The caryophyllidean tapeworm Caryophyllaeus brachycollis (Janiszewska, 1953) is indigenous to the Lake Blidinje in the west-central part of Bosnia-Herzegovina where it infects chub Squalius tenellus (Heckel, 1843). Of 22 chubs examined, 45% were infected with C. brachycollis and a total of 912 specimens of this worm were counted. Histopathological and ultrastructural investigations were conducted on interface region between chub intestine and cestode scolex. Different sizes of lipid droplets in cestode tegument, in interface region and in chub enterocytes were observed. C. brachycollis lacks any specialized attachment organs and with an expanded, flattened scolex goes deep in mucosal folds and firmly attaches to them. In the epithelium of fish intestine, near the site of worm attachment, a high number of mucous cells and several rodlet cells were noticed. Indeed, within the intestinal tunica propria-submucosa, beneath the site of scolex attachment, numerous neutrophils and mast cells were encountered. Transmission electron microscopy of the apical part of the scolex of C. brachycollis showed the occurrence of a multicellular, syncytial glandular complex, the scolex produced membrane-bound secretory granules and their fibrillar contents discharged by merocrine and apocrine secretion onto the host-parasite interface. Our results are among the first to provide evidence on the sophisticated relationship between fish intestine and amorphous-undefinable substance produced by scolex glandular complex.
{"title":"Glandular cell products in adult cestode: A new tale of tapeworm interaction with fish innate immune response","authors":"Bahram Sayyaf Dezfuli , Massimo Lorenzoni , Antonella Carosi , Giampaolo Bosi , Emanuela Franchella , Larisa G. Poddubnaya","doi":"10.1016/j.ijppaw.2024.100991","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijppaw.2024.100991","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The caryophyllidean tapeworm <em>Caryophyllaeus brachycollis</em> (Janiszewska, 1953) is indigenous to the Lake Blidinje in the west-central part of Bosnia-Herzegovina where it infects chub <em>Squalius tenellus</em> (Heckel, 1843). Of 22 chubs examined, 45% were infected with <em>C. brachycollis</em> and a total of 912 specimens of this worm were counted. Histopathological and ultrastructural investigations were conducted on interface region between chub intestine and cestode scolex. Different sizes of lipid droplets in cestode tegument, in interface region and in chub enterocytes were observed. <em>C. brachycollis</em> lacks any specialized attachment organs and with an expanded, flattened scolex goes deep in mucosal folds and firmly attaches to them. In the epithelium of fish intestine, near the site of worm attachment, a high number of mucous cells and several rodlet cells were noticed. Indeed, within the intestinal tunica propria-submucosa, beneath the site of scolex attachment, numerous neutrophils and mast cells were encountered. Transmission electron microscopy of the apical part of the scolex of <em>C. brachycollis</em> showed the occurrence of a multicellular, syncytial glandular complex, the scolex produced membrane-bound secretory granules and their fibrillar contents discharged by merocrine and apocrine secretion onto the host-parasite interface. Our results are among the first to provide evidence on the sophisticated relationship between fish intestine and amorphous-undefinable substance produced by scolex glandular complex.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54278,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Parasitology-Parasites and Wildlife","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 100991"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213224424000877/pdfft?md5=a61d18946052caaa2130931d4e4597fc&pid=1-s2.0-S2213224424000877-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142243684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-12DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2024.100989
Rafael Gutiérrez-López , Martina Ferraguti , Kasun H. Bodawatta , Carolina R.F. Chagas , Nayden Chakarov , Mélanie Duc , Tamara Emmenegger , Luz García-Longoria , Ricardo J. Lopes , Josué Martínez-de la Puente , Swen C. Renner , Diego Santiago-Alarcon , Ravinder N.M. Sehgal , Daliborka Stankovic , Alfonso Marzal , Jenny C. Dunn
The Wildlife Malaria Network (WIMANET) is a groundbreaking multinational collaboration focused on studying vector-borne haemosporidian parasites in wildlife. Unlike human malaria, wildlife malaria is found on all continents except Antarctica, with parasites being transmitted by a range of vectors. The complexity and diversity of these parasites makes it necessary to have an interdisciplinary approach to understand and mitigate their impacts. Established in 2023 within the framework of COST-Action (European Cooperation in Science and Technology), WIMANET unites researchers from diverse scientific backgrounds to tackle critical questions about wildlife malaria on a global scale. This meeting report summarises the activities and plans resulting from the 1st meeting of WIMANET's six working groups, spanning the genetic and morphological identification of parasites to understanding the drivers of host-parasite-vector associations from individual to community levels. WIMANET's collaborative efforts aim to fill the knowledge gaps and foster large-scale research initiatives transcending local and regional boundaries.
