International Journal for Parasitology-Parasites and Wildlife最新文献

Inactivated Toxoplasma gondii nanovaccine boosts T-cell memory response in a seropositive yellow-footed rock wallaby (Petrogale xanthopus) – A case report from Copenhagen Zoo 灭活弓形虫纳米疫苗可增强血清反应呈阳性的黄脚岩袋鼠（Petrogale xanthopus）的 T 细胞记忆反应--哥本哈根动物园的病例报告

IF 2 3区医学 Q3 ECOLOGY

International Journal for Parasitology-Parasites and Wildlife

Pub Date : 2024-11-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2024.101017

Daniela Ogonczyk-Makowska , François Fasquelle , Anaïs-Camille Vreulx , Angelo Scuotto , Amélie Degraeve , Bryan Thiroux , Louise Françoise Martin , Stamatios Alan Tahas , Jeanne Toft Jakobsen , Gregers Jungersen , Didier Betbeder

Toxoplasma gondii is a ubiquitous parasite causing significant mortality in captive wildlife, especially marsupials. Historically, treatment has been unrewarding and no vaccine was available. An intranasal vaccine based on purified inactivated T. gondii was developed for toxoplasmosis prevention. A vaccination campaign started in early 2017 and was successful in preventing toxoplasma-related mortality in marsupials in many European and South American zoos. Amongst the vaccinated wallabies, about 30% were T. gondii seropositive before the vaccination, and no toxoplasma-related deaths were observed since the administration of the vaccine. The objective of this case study was to assess the potential effect of the vaccination on a seropositive wallaby. It is important to note that this vaccine doesn't induce any humoral response in sheep, and squirrel monkeys but induces a strong T-cell response. A T. gondii seropositive Yellow-footed rock wallaby (Petrogale xanthopus) from Copenhagen Zoo received two doses of the aforementioned intranasal vaccine. Blood samples were collected before each vaccination and used for peripheral blood mononuclear cell isolation. The impact of the vaccination on the lymphocyte phenotype was characterized by flow cytometry. Cell size, represented by forward scatter, and granularity, represented by side scatter parameters were analyzed. Two doses of the vaccine induced a respective 30.1 and 25.6% increase in cell size and granularity in lymphocytes stimulated with T. gondii antigens, as assessed by flow cytometry. These changes were likely correlated with T-cell activation, which indicates that two doses of the vaccine might have boosted the already-existing T-cell memory response against T. gondii in a seropositive animal. No morphological changes were observed in lymphocytes from an unvaccinated seronegative wallaby. This is the first documented case of boosting an already-existing cellular immune response against toxoplasmosis by the vaccine in a seropositive Yellow-footed rock wallaby.

弓形虫是一种无处不在的寄生虫，会导致人工饲养的野生动物大量死亡，尤其是有袋动物。一直以来，治疗效果不佳，也没有疫苗可用。为预防弓形虫病，开发了一种基于纯化灭活弓形虫的鼻内疫苗。2017 年初开始的疫苗接种活动成功预防了许多欧洲和南美动物园有袋类动物与弓形虫相关的死亡。在接种疫苗的小袋鼠中，约有 30% 在接种疫苗前为弓形虫血清阳性，接种疫苗后未发现与弓形虫相关的死亡病例。本案例研究的目的是评估疫苗接种对血清反应阳性小袋鼠的潜在影响。值得注意的是，这种疫苗不会引起绵羊和松鼠猴的体液反应，但会引起强烈的 T 细胞反应。哥本哈根动物园的一只黄脚岩袋鼠（Petrogale xanthopus）的淋病双球菌血清反应呈阳性，接种了两剂上述鼻内疫苗。每次接种前都会采集血液样本，用于外周血单核细胞分离。疫苗接种对淋巴细胞表型的影响通过流式细胞术进行鉴定。分析了以正向散射表示的细胞大小和以侧向散射参数表示的细胞颗粒度。根据流式细胞术的评估，接种两剂疫苗后，淋巴细胞在淋巴结抗原刺激下的细胞大小和颗粒度分别增加了30.1%和25.6%。这些变化可能与 T 细胞活化有关，这表明两剂疫苗可能增强了血清反应阳性动物体内已经存在的针对淋病双球菌的 T 细胞记忆反应。在未接种疫苗的血清反应阴性壁虎的淋巴细胞中未观察到形态学变化。这是第一例通过疫苗增强血清反应呈阳性的黄脚岩袋鼠对弓形虫已有的细胞免疫反应的记录。

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引用次数: 0

Effects of individual characteristics and seasonality and their interaction on ectoparasite load of Daurian ground squirrels in Inner Mongolia, China 个体特征和季节性及其相互作用对中国内蒙古达乌尔松鼠体外寄生虫数量的影响

