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Glandular cell products in adult cestode: A new tale of tapeworm interaction with fish innate immune response 绦虫成虫的腺细胞产物:绦虫与鱼类先天免疫反应相互作用的新故事
IF 2 3区 医学 Q3 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2024.100991
Bahram Sayyaf Dezfuli , Massimo Lorenzoni , Antonella Carosi , Giampaolo Bosi , Emanuela Franchella , Larisa G. Poddubnaya

The caryophyllidean tapeworm Caryophyllaeus brachycollis (Janiszewska, 1953) is indigenous to the Lake Blidinje in the west-central part of Bosnia-Herzegovina where it infects chub Squalius tenellus (Heckel, 1843). Of 22 chubs examined, 45% were infected with C. brachycollis and a total of 912 specimens of this worm were counted. Histopathological and ultrastructural investigations were conducted on interface region between chub intestine and cestode scolex. Different sizes of lipid droplets in cestode tegument, in interface region and in chub enterocytes were observed. C. brachycollis lacks any specialized attachment organs and with an expanded, flattened scolex goes deep in mucosal folds and firmly attaches to them. In the epithelium of fish intestine, near the site of worm attachment, a high number of mucous cells and several rodlet cells were noticed. Indeed, within the intestinal tunica propria-submucosa, beneath the site of scolex attachment, numerous neutrophils and mast cells were encountered. Transmission electron microscopy of the apical part of the scolex of C. brachycollis showed the occurrence of a multicellular, syncytial glandular complex, the scolex produced membrane-bound secretory granules and their fibrillar contents discharged by merocrine and apocrine secretion onto the host-parasite interface. Our results are among the first to provide evidence on the sophisticated relationship between fish intestine and amorphous-undefinable substance produced by scolex glandular complex.

Caryophyllaeus brachycollis(Janiszewska,1953 年)是波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那中西部 Blidinje 湖的土生土长的绦虫,它感染了当地的鲢鱼 Squalius tenellus(Heckel,1843 年)。在检查的 22 只鲢鱼中,45% 感染了 C. brachycollis,共统计到 912 个这种蠕虫的标本。对鲑鱼肠道和绦虫鞘膜之间的界面区域进行了组织病理学和超微结构研究。在绦虫护膜、界面区和鲢肠细胞中观察到了不同大小的脂滴。brachycollis 缺乏任何特化的附着器官,其膨大、扁平的螯足深入粘膜皱褶并牢牢附着在上面。在虫体附着部位附近的鱼肠上皮细胞中,发现了大量粘液细胞和一些小杆状细胞。事实上,在鞘膜附着部位下方的肠道固有膜-粘膜内,发现了大量的中性粒细胞和肥大细胞。对布氏杆菌鞘膜顶端部分的透射电子显微镜观察表明,鞘膜内存在一个多细胞、合胞的腺体复合体,鞘膜产生膜结合分泌颗粒,其纤维状内容物通过经分泌和凋亡分泌排出到宿主-寄生虫界面上。我们的研究结果首次证明了鱼肠与鞘氨醇腺体复合体产生的无定形-不可定义物质之间的复杂关系。
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引用次数: 0
The Wildlife Malaria Research network (WIMANET): Meeting report on the 1st WIMANET workshop 野生动物疟疾研究网络(WIMANET):第一届 WIMANET 研讨会会议报告
IF 2 3区 医学 Q3 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2024.100989
Rafael Gutiérrez-López , Martina Ferraguti , Kasun H. Bodawatta , Carolina R.F. Chagas , Nayden Chakarov , Mélanie Duc , Tamara Emmenegger , Luz García-Longoria , Ricardo J. Lopes , Josué Martínez-de la Puente , Swen C. Renner , Diego Santiago-Alarcon , Ravinder N.M. Sehgal , Daliborka Stankovic , Alfonso Marzal , Jenny C. Dunn

The Wildlife Malaria Network (WIMANET) is a groundbreaking multinational collaboration focused on studying vector-borne haemosporidian parasites in wildlife. Unlike human malaria, wildlife malaria is found on all continents except Antarctica, with parasites being transmitted by a range of vectors. The complexity and diversity of these parasites makes it necessary to have an interdisciplinary approach to understand and mitigate their impacts. Established in 2023 within the framework of COST-Action (European Cooperation in Science and Technology), WIMANET unites researchers from diverse scientific backgrounds to tackle critical questions about wildlife malaria on a global scale. This meeting report summarises the activities and plans resulting from the 1st meeting of WIMANET's six working groups, spanning the genetic and morphological identification of parasites to understanding the drivers of host-parasite-vector associations from individual to community levels. WIMANET's collaborative efforts aim to fill the knowledge gaps and foster large-scale research initiatives transcending local and regional boundaries.