{"title":"The Wildlife Malaria Research network (WIMANET): Meeting report on the 1st WIMANET workshop","authors":"Rafael Gutiérrez-López , Martina Ferraguti , Kasun H. Bodawatta , Carolina R.F. Chagas , Nayden Chakarov , Mélanie Duc , Tamara Emmenegger , Luz García-Longoria , Ricardo J. Lopes , Josué Martínez-de la Puente , Swen C. Renner , Diego Santiago-Alarcon , Ravinder N.M. Sehgal , Daliborka Stankovic , Alfonso Marzal , Jenny C. Dunn","doi":"10.1016/j.ijppaw.2024.100989","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijppaw.2024.100989","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Wildlife Malaria Network (WIMANET) is a groundbreaking multinational collaboration focused on studying vector-borne haemosporidian parasites in wildlife. Unlike human malaria, wildlife malaria is found on all continents except Antarctica, with parasites being transmitted by a range of vectors. The complexity and diversity of these parasites makes it necessary to have an interdisciplinary approach to understand and mitigate their impacts. Established in 2023 within the framework of COST-Action (European Cooperation in Science and Technology), WIMANET unites researchers from diverse scientific backgrounds to tackle critical questions about wildlife malaria on a global scale. This meeting report summarises the activities and plans resulting from the 1<sup>st</sup> meeting of WIMANET's six working groups, spanning the genetic and morphological identification of parasites to understanding the drivers of host-parasite-vector associations from individual to community levels. WIMANET's collaborative efforts aim to fill the knowledge gaps and foster large-scale research initiatives transcending local and regional boundaries.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54278,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Parasitology-Parasites and Wildlife","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 100989"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213224424000853/pdfft?md5=8f8a8a8a17b73f2de9f6be9fe9202191&pid=1-s2.0-S2213224424000853-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142243682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-12DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2024.100990
Guilherme G. Verocai , Jordan L. Gomez , Hassan Hakimi , Matthew R. Kulpa , Joe L. Luksovsky , Daniel P. Thompson , John A. Crouse
Northern ungulates contend with Setaria yehi and Rumenfilaria andersoni, filarioid nematodes that are transmitted by ectoparasitic blood-feeding arthropods, which can result in animal and population level impacts. Setaria yehi microfilariae can be detected in fresh blood samples using a modified Knott's test, or by postmortem detection by genetic sampling or through the retrieval of adult specimens in the peritoneal cavity. In this study we validated a novel qPCR for detection of S. yehi DNA in blood samples of moose (Alces alces). Additionally, we compared quantitative values from modified Knott's test to detect both S. yehi and R. andersoni from both fresh and frozen blood samples. Species-specific primers targeting a 121-base pair fragment of the cytochrome oxidase c subunit 1 (cox1) of S. yehi, and a species-specific probe were designed. The qPCR had a detection threshold of 0.157 pg/μL of parasite DNA. We collected 166 blood samples from wild moose captured on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska from 2019 to 2022. Matching blood aliquots were tested by modified Knott's test and subjected to DNA extraction for subsequent qPCR. Quantitatively, blood samples had an average S. yehi microfilaremia (mf) of 472.2 mf/mL (0–14,490 mf/mL) and R. andersoni of 72.9 mf/mL (0.0–5071.5 mf/mL). Qualitatively, 32.53% (n = 54) of samples tested positive for S. yehi in each of the tests, and 37.35% (n = 62) when both tests were combined, with very good agreement between the results from Knott's test and qPCR (kappa = 0.90). The validation of the qPCR test for S. yehi allows for faster, less labor-intensive diagnosis and epidemiological surveillance of this emerging parasite in moose and other cervid hosts.
北方有蹄类动物与叶氏节肢动物和瘤丝虫(Rumenfilaria andersoni)作斗争,这两种丝状线虫是由外寄生性吸血节肢动物传播的,会对动物和种群造成影响。Setaria yehi 微丝蚴可通过改良的诺氏试验在新鲜血液样本中检测到,或通过基因采样或在腹腔中提取成虫标本进行死后检测。在本研究中,我们验证了在驼鹿(Alces alces)血液样本中检测 S. yehi DNA 的新型 qPCR。此外,我们还比较了改良诺氏试验的定量值,以检测新鲜和冷冻血液样本中的 S. yehi 和 R. andersoni。我们设计了针对 S. yehi 细胞色素氧化酶 c 亚基 1(cox1)121 碱基对片段的物种特异性引物和物种特异性探针。qPCR 的寄生虫 DNA 检测阈值为 0.157 pg/μL。我们从 2019 年至 2022 年在阿拉斯加基奈半岛捕获的野生驼鹿身上采集了 166 份血液样本。通过改良的诺氏试验对匹配的血液等分进行检测,并提取 DNA 用于随后的 qPCR。从数量上看,血液样本中的S. yehi微丝蚴血症(mf)平均为472.2 mf/mL(0-14,490 mf/mL),R. andersoni平均为72.9 mf/mL(0.0-5071.5 mf/mL)。从定性角度来看,32.53%(n = 54)的样本在每种检测方法中都对叶希氏菌检测呈阳性,而将两种检测方法合并后,37.35%(n = 62)的样本对叶希氏菌检测呈阳性,诺氏检测和 qPCR 检测结果的一致性非常好(kappa = 0.90)。对叶希氏寄生虫的 qPCR 检验的验证有助于更快、更省力地诊断和流行病学监测驼鹿和其他鹿科动物宿主中这种新出现的寄生虫。
{"title":"Validation of a species-specific probe-based qPCR for detection of Setaria yehi (Filarioidea: Onchocercidae) in Alaskan moose (Alces alces gigas)","authors":"Guilherme G. Verocai , Jordan L. Gomez , Hassan Hakimi , Matthew R. Kulpa , Joe L. Luksovsky , Daniel P. Thompson , John A. Crouse","doi":"10.1016/j.ijppaw.2024.100990","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijppaw.2024.100990","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Northern ungulates contend with <em>Setaria yehi</em> and <em>Rumenfilaria andersoni</em>, filarioid nematodes that are transmitted by ectoparasitic blood-feeding arthropods, which can result in animal and population level impacts. <em>Setaria yehi</em> microfilariae can be detected in fresh blood samples using a modified Knott's test, or by postmortem detection by genetic sampling or through the retrieval of adult specimens in the peritoneal cavity. In this study we validated a novel qPCR for detection of <em>S</em>. <em>yehi</em> DNA in blood samples of moose (<em>Alces alces</em>). Additionally, we