Ima Fungus最新文献

The evolutionary history of crop pathogens is shaped by a complex interaction of natural and anthropogenic factors. The fungus Colletotrichumgraminicola causes maize anthracnose which results in significant yield losses worldwide. We conducted a comprehensive investigation into the evolutionary genomics of C.graminicola using a collection of 212 isolates from 17 countries across five continents. Genomic analyses supported the existence of three geographically isolated genetic lineages, with a significant pattern of isolation by distance. We identified two distinct gene flow patterns, driven by short- and long-distance dispersal, likely resulting from the natural spread of the pathogen and the exchange of contaminated seeds. We present evidence of genetic introgression between lineages, suggesting a long history of recombination. We identified significant recombination events coalescing at distinct points in time, with the North American lineage displaying evidence of the most ancient recombination. Demographic modelling has indicated that North America is an intermediate between Brazil, Europe and an ancestral, unsampled source population, which is hypothesised to be Mesoamerican. Our analyses revealed that the global genomic structure of C.graminicola is shaped by geographic differentiation driven by long-distance migration and a long history of recombination and introgression. We show historical relationships amongst these lineages, identifying a potential route for fungal spread, with the North American population emerging ancestrally, followed sequentially by the Brazilian and European populations. Our research indicates that the European lineage is more virulent, which has implications for the potential emergence of new outbreaks of maize anthracnose in Europe.

Morchella species have considerable significance in terrestrial ecosystems, exhibiting a range of ecological lifestyles along the saprotrophism-to-symbiosis continuum. However, the mitochondrial genomes of these ascomycetous fungi have not been thoroughly studied, thereby impeding a comprehensive understanding of their genetic makeup and ecological role. In this study, we analysed the mitogenomes of 30 Morchellaceae species, including yellow, black, blushing and false morels. These mitogenomes are either circular or linear DNA molecules with lengths ranging from 217 to 565 kbp and GC content ranging from 38% to 48%. Fifteen core protein-coding genes, 28-37 tRNA genes and 3-8 rRNA genes were identified in these Morchellaceae mitogenomes. The gene order demonstrated a high level of conservation, with the cox1 gene consistently positioned adjacent to the rnS gene and cob gene flanked by apt genes. Some exceptions were observed, such as the rearrangement of atp6 and rps3 in Morchellaimportuna and the reversed order of atp6 and atp8 in certain morel mitogenomes. However, the arrangement of the tRNA genes remains conserved. We additionally investigated the distribution and phylogeny of homing endonuclease genes (HEGs) of the LAGLIDADG (LAGs) and GIY-YIG (GIYs) families. A total of 925 LAG and GIY sequences were detected, with individual species containing 19-48HEGs. These HEGs were primarily located in the cox1, cob, cox2 and nad5 introns and their presence and distribution displayed significant diversity amongst morel species. These elements significantly contribute to shaping their mitogenome diversity. Overall, this study provides novel insights into the phylogeny and evolution of the Morchellaceae.

Shiraia-related species are well-known bambusicolous fungi in Dothideomycetes class, with high value in traditional medicine for producing hypocrellin, as an anticipated photosensitiser. The complete mitogenomes of hypocrellin-producing Pseudoshiraiaconidialis strains were analysed in the present study, with functional gene variations through comparative genomics and transcriptomics. Five strains (ZZZ816, CNUCC1353PR, JAP103846, CNUCC C72, CNUCC C151) were sequenced, which indicated similar genome characteristics. Two of them possess an extra atp6 gene, and the associated variable fragment "HSP1-HSP2-atp6_2" correlates closely with hypocrellin production capacity. Therefore, these five strains were divided into three groups: ZZZ816 and CNUCC1353PR possessing high production efficiency, CNUCC C72 and JAP103846 with low yield and CNUCC C151 as a transition type. The gene expression changes were screened under various conditions. ZZZ816-related species showed significant changes in mitochondrial genes, especially HSP1, HSP2 and atp6_2, linked closely to hypocrellin synthesis and stress response; rps3 expression also consistently correlated with hypocrellin production. JAP103846 group showed a stable expression pattern divergently, except for rps3 suppression by blue light. These findings would provide new insights into secondary metabolite regulation and ROS resistance. Above all, this study conducted the comprehensive analysis of Shiraia-like fungi mitogenomes and functional gene expression, which can update the understanding of fungal evolution and potential for improved hypocrellin production.