野生动物疟疾网络(WIMANET)是一项开创性的多国合作项目,重点研究野生动物中由病媒传播的血孢子虫寄生虫。与人类疟疾不同,野生动物疟疾遍布除南极洲以外的各大洲,寄生虫由一系列病媒传播。由于这些寄生虫的复杂性和多样性,有必要采用跨学科方法来了解和减轻其影响。WIMANET 于 2023 年在 COST-Action(欧洲科技合作)框架内成立,联合了来自不同科学背景的研究人员,在全球范围内解决有关野生动物疟疾的关键问题。本会议报告总结了 WIMANET 六个工作组第一次会议的活动和计划,涵盖寄生虫的基因和形态鉴定,以及从个体到群落层面了解宿主-寄生虫-媒介关联的驱动因素。WIMANET 的合作努力旨在填补知识空白,促进跨越地方和区域界限的大规模研究活动。
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引用次数: 0
Validation of a species-specific probe-based qPCR for detection of Setaria yehi (Filarioidea: Onchocercidae) in Alaskan moose (Alces alces gigas) 基于物种特异性探针的 qPCR 在阿拉斯加驼鹿(Alces alces gigas)中检测 Setaria yehi(Filarioidea: Onchocercidae)的验证
IF 2 3区 医学 Q3 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2024.100990
Guilherme G. Verocai , Jordan L. Gomez , Hassan Hakimi , Matthew R. Kulpa , Joe L. Luksovsky , Daniel P. Thompson , John A. Crouse
Northern ungulates contend with Setaria yehi and Rumenfilaria andersoni, filarioid nematodes that are transmitted by ectoparasitic blood-feeding arthropods, which can result in animal and population level impacts. Setaria yehi microfilariae can be detected in fresh blood samples using a modified Knott's test, or by postmortem detection by genetic sampling or through the retrieval of adult specimens in the peritoneal cavity. In this study we validated a novel qPCR for detection of S. yehi DNA in blood samples of moose (Alces alces). Additionally, we compared quantitative values from modified Knott's test to detect both S. yehi and R. andersoni from both fresh and frozen blood samples. Species-specific primers targeting a 121-base pair fragment of the cytochrome oxidase c subunit 1 (cox1) of S. yehi, and a species-specific probe were designed. The qPCR had a detection threshold of 0.157 pg/μL of parasite DNA. We collected 166 blood samples from wild moose captured on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska from 2019 to 2022. Matching blood aliquots were tested by modified Knott's test and subjected to DNA extraction for subsequent qPCR. Quantitatively, blood samples had an average S. yehi microfilaremia (mf) of 472.2 mf/mL (0–14,490 mf/mL) and R. andersoni of 72.9 mf/mL (0.0–5071.5 mf/mL). Qualitatively, 32.53% (n = 54) of samples tested positive for S. yehi in each of the tests, and 37.35% (n = 62) when both tests were combined, with very good agreement between the results from Knott's test and qPCR (kappa = 0.90). The validation of the qPCR test for S. yehi allows for faster, less labor-intensive diagnosis and epidemiological surveillance of this emerging parasite in moose and other cervid hosts.
北方有蹄类动物与叶氏节肢动物和瘤丝虫(Rumenfilaria andersoni)作斗争,这两种丝状线虫是由外寄生性吸血节肢动物传播的,会对动物和种群造成影响。Setaria yehi 微丝蚴可通过改良的诺氏试验在新鲜血液样本中检测到,或通过基因采样或在腹腔中提取成虫标本进行死后检测。在本研究中,我们验证了在驼鹿(Alces alces)血液样本中检测 S. yehi DNA 的新型 qPCR。此外,我们还比较了改良诺氏试验的定量值,以检测新鲜和冷冻血液样本中的 S. yehi 和 R. andersoni。我们设计了针对 S. yehi 细胞色素氧化酶 c 亚基 1(cox1)121 碱基对片段的物种特异性引物和物种特异性探针。qPCR 的寄生虫 DNA 检测阈值为 0.157 pg/μL。我们从 2019 年至 2022 年在阿拉斯加基奈半岛捕获的野生驼鹿身上采集了 166 份血液样本。通过改良的诺氏试验对匹配的血液等分进行检测,并提取 DNA 用于随后的 qPCR。从数量上看,血液样本中的S. yehi微丝蚴血症(mf)平均为472.2 mf/mL(0-14,490 mf/mL),R. andersoni平均为72.9 mf/mL(0.0-5071.5 mf/mL)。从定性角度来看,32.53%(n = 54)的样本在每种检测方法中都对叶希氏菌检测呈阳性,而将两种检测方法合并后,37.35%(n = 62)的样本对叶希氏菌检测呈阳性,诺氏检测和 qPCR 检测结果的一致性非常好(kappa = 0.90)。对叶希氏寄生虫的 qPCR 检验的验证有助于更快、更省力地诊断和流行病学监测驼鹿和其他鹿科动物宿主中这种新出现的寄生虫。
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引用次数: 0
Toxoplasma gondii in rodents and shrews in Armenia, Transcaucasia 外高加索亚美尼亚啮齿动物和鼩鼱体内的弓形虫
IF 2 3区 医学 Q3 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2024.100987
Sargis A. Aghayan , Manan V. Asikyan , Oleg Shcherbakov , Astghik Ghazaryan , Tigran Hayrapetyan , Alexander Malkhasyan , Hasmik Gevorgyan , Arseny Makarikov , Svetlana Kornienko , Ahmad Daryani