compared quantitative values from modified Knott's test to detect both <em>S. yehi</em> and <em>R. andersoni</em> from both fresh and frozen blood samples. Species-specific primers targeting a 121-base pair fragment of the cytochrome oxidase c subunit 1 (<em>cox1</em>) of <em>S. yehi</em>, and a species-specific probe were designed. The qPCR had a detection threshold of 0.157 pg/μL of parasite DNA. We collected 166 blood samples from wild moose captured on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska from 2019 to 2022. Matching blood aliquots were tested by modified Knott's test and subjected to DNA extraction for subsequent qPCR. Quantitatively, blood samples had an average <em>S. yehi</em> microfilaremia (mf) of 472.2 mf/mL (0–14,490 mf/mL) and <em>R. andersoni</em> of 72.9 mf/mL (0.0–5071.5 mf/mL). Qualitatively, 32.53% (<em>n</em> = 54) of samples tested positive for <em>S. yehi</em> in each of the tests, and 37.35% (<em>n</em> = 62) when both tests were combined, with very good agreement between the results from Knott's test and qPCR (<em>kappa =</em> 0.90). The validation of the qPCR test for <em>S. yehi</em> allows for faster, less labor-intensive diagnosis and epidemiological surveillance of this emerging parasite in moose and other cervid hosts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54278,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Parasitology-Parasites and Wildlife","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 100990"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213224424000865/pdfft?md5=53ba096069ed17ead5c70f99927bb81a&pid=1-s2.0-S2213224424000865-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142310235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-11DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2024.100987
Sargis A. Aghayan , Manan V. Asikyan , Oleg Shcherbakov , Astghik Ghazaryan , Tigran Hayrapetyan , Alexander Malkhasyan , Hasmik Gevorgyan , Arseny Makarikov , Svetlana Kornienko , Ahmad Daryani
Toxoplasma gondii infections in small mammals are important because they serve as source of infection for the felids who excrete environmentally resistant oocysts in their feces. Here, the authors sought evidence for T. gondii infection in shrews and rodents in Armenia for the first time. Toxoplasma gondii DNA was detected in tissues of trapped animals using a specific PCR targeting gene with a non-coding fragment length of 529 bp. Toxoplasma gondii DNA was detected in 15 out of 137 (10.9%) samples from small mammals from 6 different localities of Armenia for the first time.
{"title":"Toxoplasma gondii in rodents and shrews in Armenia, Transcaucasia","authors":"Sargis A. Aghayan , Manan V. Asikyan , Oleg Shcherbakov , Astghik Ghazaryan , Tigran Hayrapetyan , Alexander Malkhasyan , Hasmik Gevorgyan , Arseny Makarikov , Svetlana Kornienko , Ahmad Daryani","doi":"10.1016/j.ijppaw.2024.100987","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijppaw.2024.100987","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><em>Toxoplasma gondii</em> infections in small mammals are important because they serve as source of infection for the felids who excrete environmentally resistant oocysts in their feces. Here, the authors sought evidence for <em>T. gondii</em> infection in shrews and rodents in Armenia for the first time. <em>Toxoplasma gondii</em> DNA was detected in tissues of trapped animals using a specific PCR targeting gene with a non-coding fragment length of 529 bp. <em>Toxoplasma gondii</em> DNA was detected in 15 out of 137 (10.9%) samples from small mammals from 6 different localities of Armenia for the first time.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54278,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Parasitology-Parasites and Wildlife","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 100987"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221322442400083X/pdfft?md5=9fa320826a00b399c295b42a0244c3f3&pid=1-s2.0-S221322442400083X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142232583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) and wild canids, including coyotes (Canis latrans) and red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), serve as definitive hosts for Dirofilaria immitis, a parasitic nematode causing the heartworm disease. Understanding infection risks in wildlife reservoirs in relation to environmental factors is crucial for assessing exposure risk in domestic dogs. The regional prevalence of D. immitis infection was estimated in trapped wild coyotes and red foxes across Québec, Canada. Spatial clusters of infection were detected using Kulldorff's spatial scan statistics. A series of logistic regression models predicting the D. immitis status in coyotes were built from heartworm development unit (HDU) estimates and cumulative precipitation variables over various time periods. Between October 2020 and March 2021, 421 coyotes and 284 red foxes were examined for the presence of D. immitis. The parasite was found in 43 coyotes and 1 red fox. A high-risk infection cluster was detected in coyotes in southwestern Québec. The best model included as sole predictor the average cumulative HDU contributing to risk of D. immitis in the three years preceding coyote capture. This model significantly predicted infection status with an area under the curve of 76.1%. The cumulative precipitation had no notable effect in any model. This study highlights a high prevalence of D. immitis in coyotes in Québec with regional differences correlated to temperature-derived predictors. The spatial risk of infection in this population likely represents the environmental risk of exposure to the parasite given that coyotes do not receive preventive treatment compared to domestic dogs. Our findings are important for veterinarians in the application of prevention strategies for heartworm disease in domestic dogs.
