.8 °C during 2071–2100 in North America). Secondarily, I identified patterns between species distributions and outcomes. Model accuracies were 0.98 for withheld samples, with coldest temperature as the most important variable. Species with distributions that were larger in area and lower in elevation (likely related to the modeling algorithm being able to locate more analogous climates) and higher in latitude (due to greater area in the northern North American continent) were more probable to expand distributions under warming temperatures. Predicted losses in suitable future climate conditions occurred for 36 of 184 wide-ranging species and 103 of 258 Mexican species. For wide-ranging species, losses occurred in Mexico and extended along the USA Gulf Coast, with gains in the western USA and Canada. For Mexican species, losses occurred south of Mexico, with gains in northern Mexico, the southeastern USA, and along the Pacific Coast from the USA to Canada. In Mexico, tree species overall continued to have suitable future climate conditions. In the USA, 38 of 184 wide-ranging species and 246 of 258 Mexican species may be gained in the future, and generally, predictions were for suitable climate conditions both now and in the future. In Canada, suitable future climate conditions for 35 of 184 wide-ranging species were predicted, of which 10 species were predicted to have suitable current climate conditions, and suitable future climate conditions for 80 of 258 Mexican species were predicted, of which 21 species were predicted to have suitable current climate conditions. Many tree species present in Mexico were predicted to already have a suitable current climate in the USA and Canada, which suggests a lag in ecosystem transition that may be addressed by current management to support biodiversity.

在未来变暖的情况下，目前位于墨西哥的树种的适宜气候可能会转移到美国和加拿大，从而导致树种转移的可能性，在美国和加拿大获得新物种，而在墨西哥失去物种。为了分离动态，我在当前气候和预测未来三种气候（预计2071-2100年北美变暖4.3 - 8.8°C）下，模拟了184种常见的北美广域或跨界树种的分布，包括在墨西哥的存在，以及258种主要在墨西哥丰富的树种，包括51种特有树种。其次，我确定了物种分布和结果之间的模式。保留样本的模型精度为0.98，最冷温度是最重要的变量。分布面积较大、海拔较低的物种（可能与建模算法能够定位更多类似气候有关）和纬度较高的物种（由于北美大陆北部面积较大）更有可能在变暖的温度下扩大分布。在未来适宜的气候条件下，184种广域物种中的36种和258种墨西哥物种中的103种发生了预测损失。对于分布广泛的物种，损失发生在墨西哥，并沿美国墨西哥湾沿岸延伸，而美国西部和加拿大则有所增加。对于墨西哥物种来说，墨西哥南部出现了损失，而墨西哥北部、美国东南部以及从美国到加拿大的太平洋沿岸则有所增加。在墨西哥，树种总体上继续拥有适宜的未来气候条件。在美国，184种广域物种中的38种和258种墨西哥物种中的246种可能在未来获得，并且通常预测现在和未来的气候条件都是合适的。在加拿大，184种广域物种中有35种预测了适宜的未来气候条件，其中10种预测了适宜的当前气候条件；在墨西哥，258种中有80种预测了适宜的未来气候条件，其中21种预测了适宜的当前气候条件。据预测，墨西哥的许多树种目前在美国和加拿大已经有了合适的气候，这表明生态系统转型的滞后，可以通过当前的管理来解决，以支持生物多样性。

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引用次数: 0

Discrepancies between predictions of mainstream empirical growth models and observed forest growth of Pinus radiata (D. Don) plantations in New Zealand 新西兰辐射松（D. Don）人工林主流经验生长模型预测与实测森林生长的差异

IF 4.4 1区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecosystems

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100404

Serajis Salekin, Yvette Dickinson, Jo Liddell, Christine Dodunski, Priscilla Lad, Steven Dovey, Donald A. White, David Pont