Toxoplasma gondii infections in small mammals are important because they serve as source of infection for the felids who excrete environmentally resistant oocysts in their feces. Here, the authors sought evidence for T. gondii infection in shrews and rodents in Armenia for the first time. Toxoplasma gondii DNA was detected in tissues of trapped animals using a specific PCR targeting gene with a non-coding fragment length of 529 bp. Toxoplasma gondii DNA was detected in 15 out of 137 (10.9%) samples from small mammals from 6 different localities of Armenia for the first time.

小型哺乳动物感染弓形虫非常重要,因为它们是猫科动物的传染源,猫科动物会在粪便中排出耐环境的卵囊。在此,作者首次寻找亚美尼亚鼩鼱和啮齿动物感染弓形虫的证据。使用特异性 PCR 靶向基因在被捕获动物的组织中检测到弓形虫 DNA,该基因的非编码片段长度为 529 bp。在亚美尼亚 6 个不同地区采集的 137 个小型哺乳动物样本中,有 15 个样本(10.9%)首次检测到弓形虫 DNA。
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引用次数: 0
Prevalence, spatial distribution and risk mapping of Dirofilaria immitis in wild canids in southern Québec, Canada 加拿大魁北克省南部野生犬科动物中的密螺旋体感染率、空间分布和风险分布图
IF 2 3区 医学 Q3 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2024.100988
Ève-Marie Lavallée-Bourget , Christopher Fernandez-Prada , Ariane Massé , Julie Arsenault

Domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) and wild canids, including coyotes (Canis latrans) and red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), serve as definitive hosts for Dirofilaria immitis, a parasitic nematode causing the heartworm disease. Understanding infection risks in wildlife reservoirs in relation to environmental factors is crucial for assessing exposure risk in domestic dogs. The regional prevalence of D. immitis infection was estimated in trapped wild coyotes and red foxes across Québec, Canada. Spatial clusters of infection were detected using Kulldorff's spatial scan statistics. A series of logistic regression models predicting the D. immitis status in coyotes were built from heartworm development unit (HDU) estimates and cumulative precipitation variables over various time periods. Between October 2020 and March 2021, 421 coyotes and 284 red foxes were examined for the presence of D. immitis. The parasite was found in 43 coyotes and 1 red fox. A high-risk infection cluster was detected in coyotes in southwestern Québec. The best model included as sole predictor the average cumulative HDU contributing to risk of D. immitis in the three years preceding coyote capture. This model significantly predicted infection status with an area under the curve of 76.1%. The cumulative precipitation had no notable effect in any model. This study highlights a high prevalence of D. immitis in coyotes in Québec with regional differences correlated to temperature-derived predictors. The spatial risk of infection in this population likely represents the environmental risk of exposure to the parasite given that coyotes do not receive preventive treatment compared to domestic dogs. Our findings are important for veterinarians in the application of prevention strategies for heartworm disease in domestic dogs.