{"title":"Prevalence, spatial distribution and risk mapping of Dirofilaria immitis in wild canids in southern Québec, Canada","authors":"Ève-Marie Lavallée-Bourget , Christopher Fernandez-Prada , Ariane Massé , Julie Arsenault","doi":"10.1016/j.ijppaw.2024.100988","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijppaw.2024.100988","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Domestic dogs (<em>Canis familiaris</em>) and wild canids, including coyotes (<em>Canis latrans</em>) and red foxes (<em>Vulpes vulpes</em>), serve as definitive hosts for <em>Dirofilaria immitis</em>, a parasitic nematode causing the heartworm disease. Understanding infection risks in wildlife reservoirs in relation to environmental factors is crucial for assessing exposure risk in domestic dogs. The regional prevalence of <em>D. immitis</em> infection was estimated in trapped wild coyotes and red foxes across Québec, Canada. Spatial clusters of infection were detected using Kulldorff's spatial scan statistics. A series of logistic regression models predicting the <em>D</em>. <em>immitis</em> status in coyotes were built from heartworm development unit (HDU) estimates and cumulative precipitation variables over various time periods. Between October 2020 and March 2021, 421 coyotes and 284 red foxes were examined for the presence of <em>D. immitis</em>. The parasite was found in 43 coyotes and 1 red fox. A high-risk infection cluster was detected in coyotes in southwestern Québec. The best model included as sole predictor the average cumulative HDU contributing to risk of <em>D. immitis</em> in the three years preceding coyote capture. This model significantly predicted infection status with an area under the curve of 76.1%. The cumulative precipitation had no notable effect in any model. This study highlights a high prevalence of <em>D. immitis</em> in coyotes in Québec with regional differences correlated to temperature-derived predictors. The spatial risk of infection in this population likely represents the environmental risk of exposure to the parasite given that coyotes do not receive preventive treatment compared to domestic dogs. Our findings are important for veterinarians in the application of prevention strategies for heartworm disease in domestic dogs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54278,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Parasitology-Parasites and Wildlife","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 100988"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213224424000841/pdfft?md5=0443b21afe31873bacb574502ee208a0&pid=1-s2.0-S2213224424000841-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142274043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-07DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2024.100985
Kana Kurusu , Naoyuki Hioki , Mizuho Shima , Sunao Kawakami , Yuta Hasebe , Noriyuki Takai , Jun Matsumoto , Aya Masuda
Myxobolus nagaraensis is a myxozoan parasite first reported in freshwater gobies (Rhinogobius spp.) from the Nagara River, Gifu Prefecture, Japan. Myxospores of M. nagaraensis form plasmodia in the visceral cavities of gobies, commonly presenting as distended abdomens. Although Rhinogobius is a common fish genus in Japan, details of M. nagaraensis, including genetic information, remain unknown. We compared the nucleotide sequences of the ribosomal RNA gene (rDNA) of M. nagaraensis from three different host species (R. fluviatilis, R. nagoyae, and R. similis) caught in three different rivers in Japan (Sakai, Sagami, and Kaname). The ITS region (ITS-1, 5.8S rDNA, and ITS-2) and large subunit (LSU) rDNA exhibited 49 and 55 variable sites, respectively. The highest nucleotide diversity was observed in the ITS region (0.00962), whereas that of the LSU rDNA was 0.00187. Differences in host species, rather than rivers, were a significant factor for genetic variation in both the ITS region (62.58%; P < 0.001) and LSU rDNA (55.22%; P < 0.01). Significant genetic variation was observed in M. nagaraensis from R. similis compared to R. fluviatilis (P < 0.001) or R. nagoyae (P < 0.001) from the same river. Such details are valuable for understanding parasite dispersal and its ecological impact on Rhinogobius hosts.