IF 2 3区医学 Q3 ECOLOGY

International Journal for Parasitology-Parasites and Wildlife

Pub Date : 2024-11-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2024.101014

Xiaoxu Wang , Meng Shang , Zihao Wang , Haoqiang Ji , Zhenxu Wang , Guangju Mo , Qiyong Liu

Understanding the drivers of parasite distribution is vital for ecosystem health, disease management, and vector monitoring. While studies note the impact of host sex, size, behavior, and season on parasite load, concurrent assessments of these factors and their interactions are limited. During the spring, summer and autumn seasons from 2021 to 2023, we trapped Daurian ground squirrel (Spermophilus dauricus), a small rodent species that inhabits eastern Asian grasslands in Inner Mongolia and collected their ectoparasites. Using machine learning Lasso regression, we pinpointed factors affecting tick and flea abundance on S. dauricus. We then analyzed these factors and their seasonal interactions with a mixed negative binomial generalized linear model. Our study revealed significant but inconsistent seasonal effects on the load of ectoparasites. The tick load was significantly higher in spring and summer compared to autumn, while the flea load was higher in summer and autumn but lacked statistical significance. Furthermore, individual factors that influence the flea and tick load were moderated by seasonal effects, with a male bias in flea parasitism observed in spring. Significant interactions were also found among seasonality, sex, and body weight. The load of male squirrel fleas was positively correlated with body weight, with the highest increase observed in spring. On the contrary, the flea load of female squirrels showed a negative correlation with body weight, significantly decreasing in the autumn with increasing weight. Significant interactions were observed between season and survival status, with hosts exhibiting higher tick load during autumn survival. Our findings underscore the importance of considering seasonal variation in parasitism and the interactions between seasonal dynamics and host biological traits in shaping parasite distributions.

了解寄生虫分布的驱动因素对于生态系统健康、疾病管理和病媒监测至关重要。虽然有研究指出宿主的性别、体型、行为和季节对寄生虫数量的影响，但对这些因素及其相互作用的同步评估却很有限。在 2021 年至 2023 年的春季、夏季和秋季，我们诱捕了内蒙古达乌尔地松鼠（Spermophilus dauricus），并收集了它们的体外寄生虫。利用机器学习拉索回归，我们找出了影响蜱和跳蚤在金丝地松鼠身上数量的因素。然后，我们利用混合负二项广义线性模型分析了这些因素及其季节交互作用。我们的研究发现，季节对体外寄生虫数量的影响很大，但并不一致。与秋季相比，春季和夏季的蜱载量明显较高，而夏季和秋季的跳蚤载量较高，但缺乏统计学意义。此外，影响跳蚤和蜱数量的个体因素受季节影响的调节，在春季观察到跳蚤寄生偏向于雄性。季节、性别和体重之间也存在显著的交互作用。雄性松鼠的跳蚤量与体重呈正相关，春季的增幅最大。相反，雌性松鼠的跳蚤量与体重呈负相关，秋季随着体重的增加而显著减少。在季节和生存状态之间观察到了显著的交互作用，宿主在秋季生存时会表现出较高的蜱载量。我们的研究结果强调了考虑寄生的季节性变化以及季节动态与宿主生物特征之间的相互作用在影响寄生虫分布方面的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

Survey for Babesia spp. in wildlife in the eastern United States 美国东部野生动物巴贝西亚原虫调查

IF 2 3区医学 Q3 ECOLOGY

International Journal for Parasitology-Parasites and Wildlife

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2024.101015

Eliza Baker , Michelle Dennis , Alex Jensen , Kayla Buck Garrett , Christopher A. Cleveland , Michael J. Yabsley , Justin D. Brown , Kyle Van Why , Richard Gerhold

Babesia is a diverse genus of piroplasms that parasitize the red blood cells of a wide variety of mammals and avian species, including humans. There is a lack of knowledge on the Babesia species of carnivores and mesomammals in the eastern United States and the potential impacts of these species on the health of humans and domestic animals. We surveyed 786 wild mammals in the eastern United States by testing blood, spleen, and heart samples with PCR targeting the 18S rRNA region of apicomplexan parasites. We also performed PCR targeting the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) region of each unique clade identified with 18S rRNA sequencing. We found a high positivity of Babesia spp. infection in raccoons (Procyon lotor), foxes (Vulpes vulpes and Urocyon cinereoargenteus), and striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis), and low positivity in Virginia opossums (Didelphis virginiana). No Babesia infections were detected in coyotes (Canis latrans), black bears (Ursus americanus), groundhogs (Marmota monax), muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus), or mink (Neovison vison). Skunks carried a diverse number of strains including a potential novel species of Babesia related to B. gibsoni, a strain closely related to a B. microti-like species known to cause disease in river otters, as well as a separate B. microti-like strain. Raccoons primarily carried B. microti-like strains, though there was a high diversity of sequences including Babesia lotori, Babesia sensu stricto MA230, and Babesia sp. ‘Coco.’ Foxes exclusively carried B. vulpes. In addition to Babesia spp., a high positivity of Hepatozoon spp. infection was found in mink, while low positivity was found in raccoons and muskrats. Wildlife in the eastern United States carry a diverse range of Babesia species including several novel strains of unknown clinical significance.