Turf-grasses are economically important horticultural crops, which have been utilised by humans to improve the environment for more than a thousand years. Turf-grasses are widely distributed in landscapes, slopes and sport fields, such as golf courses. Endophytic fungi are a resource of unexplored fungal diversity with potential bioactive compounds. In this study, culture-independent ITS amplicon sequencing and culture-dependent isolation methods were used to reveal fungal community in roots of the turf-grass Zoysiajaponica. A total of 317 OTUs were identified from root samples of Z.japonica by analysis of ITS amplicon reads. Fungal community was dominated by Sordariales (32.45%), followed by Chaetothyriales (18.16%), unknown taxa in Sordariomycetes (14.63%) and Pleosporales (12.48%). During isolation, 151 endophytic fungal strains were obtained from roots of Z.japonica and a variety of taxa were found by ITS amplification and sequencing. Moreover, 11 endophytic fungal species were further characterised in this study, based on morphological characterisation and multi-loci phylogenetic analysis, including Niessliadimorphospora, a newly-recorded species in Korea and 10 novel species (Dactylariahwasunensis sp. nov., Lophiostomajeollanense sp. nov., Magnaporthiopsiszoysiae sp. nov., Poaceascomaendophyticum sp. nov., P.koreanum sp. nov., P.magnum sp. nov., P.zoysiiradicicola sp. nov., Stagonosporaendophytica sp. nov., Setophomazoysiae sp. nov. and Pseudorhypophilapoae sp. nov.). Antifungal activities of these species were tested against the turf-grass brown patch pathogen Rhizoctoniasolani AG2-2(IIIB), with S.zoysiae being the best antagonist. In addition, butanol extract from mycelia of S.zoysiae strongly inhibited R.solani AG2-2(IIIB) in vitro and in planta. The results of this study expand the biodiversity of endophytic fungi and revealed potential biological resources for future turf-grass management and bioactive compound exploitation.

Daedaleopsissinensis is a crucial wood-decaying fungus with significant lignocellulose-degrading ability, which plays a vital role in the material cycle and energy flow of forest ecosystems. However, the mitochondrial genome of D.sinensis has not yet been revealed. In the present study, the complete mitochondrial genome of D.sinensis was assembled and compared with related species. The mitochondrial genome spans 69,155 bp and has a GC content of 25.0%. It comprises 15 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 26 transfer RNA genes, two ribosomal RNA genes and one DNA polymerase gene (dpo). Herein, we characterised and analysed the codon preferences, variation and evolution of PCGs, repeats, intron dynamics, as well as RNA editing events in the D.sinensis mitochondrial genome. Further, a phylogenetic analysis of D.sinensis and the other 86 Basidiomycota species was performed using mitochondrial genome data. The results revealed that four species, D.confragosa, D.sinensis, D.nitida and Fomesfomentarius, were grouped in a closely-related cluster with high support values, indicating that a close phylogenetic relationship existed between Daedaleopsis and Fomes. This study reported on the initial assembly and annotation of the mitochondrial genome of D.sinensis, which greatly improved the knowledge of the fungus. These results contribute to the limited understanding of the mitochondrial repository of wood-decaying fungi, thereby laying the foundation for subsequent research on fungal evolution and ecological functions.