Nagara Myxobolus 是一种寄生于日本岐阜县长良川淡水虾虎鱼(Rhinogobius spp.)体内的肌孢子虫。长良蕈蚊的肌孢子在虾虎鱼的内脏腔中形成质体,通常表现为腹部膨胀。虽然Rhinogobius是日本常见的鱼属,但M. nagaraensis的详细信息(包括遗传信息)仍不为人所知。我们比较了在日本三条不同河流(堺、相模和神龟)中捕获的三种不同宿主物种(R. fluviatilis、R. nagoyae 和 R. similis)的长沼鲇核糖体 RNA 基因(rDNA)的核苷酸序列。ITS 区域(ITS-1、5.8S rDNA 和 ITS-2)和大亚基(LSU)rDNA 分别有 49 和 55 个可变位点。ITS 区域的核苷酸多样性最高(0.00962),而 LSU rDNA 的核苷酸多样性为 0.00187。宿主物种而非河流的差异是 ITS 区域(62.58%;P <;0.001)和 LSU rDNA(55.22%;P <;0.01)遗传变异的重要因素。与来自同一条河流的 R. fluviatilis(P <;0.001)或 R. nagoyae(P <;0.001)相比,在来自 R. similis 的 M. nagaraensis 中观察到了显著的遗传变异。这些细节对于了解寄生虫的传播及其对犀牛宿主的生态影响很有价值。
{"title":"Genetic variability of Myxobolus nagaraensis (Bivalvulida: Myxobolidae) infecting freshwater gobies Rhinogobius Gill 1859 (Gobiiformes: Oxudercidae) from rivers in Japan","authors":"Kana Kurusu , Naoyuki Hioki , Mizuho Shima , Sunao Kawakami , Yuta Hasebe , Noriyuki Takai , Jun Matsumoto , Aya Masuda","doi":"10.1016/j.ijppaw.2024.100985","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijppaw.2024.100985","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><em>Myxobolus nagaraensis</em> is a myxozoan parasite first reported in freshwater gobies (<em>Rhinogobius</em> spp.) from the Nagara River, Gifu Prefecture, Japan. Myxospores of <em>M. nagaraensis</em> form plasmodia in the visceral cavities of gobies, commonly presenting as distended abdomens. Although <em>Rhinogobius</em> is a common fish genus in Japan, details of <em>M. nagaraensis</em>, including genetic information, remain unknown. We compared the nucleotide sequences of the ribosomal RNA gene (rDNA) of <em>M. nagaraensis</em> from three different host species (<em>R. fluviatilis</em>, <em>R. nagoyae</em>, and <em>R. similis</em>) caught in three different rivers in Japan (Sakai, Sagami, and Kaname). The ITS region (ITS-1, 5.8S rDNA, and ITS-2) and large subunit (LSU) rDNA exhibited 49 and 55 variable sites, respectively. The highest nucleotide diversity was observed in the ITS region (0.00962), whereas that of the LSU rDNA was 0.00187. Differences in host species, rather than rivers, were a significant factor for genetic variation in both the ITS region (62.58%; <em>P</em> < 0.001) and LSU rDNA (55.22%; <em>P</em> < 0.01). Significant genetic variation was observed in <em>M. nagaraensis</em> from <em>R. similis</em> compared to <em>R. fluviatilis</em> (<em>P</em> < 0.001) or <em>R. nagoyae</em> (<em>P</em> < 0.001) from the same river. Such details are valuable for understanding parasite dispersal and its ecological impact on <em>Rhinogobius</em> hosts.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54278,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Parasitology-Parasites and Wildlife","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 100985"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213224424000816/pdfft?md5=08114dd0ace027a5dd2edbc9a9d53c4c&pid=1-s2.0-S2213224424000816-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142243685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-07DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2024.100986
Diego Fernando Ceballos-Pérez , Johnathan Alvarez-Londoño , Héctor E. Ramírez-Chaves , Fredy A. Rivera-Páez
Some species within the family Plasmodiidae (Haemosporida) have been extensively studied due to their implications for human health. However, for other haemosporidians that infect wild animals the knowledge is limited. Species within the genus Polychromophilus have thus far been documented exclusively as hemoparasites of bats. Records of Polychromophilus are primarily from Africa, Europe, and Southeast Asia, with limited information available for the Americas. Here, we assessed the state of knowledge on Polychromophilus species infecting bats worldwide and searched for the presence of Polychromophilus in blood samples of neotropical bats from Colombia. We found a total of 65 records of Polychromophilus in 46 bat species belonging to the families Emballonuridae, Hipposideridae, Miniopteridae, Rhinolophidae, Rhinonycteridae, and Vespertilionidae worldwide, except for Antarctica. In the Americas, records of the genus Polychromophilus are exclusively from Vespertilionidae bats in Brazil, Colombia, the United States, and Panama. The morphological and molecular analyses of blood from 125 bats, belonging to 39 species and captured in seven localities within the departments of Arauca and Caldas (Colombia), confirmed the presence of Polychromophilus deanei in a silver-tipped myotis, Myotis albescens (Vespertilionidae). This finding represents the first morphological and molecular confirmation of P. deanei in the Americas. Additionally, it expands the knowledge on the diversity and distribution of Polychromophilus in Neotropical bats.