家犬(熟犬)和野生犬科动物,包括郊狼(野狼)和赤狐(狐狸),是引起心丝虫病的寄生线虫--无丝双尾蚴的最终宿主。了解野生动物宿主的感染风险与环境因素的关系,对于评估家犬的接触风险至关重要。我们估算了加拿大魁北克省被诱捕的野生郊狼和红狐中白喉线虫的区域感染率。使用库尔多夫空间扫描统计法检测了感染的空间集群。根据不同时期的心丝虫发育单位(HDU)估计值和累积降水量变量,建立了一系列预测郊狼心丝虫感染状况的逻辑回归模型。在 2020 年 10 月至 2021 年 3 月期间,对 421 只郊狼和 284 只红狐进行了检查,以确定是否存在白腹线虫病。在 43 只郊狼和 1 只红狐中发现了寄生虫。在魁北克省西南部的郊狼中发现了一个高危感染群。最佳模型的唯一预测因子是捕获郊狼之前三年中导致感染白喉潜伏嗜血杆菌风险的平均累积 HDU。该模型能明显预测感染状况,曲线下面积为 76.1%。累积降水量在任何模型中都没有明显影响。这项研究表明,魁北克郊狼的白喉杆菌感染率很高,地区差异与温度预测因子相关。与家犬相比,郊狼不接受预防性治疗,因此该人群的空间感染风险可能代表了暴露于寄生虫的环境风险。我们的研究结果对于兽医应用家犬心丝虫病预防策略非常重要。
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引用次数: 0
Genetic variability of Myxobolus nagaraensis (Bivalvulida: Myxobolidae) infecting freshwater gobies Rhinogobius Gill 1859 (Gobiiformes: Oxudercidae) from rivers in Japan 日本河流中感染淡水虾虎鱼 Rhinogobius Gill 1859(戈壁形目:牛筋鱼科)的长尾糠虾(双壳纲:糠虾科)的遗传变异性
IF 2 3区 医学 Q3 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2024.100985
Kana Kurusu , Naoyuki Hioki , Mizuho Shima , Sunao Kawakami , Yuta Hasebe , Noriyuki Takai , Jun Matsumoto , Aya Masuda

Myxobolus nagaraensis is a myxozoan parasite first reported in freshwater gobies (Rhinogobius spp.) from the Nagara River, Gifu Prefecture, Japan. Myxospores of M. nagaraensis form plasmodia in the visceral cavities of gobies, commonly presenting as distended abdomens. Although Rhinogobius is a common fish genus in Japan, details of M. nagaraensis, including genetic information, remain unknown. We compared the nucleotide sequences of the ribosomal RNA gene (rDNA) of M. nagaraensis from three different host species (R. fluviatilis, R. nagoyae, and R. similis) caught in three different rivers in Japan (Sakai, Sagami, and Kaname). The ITS region (ITS-1, 5.8S rDNA, and ITS-2) and large subunit (LSU) rDNA exhibited 49 and 55 variable sites, respectively. The highest nucleotide diversity was observed in the ITS region (0.00962), whereas that of the LSU rDNA was 0.00187. Differences in host species, rather than rivers, were a significant factor for genetic variation in both the ITS region (62.58%; P < 0.001) and LSU rDNA (55.22%; P < 0.01). Significant genetic variation was observed in M. nagaraensis from R. similis compared to R. fluviatilis (P < 0.001) or R. nagoyae (P < 0.001) from the same river. Such details are valuable for understanding parasite dispersal and its ecological impact on Rhinogobius hosts.