巴贝西亚原虫（Babesia）是一种寄生在包括人类在内的多种哺乳动物和鸟类红细胞内的多种多样的螺旋体属。人们对美国东部食肉动物和中型哺乳动物的巴贝西亚原虫种类以及这些种类对人类和家畜健康的潜在影响缺乏了解。我们对美国东部的 786 种野生哺乳动物进行了调查，用针对 apicomplexan 寄生虫 18S rRNA 区域的 PCR 对血液、脾脏和心脏样本进行了检测。我们还对通过 18S rRNA 测序确定的每个独特支系的细胞色素 c 氧化酶亚基 1（cox1）区域进行了 PCR 检测。我们发现浣熊（Procyon lotor）、狐狸（Vulpes vulpes and Urocyon cinereoargenteus）和条纹鼬（Mephitis mephitis）感染巴贝西亚原虫的阳性率较高，而弗吉尼亚负鼠（Didelphis virginiana）的阳性率较低。郊狼（Canis latrans）、黑熊（Ursus americanus）、土拨鼠（Marmota monax）、麝鼠（Ondatra zibethicus）或水貂（Neovison vison）均未检出巴贝西亚原虫感染。臭鼬携带的菌株多种多样，包括一种与 B. gibsoni 相关的潜在新型巴贝西亚菌株、一种与已知在河獭中致病的类似 B. microti 的菌株密切相关的菌株，以及一种单独的类似 B. microti 的菌株。浣熊主要携带 B. microti-like菌株，但序列的多样性很高，包括 Lotori巴贝西亚原虫、严格意义上的巴贝西亚原虫 MA230 和 'Coco' 巴贝西亚原虫。狐狸只携带秃头巴贝西亚原虫。除了巴贝西亚原虫外，水貂也发现了肝吸虫属感染的高阳性率，而浣熊和麝鼠的阳性率较低。美国东部的野生动物携带多种巴贝西亚原虫，包括几种临床意义不明的新型菌株。

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引用次数: 0

Prevalence and local transmission of haemosporidian (Haemosporida) parasites in nestlings of birds of prey (Aves, Accipitriformes) in the temperate forests in Lithuania 立陶宛温带森林中雏鸟体内血孢子虫（Haemosporida）寄生虫的流行和本地传播情况

IF 2 3区医学 Q3 ECOLOGY

International Journal for Parasitology-Parasites and Wildlife

Pub Date : 2024-10-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2024.101013

Dovilė Bukauskaitė, Carolina Romeiro Fernandes Chagas, Mélanie Duc, Margarita Kazak, Rimgaudas Treinys

Wild birds of prey (Accipitriformes) are infected with haemosporidian (Haemosporida) parasites worldwide, and it is known that these parasites can negatively affect their health. These birds are less studied due to their low densities in ecosystems, conservation status, and difficulty of accessing them in the wild. Therefore, in this study, we focused on nestlings of birds of prey that are accessible in their nests during late breeding stages in temperate forests in Lithuania. Investigating haemosporidian parasites in nestlings is crucial for understanding local parasite transmission. To identify the haemosporidian parasite species transmitted in Lithuania, we sampled nestlings of the white-tailed eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla), lesser spotted eagles (Clanga pomarina), and common buzzards (Buteo buteo) in 2019–2022. Blood samples were collected from the nestlings, and molecular methods were employed to sequence a fragment of the parasite's cytochrome b (cyt b) gene using specific primers (Plas1F/HaemNR3 and 3760F/HaemJR4). In addition to molecular techniques, microscopy was used to examine blood smears for the presence of parasites. Our results revealed that nestlings of birds of prey were infected only with Leucocytozoon spp., with an overall prevalence of 30.5%. The prevalence was similar between years, but it was significantly species-dependent. The common buzzard nestlings had the highest prevalence (80%), followed by the lesser spotted eagle (29.2%) and the white-tailed eagle (13.2%). A total of nine genetic lineages were identified, with five of them being novel. Our study demonstrates that Leucocytozoon parasites are actively transmitted to nestlings of birds of prey in Lithuania, with a high prevalence.