{"title":"Polychromophilus (Haemosporida: Plasmodiidae): A review of association with bats (Mammalia, Chiroptera) and the first record in the Neotropical bat, Myotis albescens (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae) from Colombia","authors":"Diego Fernando Ceballos-Pérez , Johnathan Alvarez-Londoño , Héctor E. Ramírez-Chaves , Fredy A. Rivera-Páez","doi":"10.1016/j.ijppaw.2024.100986","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijppaw.2024.100986","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Some species within the family Plasmodiidae (Haemosporida) have been extensively studied due to their implications for human health. However, for other haemosporidians that infect wild animals the knowledge is limited. Species within the genus <em>Polychromophilus</em> have thus far been documented exclusively as hemoparasites of bats. Records of <em>Polychromophilus</em> are primarily from Africa, Europe, and Southeast Asia, with limited information available for the Americas. Here, we assessed the state of knowledge on <em>Polychromophilus</em> species infecting bats worldwide and searched for the presence of <em>Polychromophilus</em> in blood samples of neotropical bats from Colombia. We found a total of 65 records of <em>Polychromophilus</em> in 46 bat species belonging to the families Emballonuridae, Hipposideridae, Miniopteridae, Rhinolophidae, Rhinonycteridae, and Vespertilionidae worldwide, except for Antarctica. In the Americas, records of the genus <em>Polychromophilus</em> are exclusively from Vespertilionidae bats in Brazil, Colombia, the United States, and Panama. The morphological and molecular analyses of blood from 125 bats, belonging to 39 species and captured in seven localities within the departments of Arauca and Caldas (Colombia), confirmed the presence of <em>Polychromophilus deanei</em> in a silver-tipped myotis, <em>Myotis albescens</em> (Vespertilionidae). This finding represents the first morphological and molecular confirmation of <em>P</em>. <em>deanei</em> in the Americas. Additionally, it expands the knowledge on the diversity and distribution of <em>Polychromophilus</em> in Neotropical bats.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54278,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Parasitology-Parasites and Wildlife","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 100986"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213224424000828/pdfft?md5=fc2b143a34704a89531fd7c1cf484877&pid=1-s2.0-S2213224424000828-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142168512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-05DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2024.100983
Katherine Adriaanse , Tamara Morgan , Robin B. Gasser , Anson V. Koehler
Poor long-term survival (Mean = 2.16 y; 95% CI 1.68–2.65) was identified in a captive population of thorny devils (Moloch horridus) held at the Alice Springs Desert Park in the Northern Territory, Australia, over a period of 27 years. There was no significant difference in survival time (after acquisition) of wild-caught individuals compared captive born animals, or males compared to females. Limited information was available regarding the cause(s) of death for animals found dead or euthanased. Health of the live population at the time of the study (n = 14) was assessed by clinical history review, physical examination, and faecal examination. Large numbers of coccidian oocysts measuring 20–24 μm in diameter were identified upon faecal examination. Molecular investigation of genomic DNA from these samples identified Isospora amphiboluri based on the sequences of partial regions of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (cox1) and the nuclear small subunit of ribosomal RNA gene (SSU). Isospora amphiboluri was originally described from the bearded dragon (Pogona barbata) and has since been recorded in the inland bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps) and the central netted dragon (Ctenophorus nuchalis). The present case expands the host range for I. amphiboluri. Histological examination of tissues was not available, and therefore the potential role of I. amphiboluri in morbidity and mortality of M. horridus is not clear. Further research is required to understand if colonization with I. amphiboluri is pathogenic in this species.
在澳大利亚北部地区爱丽斯泉沙漠公园(Alice Springs Desert Park)圈养的荆棘魔鬼(Moloch horridus)种群中,发现其长期存活率较低(平均值 = 2.16 y; 95% CI 1.68-2.65),历时 27 年。野外捕获的个体与人工饲养的个体相比,存活时间(捕获后)没有明显差异,雄性与雌性也没有明显差异。有关死亡或安乐死动物的死因信息有限。通过临床病史回顾、体格检查和粪便检查评估了研究期间活体动物(n = 14)的健康状况。粪便检查发现了大量直径为 20-24 μm 的球虫卵囊。根据线粒体细胞色素 c 氧化酶亚单位 1 基因(cox1)和核糖体 RNA 小亚单位基因(SSU)部分区域的序列,对这些样本的基因组 DNA 进行了分子研究,确定了两栖伊索孢子虫。Isospora amphiboluri最初是在胡须龙(Pogona barbata)身上发现的,后来在内陆胡须龙(Pogona vitticeps)和中央网纹龙(Ctenophorus nuchalis)身上也有记录。本病例扩大了 I. amphiboluri 的宿主范围。由于没有对组织进行组织学检查,因此尚不清楚I. amphiboluri在M. horridus发病和死亡中的潜在作用。要了解 I. amphiboluri 在该物种中的定殖是否具有致病性,还需要进一步研究。
{"title":"First record of Isospora amphiboluri in the thorny devil, Moloch horridus","authors":"Katherine Adriaanse , Tamara Morgan , Robin B. Gasser , Anson V. Koehler","doi":"10.1016/j.ijppaw.2024.100983","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijppaw.2024.100983","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Poor long-term survival (Mean = 2.16 y; 95% CI 1.68–2.65) was identified in a captive population of thorny devils (<em>Moloch horridus</em>) held at the Alice Springs Desert Park in the Northern Territory, Australia, over a period of 27 years. There was no significant difference in survival time (after acquisition) of wild-caught individuals compared captive born animals, or males compared to females. Limited information was available regarding the cause(s) of death for animals found dead or euthanased. Health of the live population at the time of the study (n = 14) was assessed by clinical history review, physical examination, and faecal examination. Large numbers of coccidian oocysts measuring 20–24 μm in diameter were identified upon faecal examination. Molecular investigation of genomic DNA from these samples identified <em>Isospora amphiboluri</em> based on the sequences of partial regions of the mitochondrial cytochrome <em>c</em> oxidase subunit 1 gene (<em>cox</em>1) and the nuclear small subunit of ribosomal RNA gene (<em>SSU</em>). <em>Isospora amphiboluri</em> was originally described from the bearded dragon (<em>Pogona barbata</em>) and has since been recorded in the inland bearded dragon (<em>Pogona vitticeps</em>) and the central netted dragon (<em>Ctenophorus nuchalis</em>). The present case expands the host range for <em>I. amphiboluri.