Forest Ecosystems最新文献_第3页

Photoperiod as the primary determinant regulating the onset and cessation of wood formation in temperate trees 光周期是调节温带树木木材形成开始和停止的主要决定因素

IF 4.4 1区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecosystems

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100395

Nipeng Qian , Gangdun Li , Linxu Wang , Chunchao Dong , Zhenzhao Xu , Qijing Liu , Guang Zhou

Accurate prediction of xylem phenology is essential for evaluating the long-term impacts of climate change on carbon sequestration, forest productivity, and ecosystem resilience. However, the environmental controls on xylem phenology remain poorly clarified in terms of quantification, particularly for broadleaf species and the process of growth cessation. In this study, we monitored the onset and cessation of wood formation in 19 temperate tree species over periods of up to six years (2019–2024, with observation length varying among species) to assess the impact of environmental changes on the timing of wood formation. Linear mixed-effects models were used to evaluate and quantify the relative importance of photoperiod, forcing, chilling, precipitation, SPEI (standardized precipitation-evapotranspiration index), cold degree days, and MAT (mean annual temperature) to the onset and cessation of wood formation. Photoperiod and forcing temperature were identified as the key drivers of wood formation onset, while photoperiod was the primary factor regulating its cessation. Wood formation onset was less sensitive to photoperiod compared with cessation, but exhibited greater sensitivity to temperature. Conifers were more responsive to changes in day length at onset than broadleaf species, while broadleaf species appeared to rely solely on photoperiod to regulate the cessation, with conifers showing additional modulation by temperature. Moreover, ring-porous species exhibited stronger photoperiodic control of both onset and cessation than diffuse-porous species. These findings highlight the critical role of photoperiod, temperature, or their interactions in regulating xylem phenology, providing insights for improving process-based models that predict xylem growth dynamics.

准确预测木质部物候对评估气候变化对碳汇、森林生产力和生态系统恢复力的长期影响至关重要。然而，在量化方面，环境对木质部物候的控制仍然很不清楚，特别是对阔叶物种和生长停止过程。在这项研究中，我们对19种温带树种木材形成的开始和停止进行了长达6年（2019-2024年，不同树种的观察时间不同）的监测，以评估环境变化对木材形成时间的影响。利用线性混合效应模型评估和量化光周期、强迫、降温、降水、标准化降水-蒸散指数（SPEI）、低温日数和年平均气温对木材形成开始和停止的相对重要性。光周期和强迫温度是木材形成开始的关键驱动因素，而光周期是调节木材形成停止的主要因素。与停止相比，木材形成初期对光周期的敏感性较低，但对温度的敏感性较高。针叶树比阔叶树对白昼长度的变化更敏感，而阔叶树似乎完全依赖光周期来调节停止，而针叶树则受到温度的额外调节。此外，环形多孔物种比扩散多孔物种表现出更强的光周期控制。这些发现强调了光周期、温度或它们的相互作用在调节木质部物候中的关键作用，为改进基于过程的模型预测木质部生长动力学提供了见解。

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引用次数: 0

Evergreen vs. deciduous species: Whose water use efficiency can influence the plant trait spectrum in the karst evergreen-deciduous mixed broad-leaved forests? 喀斯特常绿-落叶混交林中，谁的水分利用效率会影响植物性状谱？

IF 4.4 1区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecosystems

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.fecs.2026.100424

Xuerong Shao , Yingqun Chen , Shuo Wang , Yi Jiang , Lipeng Zang , Guangqi Zhang , Qingfu Liu , Danmei Chen , Fangjun Ding , Mingzhen Sui

Unraveling the drivers of the plant trait spectrum is crucial for explaining species coexistence, especially in biodiverse ecosystems. Focusing on the Maolan Nature Reserve, a typical karst evergreen-deciduous mixed forest, this study examined the contributions of water use efficiency (WUE) differences between those species to their trait spectra in 30 plots by measuring the plant functional traits. WUE characterization based on stable carbon isotopes and modeling revealed significant WUE and plant trait spectrum differences between evergreen and deciduous trees. In addition, their WUE could significantly influence their functional traits, functional diversity, and leaf economic spectrum. Moreover, the WUE of deciduous species played a more important role in influencing the plant trait spectrum compared to evergreen species. Specifically, compared to evergreen trees, deciduous trees contributed more to the functional diversity, mainly by altering the niche overlap. The findings demonstrated the key role of deciduous species in ecosystem functioning and highlighted the importance of niche differentiation for species coexistence in karst forests.