Pinus radiata (D. Don) dominates New Zealand's forestry industry, constituting 91% of plantations, and is among the world's most important plantation species. Given the socio-economic and environmental importance of this species, it is important to have accurate and precise projections over time to make efficient decisions for forest management and greenfield investments in afforestation projects, especially for permanent carbon forests. Future projections of any natural resource systems rely on modeling; however, the acceleration of climate change makes future projections of yield less certain. These challenges also impact national expectations of the contribution planted forests will provide to address climate change and meet international commitments under the Paris Agreement. Using a large national-scale set of contemporary ground-measured data (2013–2023), this study investigates the performance of two growth models developed over 30 years ago that are widely used by NZ plantation growers: 1) the Pumice Plateau Model 1988 (PPM88) and 2) the 300-index (including a model variant of regional drift). Model simulations were made using the FORECASTER modeling suite with geographic boundaries to adjust for drift in space and time. Basal area (BA, m²·ha⁻¹) and volume (m³·ha⁻¹) were simulated, and standard errors and goodness-of-fit metrics calculated up to a typical rotation age of 30 years. Model residuals were then separated and analysed for the main plantation growing regions. The models overpredicted observed growth by between 6.8% and 16.2%, but model predictions and errors varied significantly between regions. The results of this study provided clear evidence of divergence between the outputs of both models and the measured data. Finally, this study suggests future measures to address challenges posed by these discrepancies that will provide better information for forest management and investment decisions in a changing climate.

辐射松（D. Don）主导着新西兰的林业产业，占种植园的91%，是世界上最重要的种植园物种之一。鉴于这一物种的社会经济和环境重要性，重要的是要有准确和精确的预测，随着时间的推移，为森林管理和造林项目的绿地投资做出有效的决策，特别是永久性碳林。任何自然资源系统的未来预测都依赖于建模；然而，气候变化的加速使得对未来产量的预测变得不那么确定。这些挑战也影响了各国对人工林为应对气候变化和履行《巴黎协定》下的国际承诺所作贡献的期望。本研究利用2013-2023年的大规模当代地面测量数据，研究了30多年前开发的两种增长模型的性能：1)1988年浮石高原模型（PPM88）和2)300指数（包括区域漂移的模型变体）。使用FORECASTER建模套件进行了模型模拟，并对地理边界进行了调整，以适应空间和时间的漂移。模拟基底面积（BA, m2·ha−1）和体积（m3·ha−1），计算标准误差和拟合优度指标，直至典型轮作年龄为30年。然后对主要人工林种植区的模型残差进行了分离和分析。模型对观测到的增长率的高估在6.8%到16.2%之间，但模型的预测和误差在不同地区之间差异很大。本研究的结果提供了两个模型的输出和测量数据之间分歧的明确证据。最后，本研究提出了解决这些差异带来的挑战的未来措施，这些措施将为气候变化下的森林管理和投资决策提供更好的信息。

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引用次数: 0

Height-based biomass models differ for naturally regenerated and planted young trees 基于高度的生物量模型对于自然再生和种植的幼树是不同的

IF 4.4 1区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecosystems

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100406

Peter Marčiš , Jozef Pajtík , Bohdan Konôpka , Martin Lukac

This study investigated biomass allocation in young stands of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) across 31 forest sites in the Western Carpathians, Slovakia. A total of 541 trees aged 2–10 years, originating from natural regeneration and planting, were destructively sampled to quantify biomass in four components: foliage, branches, stems, and roots. Generalized non-linear least squares (GNLS) models with a weighing variance function outperformed log-transformed seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) models in terms of accuracy and robustness, especially for foliage and branch biomass. When using height as the predictor, SUR models tended to underestimate biomass in planted beech, leading to notable underprediction of aboveground and total biomass. Biomass allocation patterns varied significantly by species and regeneration origin. Using a non-linear system of equations and component ratio modelling, we found out that planted spruce displayed low variability and a consistent dominance of needle biomass, while naturally regenerated beech showed greater variability and a higher proportion of stem biomass, reflecting stronger competition-driven vertical growth. Interspecific differences in total biomass were more pronounced when using tree height, with spruce generally exhibiting greater biomass than beech at equivalent heights. Overall, stem base diameter marginally outperformed tree height as a predictor of biomass. However, tree height-based models showed strong performance and are particularly suitable for integration with remote sensing applications. These findings can directly support forest managers and modellers in comparing regeneration methods and biomass estimation approaches for early-stage stand development, carbon accounting, and remote sensing calibration.