</em> Histological examination of tissues was not available, and therefore the potential role of <em>I. amphiboluri</em> in morbidity and mortality of <em>M. horridus</em> is not clear. Further research is required to understand if colonization with <em>I. amphiboluri</em> is pathogenic in this species.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54278,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Parasitology-Parasites and Wildlife","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 100983"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213224424000798/pdfft?md5=c06397bd274eae4a5c83c52984d84b12&pid=1-s2.0-S2213224424000798-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142157754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-04DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2024.100984
Celia V. Holland , Zahra Geraili Afra , Soghra Valizadeh , Maryam Ebrahimi , Ali Rostami
Red foxes play a crucial role in the life cycle and transmission of zoonotic pathogens, including Toxocara canis; however, comprehensive information on the prevalence of T. canis in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) is lacking. In this meta-analysis we aimed to evaluate the global and regional prevalence of T. canis among red foxes. We searched PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar for studies reporting prevalence of T. canis in red foxes up to April 1, 2024. Using a random-effects model, we estimated pooled prevalences at global, regional, and national levels and assessed heterogeneity through subgroup and meta-regression analyses. The overall pooled global prevalence of T. canis infection in red foxes was 32.1% (95% CI, 28.5–35.6%), with the highest prevalence in Europe (34.6%, 30.9–38.3%) and the lowest in the Eastern Mediterranean (20.0%, 11.0–29.0%). In other regions, prevalences of Toxocara were as follows: Central Asia (33.1%, 26.8–39.4%), North America (23.6%, 10.6–36.6%), Western Pacific (21.3%, 5.2–37.4%), and Eastern Mediterranean & North Africa (20.0%, 11.0–29.0%). However, data from certain geographical regions are very limited (for example Greece, Austria, China and North Africa). Prevalence rates showed a decreasing trend over time. Subgroup analyses indicated higher prevalences in male red foxes (54.1%, 41.4–66.7%) compared to females (37.5%, 29.9–45.1%), and in juvenile red foxes (56.2%, 39.1–73.3%) compared to adults (33.4%, 23.2–43.6%). T. canis worm burdens were generally low, not exceeding an average of 4 worms per fox in most studies. Our findings reveal a substantial prevalence of T. canis infection in red fox populations worldwide (32.1%), highlighting their potentially significant role in perpetuating the transmission of infection to both companion animals and humans. Continued surveillance is essential to mitigate the risk of Toxocara transmission to companion animals and humans. However, a major remaining challenge is to assess the relative importance of the red fox as a contributor to environmental contamination with Toxocara ova. Further research is also needed to address study limitations and provide a complete global picture of T. canis epidemiology in red foxes and other wild animals, especially in underrepresented regions.
{"title":"The global prevalence of Toxocara canis among red foxes (Vulpes vulpes): A systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Celia V. Holland , Zahra Geraili Afra , Soghra Valizadeh , Maryam Ebrahimi , Ali Rostami","doi":"10.1016/j.ijppaw.2024.100984","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijppaw.2024.100984","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Red foxes play a crucial role in the life cycle and transmission of zoonotic pathogens, including <em>Toxocara canis</em>; however, comprehensive information on the prevalence of <em>T. canis</em> in red foxes (<em>Vulpes vulpes</em>) is lacking. In this meta-analysis we aimed to evaluate the global and regional prevalence of <em>T. canis</em> among red foxes. We searched PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar for studies reporting prevalence of <em>T. canis</em> in red foxes up to April 1, 2024. Using a random-effects model, we estimated pooled prevalences at global, regional, and national levels and assessed heterogeneity through subgroup and meta-regression analyses. The overall pooled global prevalence of <em>T. canis</em> infection in red foxes was 32.1% (95% CI, 28.5–35.6%), with the highest prevalence in Europe (34.6%, 30.9–38.3%) and the lowest in the Eastern Mediterranean (20.0%, 11.0–29.0%). In other regions, prevalences of <em>Toxocara</em> were as follows: Central Asia (33.1%, 26.8–39.4%), North America (23.6%, 10.6–36.6%), Western Pacific (21.3%, 5.2–37.4%), and Eastern Mediterranean & North Africa (20.0%, 11.0–29.0%). However, data from certain geographical regions are very limited (for example Greece, Austria, China and North Africa). Prevalence rates showed a decreasing trend over time. Subgroup analyses indicated higher prevalences in male red foxes (54.1%, 41.4–66.7%) compared to females (37.5%, 29.9–45.1%), and in juvenile red foxes (56.2%, 39.1–73.3%) compared to adults (33.4%, 23.2–43.6%). <em>T. canis</em> worm burdens were generally low, not exceeding an average of 4 worms per fox in most studies. Our findings reveal a substantial prevalence of <em>T. canis</em> infection in red fox populations worldwide (32.1%), highlighting their potentially significant role in perpetuating the transmission of infection to both companion animals and humans. Continued surveillance is essential to mitigate the risk of <em>Toxocara</em> transmission to companion animals and humans. However, a major remaining challenge is to assess the relative importance of the red fox as a contributor to environmental contamination with <em>Toxocara</em> ova. Further research is also needed to address study limitations and provide a complete global picture of <em>T. canis</em> epidemiology in red foxes and other wild animals, especially in underrepresented regions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54278,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Parasitology-Parasites and Wildlife","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 100984"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213224424000804/pdfft?md5=c7f6478085c621643c9db441a0692d9b&pid=1-s2.0-S2213224424000804-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142151275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-30DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2024.100982