揭示植物性状谱的驱动因素对于解释物种共存至关重要，特别是在生物多样性生态系统中。以毛兰自然保护区典型的喀斯特常绿-落叶混交林为研究对象，通过测量30个样地的植物功能性状，研究了不同树种间水分利用效率差异对其性状谱的贡献。基于稳定碳同位素和模型的水分利用效率表征表明，常绿乔木和落叶乔木的水分利用效率和植物性状谱存在显著差异。水分利用效率显著影响其功能性状、功能多样性和叶片经济谱。此外，与常绿树种相比，落叶树种水分利用效率对植物性状谱的影响更为重要。与常绿乔木相比，落叶乔木对功能多样性的贡献更大，主要通过改变生态位重叠来实现。研究结果揭示了落叶物种在喀斯特森林生态系统功能中的关键作用，并强调了生态位分化对喀斯特森林物种共存的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

Tree species mixing enhances the diversity–function relationship in subtropical Cunninghamia lanceolata plantations 树种混交增强了亚热带杉木人工林的多样性功能关系

IF 4.4 1区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecosystems

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.fecs.2026.100426

Yanfeng Bai , Mengyu Jiang , Yawen Zhao , Shoushuai Zhang , Yueqiao Li , Zhuowen Zhang , Chunqian Jiang , Yuhan Xu , Yongjian Wang

Forest biodiversity enhances ecosystem functionality and underpins sustainable forest management by improving soil nutrient cycling. As a representative sustainable management practice, tree species mixing (TSM) increases this functionality by regulating plant-soil nutrient interactions. This study compared the effects of TSM management on stand features, plant diversity, and soil microbial properties across different developmental stages of Cunninghamia lanceolata plantations. The results demonstrated that TSM management significantly enhanced the overall functional efficiency of the ecosystem. Specifically, TSM management improved stand features and reduced competition intensity among trees, which increased α-diversity of each vegetation layer while decreasing its β-diversity. Furthermore, TSM management increased litter layer thickness and soil available phosphorus content, with the magnitude of these effects varying across different management stages. Concurrently, although there was a reduction in α-diversity of bacteria (Chao1: −7.3%; Shannon: −2.7%), soil core microbial community exhibited an enrichment of oligotrophic bacteria (Acidibacter: +29.1%) and an increase in core fungal taxa, a shift that enhanced the decomposition of organic matter (litter thickness: +27.8%) and the transformation of nutrients (available nitrogen (N): +32.6%). Structural equation modeling (SEM) further confirmed that TSM management primarily drives soil carbon accumulation through the “tree diversity–core bacterial community–microbial biomass” pathway. In summary, this study reveals that TSM management promotes forest plant diversity and improves litter and soil conditions at the cost of reducing α-diversity and increasing the soil core bacterial community, ultimately leading to enhanced overall ecosystem functional efficiency. This finding provides important guidance for optimizing the structure, function, and resilience of degraded Chinese fir plantations, and offers a scientific basis for future decisions on balancing microbial community changes in the context of species diversity conservation and soil fertility restoration.

森林生物多样性可以增强生态系统功能，并通过改善土壤养分循环来支持可持续森林管理。作为一种具有代表性的可持续管理实践，树种混合（TSM）通过调节植物-土壤养分相互作用来增加这种功能。本研究比较了TSM管理对杉木人工林不同发育阶段林分特征、植物多样性和土壤微生物特性的影响。结果表明，TSM管理显著提高了生态系统的整体功能效率。具体而言，TSM管理改善了林分特征，降低了树木间的竞争强度，增加了各植被层α-多样性，降低了各植被层β-多样性。此外，TSM管理增加了凋落物层厚度和土壤有效磷含量，不同管理阶段的影响程度不同。同时，虽然细菌α-多样性降低（Chao1:−7.3%;Shannon:−2.7%），但土壤核心微生物群落中寡营养细菌（Acidibacter: +29.1%）富集，核心真菌类群增加，有机质分解（凋落物厚度：+27.8%）和养分转化（速效氮(N): +32.6%）增强。结构方程模型（SEM）进一步证实了TSM管理主要通过“树木多样性-核心细菌群落-微生物生物量”途径驱动土壤碳积累。综上所述，本研究表明，TSM管理以降低α-多样性和增加土壤核心细菌群落为代价，促进了森林植物多样性，改善了凋落物和土壤条件，最终提高了整体生态系统的功能效率。这一发现为退化杉木人工林结构、功能和恢复力的优化提供了重要指导，并为未来物种多样性保护和土壤肥力恢复背景下平衡微生物群落变化的决策提供了科学依据。