研究了欧洲山毛榉（Fagus sylvatica L.）和挪威云杉（Picea abies (L.)）幼林的生物量分配。喀斯特)横跨斯洛伐克喀尔巴阡山脉西部的31个森林遗址。对541棵2 ~ 10年树龄的自然再生和种植树木进行了破坏性采样，量化了叶、枝、茎和根4个组成部分的生物量。具有加权方差函数的广义非线性最小二乘（GNLS）模型在精度和鲁棒性方面优于对数变换的看似不相关回归（SUR）模型，特别是在叶和枝生物量方面。当使用高度作为预测因子时，SUR模型倾向于低估人工山毛榉的生物量，导致地上生物量和总生物量的显著低估。生物量分配模式因物种和再生来源的不同而有显著差异。利用非线性方程系统和成分比模型，我们发现人工云杉表现出较低的变异性，针叶生物量占主导地位，而自然再生山毛榉表现出较大的变异性和较高的茎生物量比例，反映出更强的竞争驱动的垂直生长。当使用树高时，总生物量的种间差异更为明显，在同等高度下，云杉的生物量普遍大于山毛榉。总体而言，作为生物量的预测因子，茎基部直径略优于树高。然而，基于树高的模型表现出很强的性能，特别适合与遥感应用相结合。这些发现可以直接支持森林管理者和建模者比较早期林分发育的更新方法和生物量估算方法、碳核算和遥感校准。

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引用次数: 0

Wildfire increased summer low flows in snow-dominated watersheds: A combined approach of hydrometric monitoring and geochemical tracing 野火增加了积雪占主导地位的流域夏季低流量：水文监测和地球化学示踪的结合方法

IF 4.4 1区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecosystems

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100408

Shixuan Lyu , Xiaohua Wei , Ming Qiu , Mackenzie Myers , Zhaozhi Wang , Jinyu Hui , Wenhui Yan , Tongqing Shen , Meirong Sun , Shuhui Wang , Yiping Hou

Forests are experiencing more frequent and intense wildfires in Canada, which pose considerable threats to water quantity and quality, particularly during the summer low-flow period when water demand is high. While the impacts of wildfire on hydrology have been widely assessed at the watershed scale, the underlying mechanisms of the responses of summer low flows remain poorly understood. In this study, we employed an integrated research framework that combines hydrometric monitoring with geochemical tracing to evaluate how the 2021 White Rock Lake Wildfire affected summer low flows, and to identify the underlying mechanisms governing these responses in the Okanagan Valley, British Columbia (BC), Canada. We found that (1) summer low flows, represented by Q₉₀ (flows exceeded at 90% of the time in summer) significantly increased following the wildfire (p < 0.05); (2) summer low flows were primarily regulated by snow water in early summer (July), while dominated by groundwater in late summer (August and September); and (3) enhanced snow water contribution and reduced evapotranspiration (ET) were two primary contributors to the increased summer low flows. Our results provide insights for developing sustainable water management strategies for the region in the context of climate change and increasing forest disturbance. This study also demonstrates that the combination of hydrometric monitoring and geochemical tracing is an effective approach towards uncovering mechanisms that drive low-flow responses.

加拿大的森林正在经历更频繁和强烈的野火，这对水的数量和质量构成相当大的威胁，特别是在夏季低流量期间，因为水的需求很高。虽然野火对水文的影响已经在流域尺度上得到了广泛的评估，但对夏季低流量响应的潜在机制仍然知之甚少。在这项研究中，我们采用了一个综合的研究框架，将水文监测与地球化学示踪相结合，以评估2021年白岩湖野火如何影响加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省（BC）奥肯那根山谷的夏季低流量，并确定控制这些响应的潜在机制。结果发现：(1)夏季低流量，以Q90（夏季90%时间不超过流量）为代表，在野火后显著增加（p < 0.05）；(2)夏季低流量在初夏（7月）以雪水为主，在夏末（8、9月）以地下水为主；(3)积雪水贡献增加和蒸散发（ET）减少是夏季低流量增加的两个主要原因。我们的研究结果为该地区在气候变化和森林干扰增加的背景下制定可持续的水资源管理战略提供了见解。该研究还表明，水文观测和地球化学示踪剂的结合是揭示驱动低流量响应机制的有效方法。

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引用次数: 0