Nagara Myxobolus 是一种寄生于日本岐阜县长良川淡水虾虎鱼(Rhinogobius spp.)体内的肌孢子虫。长良蕈蚊的肌孢子在虾虎鱼的内脏腔中形成质体,通常表现为腹部膨胀。虽然Rhinogobius是日本常见的鱼属,但M. nagaraensis的详细信息(包括遗传信息)仍不为人所知。我们比较了在日本三条不同河流(堺、相模和神龟)中捕获的三种不同宿主物种(R. fluviatilis、R. nagoyae 和 R. similis)的长沼鲇核糖体 RNA 基因(rDNA)的核苷酸序列。ITS 区域(ITS-1、5.8S rDNA 和 ITS-2)和大亚基(LSU)rDNA 分别有 49 和 55 个可变位点。ITS 区域的核苷酸多样性最高(0.00962),而 LSU rDNA 的核苷酸多样性为 0.00187。宿主物种而非河流的差异是 ITS 区域(62.58%;P <;0.001)和 LSU rDNA(55.22%;P <;0.01)遗传变异的重要因素。与来自同一条河流的 R. fluviatilis(P <;0.001)或 R. nagoyae(P <;0.001)相比,在来自 R. similis 的 M. nagaraensis 中观察到了显著的遗传变异。这些细节对于了解寄生虫的传播及其对犀牛宿主的生态影响很有价值。
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引用次数: 0
Polychromophilus (Haemosporida: Plasmodiidae): A review of association with bats (Mammalia, Chiroptera) and the first record in the Neotropical bat, Myotis albescens (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae) from Colombia Polychromophilus(血孢子虫:Plasmodiidae):回顾与蝙蝠(哺乳纲,脊索动物门)的关系,以及在哥伦比亚首次记录到的新热带蝙蝠白髭蝠科(脊索动物门,蝙蝠科)的情况
IF 2 3区 医学 Q3 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2024.100986
Diego Fernando Ceballos-Pérez , Johnathan Alvarez-Londoño , Héctor E. Ramírez-Chaves , Fredy A. Rivera-Páez

Some species within the family Plasmodiidae (Haemosporida) have been extensively studied due to their implications for human health. However, for other haemosporidians that infect wild animals the knowledge is limited. Species within the genus Polychromophilus have thus far been documented exclusively as hemoparasites of bats. Records of Polychromophilus are primarily from Africa, Europe, and Southeast Asia, with limited information available for the Americas. Here, we assessed the state of knowledge on Polychromophilus species infecting bats worldwide and searched for the presence of Polychromophilus in blood samples of neotropical bats from Colombia. We found a total of 65 records of Polychromophilus in 46 bat species belonging to the families Emballonuridae, Hipposideridae, Miniopteridae, Rhinolophidae, Rhinonycteridae, and Vespertilionidae worldwide, except for Antarctica. In the Americas, records of the genus Polychromophilus are exclusively from Vespertilionidae bats in Brazil, Colombia, the United States, and Panama. The morphological and molecular analyses of blood from 125 bats, belonging to 39 species and captured in seven localities within the departments of Arauca and Caldas (Colombia), confirmed the presence of Polychromophilus deanei in a silver-tipped myotis, Myotis albescens (Vespertilionidae). This finding represents the first morphological and molecular confirmation of P. deanei in the Americas. Additionally, it expands the knowledge on the diversity and distribution of Polychromophilus in Neotropical bats.

由于血孢子虫科(Plasmodiidae)中的一些物种对人类健康的影响,人们对它们进行了广泛的研究。然而,人们对感染野生动物的其他血孢子虫的了解却很有限。迄今为止,Polychromophilus 属中的物种仅被记录为蝙蝠的血吸虫。关于多色嗜血杆菌的记录主要来自非洲、欧洲和东南亚,美洲的资料有限。在此,我们评估了全球蝙蝠感染多色嗜毛虫的知识状况,并在哥伦比亚的新热带蝙蝠血液样本中寻找多色嗜毛虫。我们发现,除南极洲外,全球共有 65 条记录显示,在属于 Emballonuridae、Hipposideridae、Miniopteridae、Rhinolophidae、Rhinonycteridae 和 Vespertilionidae 科的 46 种蝙蝠中存在 Polychromophilus。在美洲,Polychromophilus 属的记录仅来自巴西、哥伦比亚、美国和巴拿马的 Vespertilionidae 蝙蝠。在阿劳卡省和卡尔达斯省(哥伦比亚)的七个地方捕获的 125 只蝙蝠(分属 39 个物种)的血液进行了形态学和分子分析,结果证实银顶髭蝠科(Vespertilionidae)中存在 Polychromophilus deanei。这一发现是美洲首次从形态学和分子学角度证实了 P. deanei 的存在。此外,它还扩展了人们对新热带蝙蝠中Polychromophilus的多样性和分布的了解。
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引用次数: 0
First record of Isospora amphiboluri in the thorny devil, Moloch horridus 荆棘魔鬼 Isospora amphiboluri 的首次记录
IF 2 3区 医学 Q3 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2024.100983
Katherine Adriaanse , Tamara Morgan , Robin B. Gasser , Anson V. Koehler