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引用次数: 0

Nitrogen addition alleviates negative effects of drought on root growth but aggravates them on leaf growth of Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) seedlings 氮素添加能缓解干旱对毛竹根系生长的负面影响，但会加重干旱对毛竹幼苗叶片生长的负面影响

IF 4.4 1区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecosystems

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100388

Ge Gao , Junyong Xia , Yaowen Xu , Xiaogai Ge , Aibo Li , Ziqing Zhao , Zhengcai Li , Benzhi Zhou

Forest ecosystems are increasingly susceptible to droughts and nitrogen (N) deposition. However, the effects of N addition on the growth of bamboo under drought stress remain unclear. This study conducted a comprehensive factorial experiment to investigate the combined effects of drought and N addition on the growth of Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) seedlings. Six treatment combinations were established: 0 mg·kg⁻¹ N with 80%–85% field capacity (FC) soil moisture, 0 mg·kg⁻¹ N with 50%–55% FC, 0 mg·kg⁻¹ N with 30%–35% FC, 100 mg·kg⁻¹ N with 80%–85% FC, 100 mg·kg⁻¹ N with 50%–55% FC, and 100 mg·kg⁻¹ N with 30%–35% FC. The results revealed that drought altered the soil microbial community structure and significantly reduced the biomass of Moso bamboo seedlings. Notably, N addition mitigated the adverse effects of drought on bamboo growth in general. Specifically, N addition alleviated the negative effects of drought on root biomass but aggravated them on leaf biomass of Moso bamboo seedlings, and with the intensification of drought stress, this effect was weakened. Furthermore, sucrose and urease exerted dominant and direct influences on the total biomass. The results underscore the pivotal role of N in facilitating plant drought tolerance, suggesting that the interplay between drought and N addition in plant growth should be considered in the context of changing environmental conditions, and offering novel perspectives on sustainable management strategies for bamboo forests.

森林生态系统越来越容易受到干旱和氮沉降的影响。然而，施氮对干旱胁迫下竹材生长的影响尚不清楚。通过综合因子试验，研究了干旱和施氮对毛竹幼苗生长的影响。设置了6个处理组合：0 mg·kg−1 N， 80% ~ 85%土壤含水量，0 mg·kg−1 N, 50% ~ 55% FC, 0 mg·kg−1 N, 30% ~ 35% FC, 100 mg·kg−1 N, 80% ~ 85% FC, 100 mg·kg−1 N, 50% ~ 55% FC, 100 mg·kg−1 N, 30% ~ 35% FC。结果表明，干旱改变了毛竹幼苗土壤微生物群落结构，显著降低了毛竹幼苗生物量。施氮总体上缓解了干旱对竹材生长的不利影响。其中，N的添加缓解了干旱对毛竹幼苗根系生物量的负面影响，但加重了干旱对毛竹幼苗叶片生物量的负面影响，且随着干旱胁迫的加剧，这种影响逐渐减弱。此外，蔗糖和脲酶对总生物量的影响是显性和直接的。研究结果强调了N在促进植物抗旱性方面的关键作用，提示应在环境条件变化的背景下考虑植物生长中干旱与N添加之间的相互作用，并为竹林可持续管理策略提供新的视角。

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引用次数: 0

Spatial variation in non-structural carbohydrates reserves of pine species along climatic gradients: A global synthesis 松树非结构性碳水化合物储量在气候梯度上的空间变化

IF 4.4 1区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecosystems

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100397

Yanfang Wang , Fang Wang , Mai-He Li , Yating Li , Yu Xia , Yan-Li Zhang , Yunpeng Luo , Xiaohua Gou