世界各地都有野生猛禽（咀齿目）感染血孢子虫寄生虫，众所周知，这些寄生虫会对它们的健康产生负面影响。由于这些鸟类在生态系统中的密度较低，保护状况较差，而且很难在野外接触到它们，因此对它们的研究较少。因此，在这项研究中，我们将重点放在立陶宛温带森林中繁殖后期可在巢中接触到的雏鸟身上。调查雏鸟体内的血孢子寄生虫对于了解当地寄生虫传播情况至关重要。为了确定在立陶宛传播的血孢子虫寄生虫种类，我们在2019-2022年对白尾海雕（Haliaeetus albicilla）、小斑海雕（Clanga pomarina）和普通鵟（Buteo buteo）的雏鸟进行了采样。采集了雏鸟的血样，并采用分子方法，使用特定引物（Plas1F/HaemNR3和3760F/HaemJR4）对寄生虫的细胞色素b（cyt b）基因片段进行测序。除分子技术外，我们还使用显微镜检查血液涂片，以确定是否存在寄生虫。我们的研究结果表明，雏鸟只感染了白细胞虫属，总感染率为 30.5%。不同年份的感染率相似，但与物种有明显的相关性。普通鵟雏鸟的感染率最高（80%），其次是小斑雕（29.2%）和白尾海雕（13.2%）。共发现了九个遗传系，其中五个是新发现的。我们的研究表明，在立陶宛，白细胞介体寄生虫会主动传播给雏鸟，而且发病率很高。

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引用次数: 0

Gastrointestinal parasite prevalence, diversity and association in free-ranging Chacma baboon troops in a semi-arid savanna ecosystem of Zimbabwe 津巴布韦半干旱稀树草原生态系统中自由活动的查克马狒狒群的胃肠道寄生虫流行率、多样性和关联性

IF 2 3区医学 Q3 ECOLOGY

International Journal for Parasitology-Parasites and Wildlife

Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2024.101012

Annabel Banda , Doreen Z. Moyo , Nokubonga Ncube , Edmore Utete , James Machingura , Tapiwa Gumbo , Edson Gandiwa

Free-ranging Chacma baboon species are known to harbour a wide range of zoonotic parasites, and their frequent close interactions with humans pose a risk of transmission of zoonotic parasites between the two species. This research study focused on understanding parasite dynamics in free-ranging baboon populations that inhabit human-wildlife interface areas, a case of Gwanda State University's Epoch Mine campus in Filabusi at Insiza district. A descriptive and analytical cross-sectional design was used to investigate the prevalence, diversity and association of gastrointestinal parasites among three baboon troops found at the Epoch Mine campus. One hundred and twenty (120) fresh faecal samples were collected from the three troops between February and September 2023. The centrifugal floatation technique was used to process and analyse faecal samples, and parasite ova and cysts were identified using morphological features like shape and size. The prevalence of the parasite taxa and a chi-squared multiple comparison test was computed. Results showed significant differences among most parasite taxa except Coccidia spp and Entamoeba spp among the three troops. The Shannon–Wiener (H′) index was used to calculate diversity and graphs were utilized to present the association. The Kruskal-Wallis tests showed no significant difference in parasite diversity among the three troops. Although troop-parasite association showed different parasite species for each troop, helminths Strongylid spp. and Schistosoma spp. were highly common across all three troops. Troop 1 and 3 were associated with four parasite taxa, whereas Troop 2 had only three. The study reveals the presence of gastro-intestinal parasites of public health concern, as they are capable of causing diseases in humans and domestic animals. The study, therefore, underscores the importance of understanding parasite-host dynamics in mitigating zoonotic disease transmission and suggests the need to generate baseline data for mitigating zoonotic diseases and maintaining a healthy ecosystem.