Poor long-term survival (Mean = 2.16 y; 95% CI 1.68–2.65) was identified in a captive population of thorny devils (Moloch horridus) held at the Alice Springs Desert Park in the Northern Territory, Australia, over a period of 27 years. There was no significant difference in survival time (after acquisition) of wild-caught individuals compared captive born animals, or males compared to females. Limited information was available regarding the cause(s) of death for animals found dead or euthanased. Health of the live population at the time of the study (n = 14) was assessed by clinical history review, physical examination, and faecal examination. Large numbers of coccidian oocysts measuring 20–24 μm in diameter were identified upon faecal examination. Molecular investigation of genomic DNA from these samples identified Isospora amphiboluri based on the sequences of partial regions of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (cox1) and the nuclear small subunit of ribosomal RNA gene (SSU). Isospora amphiboluri was originally described from the bearded dragon (Pogona barbata) and has since been recorded in the inland bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps) and the central netted dragon (Ctenophorus nuchalis). The present case expands the host range for I. amphiboluri. Histological examination of tissues was not available, and therefore the potential role of I. amphiboluri in morbidity and mortality of M. horridus is not clear. Further research is required to understand if colonization with I. amphiboluri is pathogenic in this species.

在澳大利亚北部地区爱丽斯泉沙漠公园(Alice Springs Desert Park)圈养的荆棘魔鬼(Moloch horridus)种群中,发现其长期存活率较低(平均值 = 2.16 y; 95% CI 1.68-2.65),历时 27 年。野外捕获的个体与人工饲养的个体相比,存活时间(捕获后)没有明显差异,雄性与雌性也没有明显差异。有关死亡或安乐死动物的死因信息有限。通过临床病史回顾、体格检查和粪便检查评估了研究期间活体动物(n = 14)的健康状况。粪便检查发现了大量直径为 20-24 μm 的球虫卵囊。根据线粒体细胞色素 c 氧化酶亚单位 1 基因(cox1)和核糖体 RNA 小亚单位基因(SSU)部分区域的序列,对这些样本的基因组 DNA 进行了分子研究,确定了两栖伊索孢子虫。Isospora amphiboluri最初是在胡须龙(Pogona barbata)身上发现的,后来在内陆胡须龙(Pogona vitticeps)和中央网纹龙(Ctenophorus nuchalis)身上也有记录。本病例扩大了 I. amphiboluri 的宿主范围。由于没有对组织进行组织学检查,因此尚不清楚I. amphiboluri在M. horridus发病和死亡中的潜在作用。要了解 I. amphiboluri 在该物种中的定殖是否具有致病性,还需要进一步研究。
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引用次数: 0
The global prevalence of Toxocara canis among red foxes (Vulpes vulpes): A systematic review and meta-analysis 全球赤狐(Vulpes vulpes)中犬弓形虫的流行率:系统回顾与荟萃分析
IF 2 3区 医学 Q3 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2024.100984
Celia V. Holland , Zahra Geraili Afra , Soghra Valizadeh , Maryam Ebrahimi , Ali Rostami