Non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) are crucial for tree growth and survival under climatic stress, yet their spatial dynamics across broad climate gradients remain unclear. Pines (Pinus spp.), one of the most widely distributed tree genera worldwide, provide an ideal system for investigating large-scale spatial patterns of NSC within a single genus along extensive climatic gradients. Here, we compiled a global NSC database for pines across 74 sites, and assessed the spatial variation in total NSC, starch (St), and soluble sugars (SS) concentrations in stem sapwood, the primary reserve tissue, along site-specific mean annual temperature (MAT) and precipitation (MAP). Our results show that MAP exerted a stronger influence (R² = 20%–47%) on the spatial variation in total NSC and its components than did MAT (R² = 6%–16%). Total NSC concentrations declined nonlinearly with increasing MAP, with the rate of decline slowing beyond approximately 800 mm. While MAT had weaker effects on total NSC concentrations, both MAT and MAP jointly regulated NSC partitioning: Higher MAT and MAP were associated with reduced St concentrations but elevated SS concentrations and SS:St ratios. These findings suggest that pine species in cold and arid environments prioritize storing NSC as St, whereas in relatively warm and humid environments, NSC are preferentially mobilized into SS to support immediate metabolic and growth demands.

非结构性碳水化合物（NSCs）对树木在气候胁迫下的生长和生存至关重要，但其在大气候梯度下的空间动态尚不清楚。松树（Pinus spp.）是世界上分布最广泛的树种之一，为研究单一属内沿广泛气候梯度的NSC大尺度空间格局提供了理想的系统。在这里，我们编制了全球74个站点的松树NSC数据库，并评估了主要储备组织茎边材中NSC总量、淀粉（St）和可溶性糖（SS）浓度随站点特定年平均温度（MAT）和降水（MAP）的空间变化。结果表明，MAP对总NSC及其组分空间变异的影响（R2 = 20% ~ 47%）大于MAT （R2 = 6% ~ 16%）。NSC总浓度随MAP的增加呈非线性下降，下降速度在约800 mm后减慢。虽然MAT对NSC总浓度的影响较弱，但MAT和MAP共同调节NSC的分配：高MAT和MAP与St浓度降低、SS浓度和SS:St比升高相关。这些结果表明，在寒冷和干旱的环境中，松树优先将NSC储存为St，而在相对温暖和潮湿的环境中，NSC优先被动员成SS，以支持即时的代谢和生长需求。

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引用次数: 0

Understory floristic composition of planted western white pine stands in the northern Rocky Mountains 落基山脉北部种植西部白松林的林下植物区系组成

IF 4.4 1区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecosystems

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100400

Andrew S. Nelson , Theresa B. Jain , Jason Reinhardt , Eva K. Strand , Nicole Mutchler , John Byrne

Understory plants are an integral part of forests, serving a variety of functions that help maintain healthy ecosystems. The structure and composition of the understory are influenced by numerous biotic and abiotic factors, with light being critical. The introduction of the pathogen Cronartium ribicola, which causes white pine blister rust, into North America in the early 20th century led to the near total loss of western white pine (Pinus monticola) from moist forests of the Northern Rockies. Management is reintroducing blister rust-resistant western white pine across the landscape, but the effects on the understory are unknown. We examined the effects of stand structure and proportion of western white pine in the overstory on understory diversity of vascular plants in closed canopy stands dominated by blister rust-resistant western white pine across northern Idaho. Habitat series explained the greatest amount of variation (34%) in species presence-absence, while canopy cover accounted for 25%, basal area of all trees for 18%, and the proportion of western white pine composition by 14%. Our analysis revealed positive relationships between the proportion of western white pine in the overstory and both the presence of understory plants and the cover of several understory species. For both the presence and cover, separate sets of thirteen species were found to have a positive relationship with the proportion of western white pine in the overstory, with eight species in common. This research fills a knowledge gap by using data from a range of stands across northern Idaho with varying abundance of western white pine in the overstory to evaluate the relationship between the understory and overstory composition. As land managers plant more western white pine trees, we are likely to see the concomitant increase in understory plant diversity across the landscape, in addition to numerous other benefits, including disturbance resistance and resilience.