众所周知，自由放养的查克马狒狒携带多种人畜共患病寄生虫，它们与人类频繁的密切交往也带来了人畜共患病寄生虫在两个物种之间传播的风险。这项研究的重点是了解栖息在人类与野生动物交界地区的自由活动狒狒种群的寄生虫动态。该研究采用描述性和分析性横断面设计，调查了在 Epoch Mine 校园发现的三支狒狒队伍中胃肠道寄生虫的流行率、多样性和关联性。研究人员于 2023 年 2 月至 9 月期间从三个狒狒群中收集了 120 份新鲜粪便样本。采用离心浮选技术对粪便样本进行处理和分析，并根据形状和大小等形态特征对寄生虫卵和包囊进行鉴定。计算了寄生虫类群的流行率，并进行了卡方多重比较检验。结果表明，除球虫属和恩塔米巴虫属外，大多数寄生虫类群在三支部队中存在明显差异。采用香农-维纳（H′）指数来计算多样性，并利用图表来显示相关性。Kruskal-Wallis 检验表明，三支部队的寄生虫多样性没有显著差异。虽然部队与寄生虫的关联显示每个部队的寄生虫种类不同，但蠕虫类的强龙虫属和血吸虫属在三个部队中都很常见。1 号和 3 号部队有四个寄生虫类群，而 2 号部队只有三个。这项研究揭示了公共卫生方面存在的胃肠道寄生虫，因为它们能够引起人类和家畜的疾病。因此，这项研究强调了了解寄生虫-宿主动态对减轻人畜共患病传播的重要性，并表明有必要为减轻人畜共患病和维持健康的生态系统生成基线数据。

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引用次数: 0

Endoparasite survey in Amazonian manatees (Trichechus inunguis) under rehabilitation in the Peruvian Amazon 秘鲁亚马逊河流域正在恢复的亚马逊海牛（Trichechus inunguis）体内寄生虫调查

IF 2 3区医学 Q3 ECOLOGY

International Journal for Parasitology-Parasites and Wildlife

Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2024.101011

Philipp Sziderics , Alessandra R. Medrano Zavala , Edmundo Guadalupe Parada Lopez , E. Leonardo Davila Panduro , Juan J.E. Sanchez Babilonia , Maria S. Unterköfler , David Ebmer , Emmanouil A. Koumantakis , Jim W. Ruiz Pezo , Franco I. Macedo Tafur , Luis A. Gomez-Puerta , Hans-Peter Fuehrer

Manatee populations are declining worldwide, and all currently existing species are considered vulnerable by the IUCN. The most common problems during nurturing young Amazonian manatees, Trichechus inunguis, in rescue centres are of gastrointestinal nature leading to inappetence, diarrhoea, cachexia and even death. Endoparasites play an important role in the well-being of wildlife in captivity as well as in the wild, though information about relevant protozoan and metazoan endoparasites in Amazonian manatees is still scarce. Therefore, this study aimed to find endoparasites in T. inunguis by analyzing faecal samples from 23 Amazonian manatees which were kept in rescue centres in the Peruvian Amazon. The samples were screened for protozoan and metazoan parasites using coproscopical analysis and molecular tools. Out of twenty juvenile animals eleven were positive for at least one Eimeriidae. Two morphologically different, not yet genetically described Eimeria species were identified. One of them seems to be Eimeria trichechi which has only been described once in 1984 in Amazonian manatees from Brazil. It was not found to lead to clinical symptoms of coccidiosis in this study. The second, Eimeria sp. Type B was associated with clinical coccidiosis in a young Amazonian manatee, which showed gastrointestinal symptoms including diarrhoea, inappetence and cachexia. No other protozoan or metazoan parasite were detected in any of the samples. The present study is the first to investigate endoparasites in Amazonian manatees using molecular tools and is the first to identify an Eimeria species that could be associated with clinical symptoms in T. inunguis. With information from our study rescue centres can improve monitoring of parasites more effectively to reduce morbidity and mortality rates among rehabilitated manatees as well as improve the health status and fitness of animals for a successful release back into the wild.

海牛的数量在全球范围内不断减少，世界自然保护联盟（IUCN）认为目前存在的所有物种都很脆弱。救助中心在哺育亚马逊海牛（Trichechus inunguis）幼崽时最常见的问题是肠胃问题，导致食欲不振、腹泻、恶病质甚至死亡。尽管有关亚马逊海牛体内原生动物和变态动物内寄生虫的信息仍然很少，但内寄生虫对圈养和野外野生动物的健康起着重要作用。因此，本研究旨在通过分析 23 只亚马逊海牛的粪便样本来发现海牛体内的内寄生虫，这些海牛被饲养在秘鲁亚马逊地区的救助中心。利用共显微镜分析和分子工具对样本进行了原生动物和后生动物寄生虫筛查。在 20 只幼年动物中，有 11 只至少对一种 Eimeriidae 寄生虫呈阳性反应。确定了两种形态不同、尚未在遗传学上描述过的艾美拉虫。其中一种似乎是Eimeria trichechi，仅于1984年在巴西亚马逊海牛中描述过一次。在这项研究中，没有发现它导致球虫病的临床症状。第二种是 B 型 Eimeria sp.，它与一只亚马逊海牛的临床球虫病有关，该海牛表现出腹泻、食欲不振和恶病质等胃肠道症状。在任何样本中都没有检测到其他原生动物或元虫寄生虫。本研究是首次利用分子工具调查亚马逊海牛体内寄生虫的研究，也是首次发现可能与海牛临床症状有关的艾美拉虫。根据我们的研究信息，救援中心可以更有效地改善对寄生虫的监测，以降低康复海牛的发病率和死亡率，并改善动物的健康状况和体能，以便成功地将其放归野外。