Makenna Short , Kira Lowe , Michelle Michie , Ina Smith , Kim Blasdell , Alexander G. Maier , Alexander W. Gofton
Tick-borne haemoparasites, including piroplasms and trypanosomes, are almost ubiquitous in Australian wildlife, with some associated with health impacts to individual animals and declining wildlife populations. An array of ecologically distinct piroplasm and trypanosome species occur throughout Australia although many of these species and their sylvatic ecologies are poorly characterised. Between May 2022 and October 2023, an anecdotally reported localised eastern grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus) morbidity/mortality event occurred in coastal southern New South Wales, Australia, characterised by animals presenting with blindness, emaciation, lethargy, ataxia, and astasia. Here we used molecular techniques to identify tick-borne piroplasms (Babesia and Theileria) and trypanosomes in affected animals. Blood (n = 89) and liver (n = 19) samples were collected after the humane euthanasia of wild animals due to welfare concerns, and brief notes on the animal's health were recorded. In total, 20 (22.5%) animals were infected with tick-borne haemoparasites, including a novel Theileria sp. nov. (14, 15.7%), Babesia macropus (2, 2.2%), Trypanosoma gilletti (5, 5.6%), and Trypanosoma vegrandis (1, 1.1%). Liver samples were also screened for Wallal and Warego viruses due to animals' blindness, but were negative. This is the first report of T. gilletti and T. vegrandis in eastern grey kangaroos, although they have been previously reported in high numbers in ticks which commonly parasites this host. The novel Theileria sp. was previously reported in questing Ixodes holocyclus and in ticks from an opportunistically collected eastern grey kangaroo and red-necked wallaby (Notamacropus rufogriseus). However, we show for the first time this Theileria sp. can occur widely in eastern grey kangaroos. Ultimately, this small study did not intend, and is not able to draw inference regarding the pathogenicity of these haemoparasites to eastern grey kangaroos and it is likely that other factors, such as chronic Phalaris grass toxicity, had a role in this localised mortality/morbidity event.
{"title":"Tick-borne piroplasms and trypanosomes incidentally detected in eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus) during a mortality and morbidity event in southern New South Wales, Australia","authors":"Makenna Short , Kira Lowe , Michelle Michie , Ina Smith , Kim Blasdell , Alexander G. Maier , Alexander W. Gofton","doi":"10.1016/j.ijppaw.2024.100982","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijppaw.2024.100982","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Tick-borne haemoparasites, including piroplasms and trypanosomes, are almost ubiquitous in Australian wildlife, with some associated with health impacts to individual animals and declining wildlife populations. An array of ecologically distinct piroplasm and trypanosome species occur throughout Australia although many of these species and their sylvatic ecologies are poorly characterised. Between May 2022 and October 2023, an anecdotally reported localised eastern grey kangaroo (<em>Macropus giganteus</em>) morbidity/mortality event occurred in coastal southern New South Wales, Australia, characterised by animals presenting with blindness, emaciation, lethargy, ataxia, and astasia. Here we used molecular techniques to identify tick-borne piroplasms (<em>Babesia</em> and <em>Theileria</em>) and trypanosomes in affected animals<em>.</em> Blood (n = 89) and liver (n = 19) samples were collected after the humane euthanasia of wild animals due to welfare concerns, and brief notes on the animal's health were recorded. In total, 20 (22.5%) animals were infected with tick-borne haemoparasites, including a novel <em>Theileria</em> sp. nov. (14, 15.7%), <em>Babesia macropus</em> (2, 2.2%), <em>Trypanosoma gilletti</em> (5, 5.6%), and <em>Trypanosoma vegrandis</em> (1, 1.1%). Liver samples were also screened for Wallal and Warego viruses due to animals' blindness, but were negative. This is the first report of <em>T. gilletti</em> and <em>T. vegrandis</em> in eastern grey kangaroos, although they have been previously reported in high numbers in ticks which commonly parasites this host. The novel <em>Theileria</em> sp. was previously reported in questing <em>Ixodes holocyclus</em> and in ticks from an opportunistically collected eastern grey kangaroo and red-necked wallaby (<em>Notamacropus rufogriseus</em>). However, we show for the first time this <em>Theileria</em> sp. can occur widely in eastern grey kangaroos. Ultimately, this small study did not intend, and is not able to draw inference regarding the pathogenicity of these haemoparasites to eastern grey kangaroos and it is likely that other factors, such as chronic <em>Phalaris</em> grass toxicity, had a role in this localised mortality/morbidity event.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54278,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Parasitology-Parasites and Wildlife","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 100982"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213224424000786/pdfft?md5=b28736ae846ecd3815df48d8f37ea5d3&pid=1-s2.0-S2213224424000786-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142151232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}