林下植物是森林的一个组成部分，具有多种功能，有助于维持健康的生态系统。林下植被的结构和组成受到许多生物和非生物因素的影响，其中光是至关重要的。20世纪初，导致白松水疱锈病的病原体克罗纳artium ribicola被引入北美，导致落基山脉北部潮湿森林中的西部白松（Pinus monticola）几乎全部消失。管理部门正在整个景观中重新引入抗锈蚀的西部白松，但对林下植被的影响尚不清楚。研究了西部白松林分结构和林分比例对美国爱达荷州北部以水锈西部白松为主的林分维管植物林下多样性的影响。生境系列解释了物种存在-缺失的最大变异量（34%），而冠层盖度占25%，所有树木的基面积占18%，西部白松组成比例占14%。分析表明，西部白松占林下植物的比例与林下植物的存在和几种林下植物的盖度呈正相关。在存在度和覆盖度方面，13种不同的树种与西部白松在上层的比例呈正相关，其中8种共有。本研究通过使用来自爱达荷州北部一系列林分的数据来填补知识空白，这些林分中有不同丰度的西部白松，以评估林下植被和林分组成之间的关系。随着土地管理者种植更多的西部白松，我们可能会看到整个景观中林下植物多样性的增加，此外还有许多其他好处，包括抵抗干扰和恢复力。

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引用次数: 0

Corrigendum to “Lifespan of tropical forest trees from seed to 1-cm sapling” [Forest Ecosystems, 2025, (13), page 100309] “热带森林树木从种子到1厘米树苗的寿命”的勘误表[森林生态系统，2025,(13)，页100309]

IF 4.4 1区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecosystems

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.fecs.2026.100430

Richard Condit , Andrés Hernández , Oswaldo Calderón , Rolando Pérez , Salomón Aguilar , Liza S. Comita , Stephen P. Hubbell , S. Joseph Wright

引用次数: 0

Floristic diversity and forest structure in two protected miombo woodlands: Insights from permanent plots in Gilé and Niassa, Mozambique 两个受保护的miombo林地的植物多样性和森林结构：来自莫桑比克gil<s:1>和Niassa永久样地的见解

IF 4.4 1区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecosystems

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100417

Cremildo Dias , Papin Mucaleque , Cassamo Ismail , Aristides Mamba , Belto João , Jacinto Mafalacusser , Alberto Mussana

This study investigates the floristic diversity, structural attributes, and spatial organisation of woody communities in miombo woodlands within Gilé National Park (GNP) and Niassa Special Reserve (NSR), two protected areas in Mozambique characterised by contrasting ecological conditions and disturbance regimes. Using seven 1-ha permanent sampling plots (PSPs—three in GNP and four in NSR), we quantified horizontal and vertical forest structure, species diversity, and spatial patterns of trees with DBH ≥ 5 cm. The objectives were to compare the structure of tree communities (adults and juveniles), assess alpha diversity using Shannon, Simpson, and Hill numbers, analyze spatial distribution through classical aggregation indices (Payandeh, Morisita and Hazen), and evaluate floristic similarity using Bray–Curtis clustering. A total of 1,753 adult individuals (DBH ≥ 10 cm), representing 92 species across 23 families, were recorded. Based on observed values, NSR exhibited slightly higher adult species richness (58 vs. 55) and greater tree density for both adults (982 vs. 771 individuals⋅ha⁻¹) and juveniles (1,160 vs. 540 individuals⋅ha⁻¹), reflecting active regeneration and structural maturity. In contrast, GNP showed greater species evenness (Pielou's J = 0.77 vs. 0.73) and higher localized floristic heterogeneity. Dominant species such as Brachystegia spiciformis, Julbernardia globiflora, and Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia strongly influenced these structural patterns, shaping spatial organization and contributing nearly half of the total basal area. Most species displayed moderate intraspecific aggregation, with conspecific individuals often clustered locally, whereas overall tree spacing tended to be regular—indicating limited interspecific mixing and the coexistence of species-level aggregation with stand-level regularity. These findings highlight the ecological distinctiveness of both forest systems and reinforce the need to expand and establish more PSPs for long-term monitoring and adaptive forest management within the framework of REDD+ and national biodiversity strategies.