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引用次数: 0

Estimating the impact of sarcoptic mange epidemic on the population size of wild raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) from wildlife rescue data 从野生动物救助数据估算肉毒疥癣疫情对野生浣熊犬（Nyctereutes procyonoides）种群数量的影响

IF 2 3区医学 Q3 ECOLOGY

International Journal for Parasitology-Parasites and Wildlife

Pub Date : 2024-10-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2024.101010

Ryota Matsuyama , Nobuhide Kido , Ryosuke Omori

The impact of infectious diseases on host populations is often not quantified because it is difficult to observe the host population and infectious disease dynamics. To address this problem, we developed a state-space model to simultaneously estimate host population and disease dynamics using wildlife rescue data. Using this model, we aimed to quantify the impact of sarcoptic mange on a Japanese raccoon dog population by estimating the change in their relative population size. We classified the status of rescued raccoon dogs into four categories: i) rescued due to infection with mange, ii) rescued due to traffic accidents without mange, iii) rescued due to traffic accidents with mange, and iv) rescued due to causes other than traffic accidents or mange. We modelled the observation process for each category and fitted the model to the reported number of raccoon dogs rescued between 1990 and 2010 at three wildlife rescue facilities in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. The mortality rate induced by mange was estimated to be 1.09 (95% credible interval (CI): 0.47–1.72) per year. The estimated prevalence of sarcoptic mange ranged between 4 and 80% in the study period. When a substantial prevalence of mange was observed (1995–2002), the host population size decreased by 91.2% (95% credible intervals: 86.3–94.7). We show that the impact of infectious disease outbreak on the wildlife population can be estimated from the time-series data of wildlife rescue events due to multiple causes. Our estimates suggest that sarcoptic mange triggered a substantial decrease in the Japanese wild raccoon dog populations.

传染病对宿主种群的影响往往无法量化，因为很难观察到宿主种群和传染病的动态。为了解决这个问题，我们开发了一个状态空间模型，利用野生动物救助数据同时估算宿主种群和疾病动态。利用该模型，我们旨在通过估算日本浣熊犬相对种群数量的变化，量化肉眼疥癣病对日本浣熊犬种群的影响。我们将获救浣熊犬的状况分为四类：i) 因感染疥癣而获救；ii) 因交通事故而获救，但无疥癣；iii) 因交通事故而获救，但有疥癣；iv) 因交通事故或疥癣以外的原因而获救。我们对每个类别的观察过程建立了模型，并将模型与 1990 年至 2010 年期间日本神奈川县三家野生动物救助机构报告的浣熊犬救助数量进行了拟合。据估计，疥癣导致的死亡率为每年 1.09（95% 可信区间 (CI)：0.47-1.72）。在研究期间，疥癣病的发病率估计在 4% 到 80% 之间。当观察到疥癣病大量流行时（1995-2002 年），宿主种群数量减少了 91.2%（95% 可信区间：86.3-94.7）。我们的研究表明，传染病爆发对野生动物种群的影响可以从多种原因导致的野生动物救助事件的时间序列数据中估算出来。我们的估计结果表明，肉毒疥癣引发了日本野生貉狗数量的大幅减少。

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引用次数: 0

Exploring animal enclosures and parasite interactions in Germany 探索德国动物圈舍与寄生虫的相互作用

IF 2 3区医学 Q3 ECOLOGY

International Journal for Parasitology-Parasites and Wildlife

Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2024.101009

Christopher Sander , Niko Balkenhol , Stephan Neumann

In order to gain an initial impression of the current parasite situation in wildlife enclosures across Germany, 17 enclosures of six animal species were examined for parasites in soil and fecal samples in seven facilities. Of particular interest in this context are helminths and protists. Despite the potential risks, however, there are only a few studies on parasites in animal enclosures due to the taboo subject. The study examined 661 fecal samples from fallow deer (Dama dama, N = 247), wild boar (Sus scrofa, N = 207), red deer (Cervus elaphus, N = 111), mouflon (Ovis orientalis musimon N = 76), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus, N = 12) and bison (Bison bonasus, N = 8) as well as 136 soil samples from 12 single-species enclosures and 5 mixed-species enclosures. Three hundred and sixty fecal samples (54.46 %) tested positive for parasites using flotation and sedimentation methods. In addition, parasites were detected in 62.5 % (N = 85) of the soil samples. Examination of the faecal samples revealed that the most common parasite species were Strongyloides sp., Trichostrongylus sp. and Trichuris sp. With the help of a Geographic Information System (GIS), the findings could be displayed on an enclosure map and initial hypotheses on environmental relationships could be made. Particularly high parasite samples were mostly located near feeding and resting areas. The results underline the need for more regular monitoring and targeted parasite management to protect the health of the animals. GIS can be used as an additional tool to help identify hotspots and to specifically incorporate the environment into management in order to take animal-friendly measures. This will play a greater role in the future in the context of anthelmintic resistance.