Red foxes play a crucial role in the life cycle and transmission of zoonotic pathogens, including Toxocara canis; however, comprehensive information on the prevalence of T. canis in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) is lacking. In this meta-analysis we aimed to evaluate the global and regional prevalence of T. canis among red foxes. We searched PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar for studies reporting prevalence of T. canis in red foxes up to April 1, 2024. Using a random-effects model, we estimated pooled prevalences at global, regional, and national levels and assessed heterogeneity through subgroup and meta-regression analyses. The overall pooled global prevalence of T. canis infection in red foxes was 32.1% (95% CI, 28.5–35.6%), with the highest prevalence in Europe (34.6%, 30.9–38.3%) and the lowest in the Eastern Mediterranean (20.0%, 11.0–29.0%). In other regions, prevalences of Toxocara were as follows: Central Asia (33.1%, 26.8–39.4%), North America (23.6%, 10.6–36.6%), Western Pacific (21.3%, 5.2–37.4%), and Eastern Mediterranean & North Africa (20.0%, 11.0–29.0%). However, data from certain geographical regions are very limited (for example Greece, Austria, China and North Africa). Prevalence rates showed a decreasing trend over time. Subgroup analyses indicated higher prevalences in male red foxes (54.1%, 41.4–66.7%) compared to females (37.5%, 29.9–45.1%), and in juvenile red foxes (56.2%, 39.1–73.3%) compared to adults (33.4%, 23.2–43.6%). T. canis worm burdens were generally low, not exceeding an average of 4 worms per fox in most studies. Our findings reveal a substantial prevalence of T. canis infection in red fox populations worldwide (32.1%), highlighting their potentially significant role in perpetuating the transmission of infection to both companion animals and humans. Continued surveillance is essential to mitigate the risk of Toxocara transmission to companion animals and humans. However, a major remaining challenge is to assess the relative importance of the red fox as a contributor to environmental contamination with Toxocara ova. Further research is also needed to address study limitations and provide a complete global picture of T. canis epidemiology in red foxes and other wild animals, especially in underrepresented regions.

红狐在人畜共患病原体(包括犬科弓形虫)的生命周期和传播过程中扮演着至关重要的角色;然而,目前还缺乏有关犬科弓形虫在红狐(Vulpes vulpes)中流行情况的全面信息。在这项荟萃分析中,我们旨在评估全球和地区赤狐中犬弓形虫的流行情况。我们在 PubMed、Scopus 和 Google Scholar 上搜索了截至 2024 年 4 月 1 日报告赤狐犬疫病流行率的研究。我们使用随机效应模型估算了全球、地区和国家层面的汇总流行率,并通过亚组和元回归分析评估了异质性。红狐感染犬尾螨的全球总合流行率为 32.1%(95% CI,28.5-35.6%),欧洲流行率最高(34.6%,30.9-38.3%),地中海东部最低(20.0%,11.0-29.0%)。其他地区的弓形虫流行率如下:中亚(33.1%,26.8-39.4%)、北美洲(23.6%,10.6-36.6%)、西太平洋(21.3%,5.2-37.4%)、东地中海和北非(20.0%,11.0-29.0%)。然而,某些地理区域(如希腊、奥地利、中国和北非)的数据非常有限。随着时间的推移,患病率呈下降趋势。分组分析表明,雄性红狐(54.1%,41.4-66.7%)的患病率高于雌性(37.5%,29.9-45.1%),幼狐(56.2%,39.1-73.3%)的患病率高于成年狐(33.4%,23.2-43.6%)。红狐睾吸虫的感染率普遍较低,在大多数研究中,平均每只红狐的感染率不超过 4 条。我们的研究结果表明,全球范围内红狐的犬圆线虫感染率很高(32.1%),这表明红狐在向伴侣动物和人类传播感染方面可能扮演着重要角色。持续监测对于降低伴侣动物和人类感染弓形虫的风险至关重要。然而,剩下的一个主要挑战是评估红狐作为弓形虫卵污染环境的一个因素的相对重要性。此外,还需要开展进一步的研究,以解决研究的局限性,并提供有关红狐和其他野生动物(尤其是代表性不足的地区)中犬弓形虫流行病学的完整全球图景。
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引用次数: 0
Tick-borne piroplasms and trypanosomes incidentally detected in eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus) during a mortality and morbidity event in southern New South Wales, Australia 在澳大利亚新南威尔士州南部发生的一次死亡和发病事件中,在东部灰袋鼠(Macropus giganteus)体内偶然检测到蜱传皮罗浆虫和锥虫
IF 2 3区 医学 Q3 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2024.100982
Makenna Short , Kira Lowe , Michelle Michie , Ina Smith , Kim Blasdell , Alexander G. Maier , Alexander W. Gofton