本文研究了莫桑比克gil国家公园（GNP）和Niassa特别保护区（NSR）内的miombo林地木本群落的区系多样性、结构属性和空间组织，这两个保护区具有截然不同的生态条件和干扰机制。利用7个1公顷永久样地（psps - 3个在GNP中，4个在NSR中），我们量化了胸径≥5 cm树木的水平和垂直森林结构、物种多样性和空间格局。目的是比较树木群落结构（成树和幼树），利用Shannon、Simpson和Hill数评估α多样性，利用经典聚集指数（Payandeh、Morisita、Hazen）分析空间分布，并利用bry - curtis聚类评估区系相似性。共记录到23科92种1753只成虫（胸径≥10 cm）。从观测值来看，NSR的成虫物种丰富度（58 vs. 55）略高，成虫（982 vs. 771 ind./ha）和幼树（1160 vs. 540 ind./ha）的树密度都略高，反映了活跃的更新和结构成熟。相比之下，GNP表现出更高的物种均匀性（Pielou’s J = 0.77 vs. 0.73）和更高的局域区系异质性。优势种Brachystegia spiciformis、Julbernardia globbiflora和pseudoolachnostylis maprouneifolia对这些结构格局产生了强烈的影响，塑造了空间组织，贡献了近一半的总面积。大多数物种表现出适度的种内聚集，同种个体通常在局部聚集，而整体树间距趋于规则，表明种间混合有限，种级聚集与林分级聚集并存。这些发现突出了两种森林系统的生态独特性，并强调需要在REDD+和国家生物多样性战略的框架内扩大和建立更多的psp，以进行长期监测和适应性森林管理。

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引用次数: 0

Compound heatwave-drought alters eco-hydrological processes in subtropical evergreen and deciduous forests 复合热浪-干旱改变了亚热带常绿和落叶森林的生态水文过程

IF 4.4 1区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecosystems

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100416

Diwen Zheng , Yuyu Lu , Jingjing Xiao , Chaoyang Wu , Zhi Ding , Alexandre Maniçoba da Rosa Ferraz Jardim , Thieres George Freire da Silva , Xuguang Tang

In recent years, extreme climate events have occurred globally with increasing frequency, posing severe challenges to forest water cycles. Particularly during the summer of 2022, an unprecedented compound heatwave-drought (CHD) event swept through southern China, while the potential effect on subtropical forest ecosystems remains unclear. On the basis of three-year continuous eddy covariance (EC)-based water flux and climate observations at the subtropical evergreen and deciduous forests between 2021 and 2023, this study addressed to quantify the process and the degree of influence of such CHD event on the ratio of transpiration (T) to evapotranspiration (ET), T, ET, and cumulative (precipitation (P) − ET), respectively. In contrast to the adjacent years, water contents at different soil depths in the two forest types declined sharply during the summer of 2022. Large differences in the variation ranges of T/ET were revealed between the two forest types, and the evergreen forest (EBF) exhibited relatively mild seasonal fluctuations, whereas the deciduous forest (DBF) showed relatively higher T/ET, T, and ET in summertime. Subsequent analysis revealed that MODIS EVI time-series effectively captured the variability in these eco-hydrological parameters. Furthermore, divergent differences were observed about the CHD-induced stress. For the DBF, both ET and T increased significantly, resulting in a severe water deficit (cumulative (P − ET)) of approximately −116.31 mm in 2022. In contrast, the EBF experienced a substantial reduction in both ET and T, with a water deficit of only −26.34 mm in 2022. All these analyses provide mechanistic evidence of the divergent drought response strategies between subtropical evergreen and deciduous forests, and offer scientific support for optimizing forest water resource management and enhancing climate resilience.

近年来，全球极端气候事件频发，给森林水循环带来严峻挑战。特别是在2022年夏季，一场前所未有的复合热浪干旱（CHD）事件席卷了中国南方，而对亚热带森林生态系统的潜在影响尚不清楚。基于2021 - 2023年3年连续涡动相关变化（EC）的亚热带常绿和落叶森林水通量和气候观测，研究了CHD事件对蒸腾（T) /蒸散发（ET）、T、ET和累积降水(P)−ET）的影响过程和程度。与相邻年份相比，两种森林类型在2022年夏季不同土壤深度的含水量急剧下降。两种森林类型的T/ET变化幅度差异较大，常绿林（EBF）表现出相对温和的季节波动，而落叶林（DBF）在夏季表现出相对较高的T/ET、T和ET。随后的分析表明，MODIS EVI时间序列有效地捕获了这些生态水文参数的变化。此外，冠心病诱导的应激也存在不同程度的差异。对于DBF， ET和T均显著增加，导致2022年严重的水分亏缺（累积（P - ET））约为- 116.31 mm。相比之下，EBF的ET和T均大幅减少，2022年水分亏缺仅为−26.34 mm。这些分析结果为亚热带常绿与落叶森林不同的干旱响应策略提供了机制证据，为优化森林水资源管理和增强气候适应能力提供了科学依据。