为了对德国各地野生动物圈舍中的寄生虫现状有一个初步印象，我们对 7 个设施中 17 个圈舍中 6 种动物的土壤和粪便样本中的寄生虫进行了检测。在这种情况下，蠕虫和原生动物尤其值得关注。然而，尽管存在潜在风险，但由于讳莫如深，有关动物圈舍中寄生虫的研究却寥寥无几。这项研究对 661 份粪便样本进行了检测，样本分别来自母鹿（Dama dama，N = 247）、野猪（Sus scrofa，N = 207）、马鹿（Cervus elaphus，N = 111）、骡子（Ovis orientalis musimon，N = 76）、狍子（Capreolus capreolus，N = 12）和野牛（Bison bonasus，N = 8），以及来自 12 个单一物种圈舍和 5 个混合物种圈舍的 136 份土壤样本。采用浮选和沉淀方法对 360 份粪便样本（54.46%）进行了寄生虫检测，结果呈阳性。此外，62.5%（N = 85）的土壤样本中检测到寄生虫。对粪便样本的检测显示，最常见的寄生虫种类是弓形虫属、三代弓形虫属和毛滴虫属。在地理信息系统（GIS）的帮助下，检测结果可显示在围栏地图上，并可对环境关系做出初步假设。寄生虫特别多的样本大多位于觅食区和休息区附近。结果表明，有必要进行更多的定期监测和有针对性的寄生虫管理，以保护动物的健康。地理信息系统（GIS）可作为一种辅助工具，帮助确定热点地区，并特别将环境纳入管理，以采取对动物友好的措施。未来，这将在抗蠕虫药抗药性方面发挥更大的作用。

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引用次数: 0

Northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) population response to anthelminthic treatment in the Rolling Plains ecoregion of Texas, 2014–2016 2014-2016年得克萨斯州滚动平原生态区北部山鹑（Colinus virginianus）种群对抗虫药治疗的反应

IF 2 3区医学 Q3 ECOLOGY

International Journal for Parasitology-Parasites and Wildlife

Pub Date : 2024-10-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2024.101006

Cassandra Henry, Matthew Z. Brym, Jeremiah Leach, Ronald J. Kendall

Northern bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) are an economically significant gamebird that has experienced continued general decline in the Rolling Plains ecoregion of Texas. Habitat loss and changing environmental conditions have been cited as major contributors to this decline, with factors such as parasites being considered inconsequential. To better assess the impacts of parasite infections on bobwhite populations in the Rolling Plains, bobwhite abundance was monitored in response to anthelminthic treatment. With the prevalence of Oxyspirura petrowi and Aulonocephalus pennula infections in quail from Mitchell County, Texas confirmed by previous studies, the anthelminthic agent Fenbendazole was introduced as a means of parasite control in 2014–2015. Bobwhite abundance was determined through a series of call counts which provided an index of bobwhite populations and were conducted throughout the course of the study. In 2016, call counts revealed a significant increase of bobwhite in the area subject to Fenbendazole treatment, while untreated areas showed no changes in abundance. Fall populations of bobwhite in the treated zone approached 300% of those in untreated areas, these findings suggest that parasites may have a more significant impact on quail populations in the Rolling Plains than previously suspected. With the importance of bobwhite as a game bird in the Rolling Plains, the potential impacts of parasites must be taken into consideration as a factor contributing to bobwhite declines. Further research into the long-term effects these parasites have on quail populations in the ecoregion may aid landowners in developing affordable and effective conservation strategies.