Tick-borne haemoparasites, including piroplasms and trypanosomes, are almost ubiquitous in Australian wildlife, with some associated with health impacts to individual animals and declining wildlife populations. An array of ecologically distinct piroplasm and trypanosome species occur throughout Australia although many of these species and their sylvatic ecologies are poorly characterised. Between May 2022 and October 2023, an anecdotally reported localised eastern grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus) morbidity/mortality event occurred in coastal southern New South Wales, Australia, characterised by animals presenting with blindness, emaciation, lethargy, ataxia, and astasia. Here we used molecular techniques to identify tick-borne piroplasms (Babesia and Theileria) and trypanosomes in affected animals. Blood (n = 89) and liver (n = 19) samples were collected after the humane euthanasia of wild animals due to welfare concerns, and brief notes on the animal's health were recorded. In total, 20 (22.5%) animals were infected with tick-borne haemoparasites, including a novel Theileria sp. nov. (14, 15.7%), Babesia macropus (2, 2.2%), Trypanosoma gilletti (5, 5.6%), and Trypanosoma vegrandis (1, 1.1%). Liver samples were also screened for Wallal and Warego viruses due to animals' blindness, but were negative. This is the first report of T. gilletti and T. vegrandis in eastern grey kangaroos, although they have been previously reported in high numbers in ticks which commonly parasites this host. The novel Theileria sp. was previously reported in questing Ixodes holocyclus and in ticks from an opportunistically collected eastern grey kangaroo and red-necked wallaby (Notamacropus rufogriseus). However, we show for the first time this Theileria sp. can occur widely in eastern grey kangaroos. Ultimately, this small study did not intend, and is not able to draw inference regarding the pathogenicity of these haemoparasites to eastern grey kangaroos and it is likely that other factors, such as chronic Phalaris grass toxicity, had a role in this localised mortality/morbidity event.

蜱传寄生虫,包括螺浆虫和锥虫,在澳大利亚野生动物中几乎无处不在,其中一些还对动物个体的健康造成影响,并导致野生动物种群数量下降。澳大利亚各地存在一系列生态学上截然不同的螺浆虫和锥虫物种,但其中许多物种及其系统生态学特征尚不十分明确。2022 年 5 月至 2023 年 10 月期间,澳大利亚新南威尔士州南部沿海地区发生了一起东部灰袋鼠(Macropus giganteus)发病/死亡事件,动物表现为失明、消瘦、嗜睡、共济失调和哮喘。在此,我们使用分子技术鉴定了受影响动物体内的蜱传螺旋体(巴贝斯虫和泰勒虫)和锥虫。出于福利考虑,我们在对野生动物实施人道安乐术后采集了血液(89 例)和肝脏(19 例)样本,并简要记录了动物的健康状况。共有 20 只(22.5%)动物感染了蜱传血液寄生虫,其中包括一种新的 Theileria sp.(14 只,15.7%)、Babesia macropus(2 只,2.2%)、Trypanosoma gilletti(5 只,5.6%)和 Trypanosoma vegrandis(1 只,1.1%)。由于动物失明,还对肝脏样本进行了 Wallal 和 Warego 病毒检测,但结果均为阴性。这是首次报告在东部灰袋鼠体内发现 T. gilletti 和 T. vegrandis,尽管以前曾报告过它们大量存在于通常寄生于这一宿主的蜱虫体内。以前曾有报道称,这种新的 Theileria sp.存在于寻食的 Ixodes holocyclus 中,也存在于偶然采集到的东部灰袋鼠和红颈袋鼠(Notamacropus rufogriseus)的蜱虫中。不过,我们首次发现这种 Theileria sp.可能广泛存在于东部灰袋鼠体内。最终,这项小型研究并不打算也无法推断这些血寄生虫对东部灰袋鼠的致病性,很可能其他因素(如慢性法桐草毒性)在这一局部死亡/发病事件中起了作用。
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引用次数: 0
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International Journal for Parasitology-Parasites and Wildlife
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