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引用次数: 0

Global warming levels exceeding 2 °C may cause tipping point of low elevation forests in a peri-urban forest of the black forest foothills 全球变暖水平超过2°C可能导致黑森林山麓近郊低海拔森林的引爆点

IF 4.4 1区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecosystems

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100403

Marc Djahangard , Maximiliano Costa , Harald Bugmann , Rasoul Yousefpour

Climate change is impacting forests in Central Europe, causing increased mortality and degradation of forest ecosystem services (FES). As global warming intensifies, these effects are likely to worsen, particularly through more severe droughts and increased biotic disturbances. Understanding how forests respond to different levels of warming is essential for adaptation planning. Therefore, this study analyzed changes in forest structure and FES, including timber production, climate change mitigation, recreation, and structural diversity, under three global warming scenarios. Using the LandClim model, we compared warming levels of 1.5, 2, and 3 °C above pre-industrial temperatures, based on 30-year periods from RCP data, to historical climate. Our research focused on Freiburg's forests in southwestern Germany, characterized by diverse tree species and an elevation range of 200–1,250 m a.s.l. A warming of 1.5 °C could temporarily increase productivity, but at 2 °C, biomass losses of up to 10% would occur below elevations of 450 m due to drought mortality. Under 3 °C, losses would intensify below 650 m up to 40%, with even drought-resistant species like pedunculate oak experiencing mortality. At higher elevations, bark beetle outbreaks caused mortality of Norway spruce, while European beech capitalized on the changing ecological conditions. Higher warming levels significantly deteriorated FES, particularly timber production, climate change mitigation, and structural diversity, while recreation was less affected. These findings emphasize the urgency of meeting Paris Agreement targets, as limiting warming below 2 °C can reduce severe impacts. If warming exceeds this critical threshold, even species presently considered drought-resistant, such as native sessile and pedunculate oaks and non-native red oak, could face serious threats at lower elevations. This would undermine the effectiveness of current management strategies, as these tree species are key to providing multiple FES.

气候变化正在影响中欧的森林，造成死亡率上升和森林生态系统服务功能退化（FES）。随着全球变暖的加剧，这些影响可能会恶化，特别是通过更严重的干旱和更多的生物干扰。了解森林如何应对不同程度的变暖对于适应规划至关重要。因此，本研究分析了三种全球变暖情景下森林结构和FES的变化，包括木材生产、气候变化减缓、游憩和结构多样性。利用LandClim模型，我们基于来自RCP数据的30年周期，将比工业化前温度高1.5°C、2°C和3°C的升温水平与历史气候进行了比较。我们的研究集中在德国西南部的弗莱堡森林，其特征是树种多样，海拔范围为200-1,250 m。升温1.5°C可以暂时提高生产力，但在2°C时，由于干旱死亡，生物量损失高达10%，海拔低于450 m。在3°C下，650米以下的损失将加剧，高达40%，甚至像有花序的橡树这样的抗旱物种也会死亡。在高海拔地区，树皮甲虫的爆发导致挪威云杉的死亡，而欧洲山毛榉则利用了不断变化的生态条件。较高的升温水平显著恶化了FES，特别是木材生产、气候变化缓解和结构多样性，而休闲活动受到的影响较小。这些发现强调了实现《巴黎协定》目标的紧迫性，因为将升温限制在2°C以下可以减少严重影响。如果变暖超过这个临界阈值，即使是目前被认为抗旱的物种，如本地无梗和有梗的橡树和非本地红橡树，也可能在低海拔地区面临严重威胁。这将破坏当前管理策略的有效性，因为这些树种是提供多种FES的关键。

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