北方山鹑（Colinus virginianus）是一种具有重要经济价值的狩猎鸟类，在得克萨斯州滚动平原生态区的数量持续普遍下降。栖息地的丧失和环境条件的变化被认为是造成这种减少的主要原因，而寄生虫等因素则被认为无关紧要。为了更好地评估寄生虫感染对滚动平原山齿鹑种群的影响，我们监测了山齿鹑数量对驱虫药治疗的反应。先前的研究证实得克萨斯州米切尔县的鹌鹑中普遍存在Oxyspirura petrowi和Aulonocephalus pennula感染，因此在2014-2015年引入了驱虫药芬苯达唑作为寄生虫控制手段。在整个研究过程中，通过一系列提供山鹑数量指数的呼叫计数来确定山鹑的丰度。2016 年，呼叫计数显示，芬苯达唑治疗区域的山齿白数量显著增加，而未治疗区域的山齿白数量则没有变化。治疗区域的秋季山鹑数量接近未治疗区域的300%，这些发现表明，寄生虫对滚动平原鹌鹑数量的影响可能比之前怀疑的更为严重。鉴于山鹑作为一种野禽在滚动平原的重要性，寄生虫的潜在影响必须作为导致山鹑数量下降的一个因素加以考虑。进一步研究这些寄生虫对该生态区鹌鹑种群的长期影响可能有助于土地所有者制定负担得起且有效的保护策略。

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引用次数: 0

Patterns of feather mite (Acariformes: Astigmata) prevalence and load in a promiscuous bird during the breeding season 一种杂交鸟类在繁殖季节的羽毛螨（螨形目：Astigmata）流行率和负荷模式

IF 2 3区医学 Q3 ECOLOGY

International Journal for Parasitology-Parasites and Wildlife

Pub Date : 2024-10-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2024.101008

Joanna Wołoszkiewicz , Jacek Dabert , Sandra Kaźmierczak , Janusz Kloskowski

The effects of ectosymbiotic feather mites on avian host fitness and factors driving the variation in mite infestation levels, such as host mating and brood care system, are poorly understood. We investigated patterns of feather mite prevalence and abundance, and relationships between infestation and body condition in breeding Aquatic Warblers Acrocephalus paludicola, a promiscuous songbird with female-only parental care. In plumage, the dominant mite species was Trouessartia bifurcata, whose prevalence more than doubled during the breeding season, to reach 95% (95% confidence limits 71–99) during the second-brood period. Approximately 5% of birds were co-infested with Proctophyllodes cf. clavatus. While mite prevalence did not differ between sexes, mite abundance was significantly greater in Aquatic Warbler females than in males, and it increased between the first- and the second-brood period irrespective of sex. No significant relationship was found between mite prevalence or abundance and host condition expressed as mass scaled to size. However, in breeding females, this relationship could be confounded by the effects of nest-dwelling ectoparasites present in some nests but only sporadically if at all detected on adult birds; 2% of adult birds were heavily infested with the hematophagous mite Dermanyssus hirundinis (Mesostigmata). Our findings indicate that the mating system may affect symbiont variability between and within host species. The high prevalence of feather mites on adult birds at the late stage of the breeding season supports the hypothesis that promiscuous species have high infestation levels. Greater mite loads on Aquatic Warbler females than males reveal a different pattern from previously studied birds. However, we did not identify any consequences of mite infestation for the female body condition or current breeding success; hence, the apparently commensal relationship does not imply costs of female promiscuity.

人们对外生性羽螨对鸟类宿主健康的影响以及宿主交配和育雏系统等螨虫侵染水平变化的驱动因素知之甚少。我们研究了繁殖期水莺（Acrocephalus paludicola）羽毛螨的流行和丰度模式，以及螨患与身体状况之间的关系。在羽螨中，最主要的螨类是Trouessartia bifurcata，其流行率在繁殖季节增加了一倍多，在第二胎期间达到95%（95%置信区间为71-99）。约有 5%的鸟类同时感染了 Proctophyllodes cf. clavatus。虽然螨虫的流行率在雌雄之间没有差异，但雌性水莺的螨虫数量明显高于雄性水莺，而且螨虫数量在初潮和二潮期间增加，与性别无关。在螨的流行率或丰度与寄主条件（按体型比例表示的质量）之间没有发现明显的关系。然而，在繁殖期雌鸟中，这种关系可能会被一些巢居外寄生虫的影响所混淆，这些外寄生虫存在于一些巢中，但即使在成鸟身上发现，也只是零星存在；2%的成鸟受到食血螨Dermanyssus hirundinis（介形目）的严重侵扰。我们的研究结果表明，交配系统可能会影响宿主物种之间和宿主物种内部共生体的变异性。成鸟在繁殖季节后期羽毛螨的高流行率支持了杂交物种具有高侵染水平的假设。水莺雌鸟身上的螨虫量大于雄鸟，这揭示了一种与之前研究的鸟类不同的模式。然而，我们并未发现螨虫侵扰对雌鸟的身体状况或当前的繁殖成功率有任何影响；因此，这种明显的共生关系并不意味着雌鸟滥交的代价。

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引用次数: 0