Fungal fairy rings (FFR) are fascinating natural phenomena that have intrigued people and scientists for centuries. These patterns, often represented by circular distributions of altered vegetation, are found in grasslands and forest habitats. Fairy rings occur when fungi grow radially in the soil, raising from a central point, progressively degrading organic matter and thus affecting vegetation. The observation of such spatial patterns allows mycologists to conduct an in-depth analysis of the role of fungi in ecosystems. This review presents the current knowledge and scientific advancement of the studies of FFRs. An historical appraisal from the most representative pioneer studies until recent works is presented in different scientific fields, including microbiology, chemistry, botany and ecology. Based on a deep analysis of bibliographic data, we synopsised different aspects of FFRs: i) history of studies, ii) taxonomy, iii) ecology (environmental conditions and biogeography), iv) classification of vegetation patterns, v) spatial dynamics, vi) role as ecosystem engineer (impact on soil chemistry, plants and microbiota). In conclusion, beside still open research areas requiring further investigation, a schematic functional model of fungal fairy rings is proposed, in which on one hand the dynamics of the fungal mycelium is explained by self-DNA accumulation and the build-up of autotoxicity. On the other hand, the effects of fungi on plants are related to the intermingled and differently spatially distributed effects of hydrophobicity, phytotoxicity and phytostimulation.

Astertataricus is a plant used in Traditional Chinese Medicine. From its roots, we isolated four endophytic fungi strains. After mass spectrometry analysis and subsequent molecular networking and dereplication, one of the strain's extracts showed a cluster of yet undescribed natural products. Additionally, the extract was found to be lethal for the nematode Caenorhabditiselegans and cytotoxic against eukaryotic cell lines. The fungal strain was characterized by morphological and molecular studies, allowing its description as a new species in the genus Tengochaeta (Chaetomiaceae), Tengochaetabulbillosa. After cultivation and extraction of the strain, the major secondary metabolites were isolated. Structure elucidation based on nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry revealed these compounds to be five new azaphilones. Additionally, the localization of these azaphilones in the host plant was studied by mass spectrometry imaging of different plant tissues, revealing that they were mainly localized in the aerial parts of the plant. The main compound, bulbillosin A, was evaluated for its activity against sixty cancer cell lines, revealing a differential cytotoxicity profile.

Myxomycetes are a unique branch of life, recognisable by sporophores showing a fungus-like dispersal biology. These structures bear nearly all diagnostic characters for species identification and develop by rapid transformation of plasmodia. During this short period of time, external factors can significantly influence the formation of morphological characters. Therefore, the description of a new species must be carried out with utmost care. Over the last 50 years, approximately 10-15 new species of myxomycetes have been described per year and only some of the latest publications underpin this with molecular data. In this paper, we discuss a set of recommendations for the description of myxomycete species new to science, striving for the following goals: (i) to minimise the number of erroneous descriptions of the species, whose names later have to be put into synonymy; (ii) to make all respective data easily accessible for the scientific community; and (iii) to comply with existing rules of nomenclature. We recommend (1) whenever possible not to describe a new taxon from a single specimen; however, an exception could be made only if supported by molecular data and by unique morphological characters which are unlikely to fall in the range of infraspecific variation of related species; (2) preparing detailed descriptions, including data on developmental stages, microhabitats, ecology, phenology and associated species; (3) providing at least two independent diagnostic characters that tell the new species apart from all others; (4) obtaining a molecular barcode and, whenever possible, providing proof for reproductive isolation of the new species from related taxa; and (5) depositing type specimens in public herbaria. To comply with nomenclatural rules, (6) the new name must be registered in a recognised repository, (7) all published names should be checked for usability before proposing a new name and (8) a unique name should be chosen, preferably highlighting a distinct character of the new species.

The genus Strobilomyces, representing a diverse and widespread group of ectomycorrhizal mushroom-forming fungi, plays a crucial ecological and economical role. However, until now, a comprehensive description of its mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) has been lacking. In our current study, we have successfully assembled and analysed the mitogenomes of five Strobilomyces species. These mitogenomes span a range from 35,618 base pairs (bp) to 42,088 bp, exhibiting a higher nucleotide abundance of AT compared to GC. All five mitogenomes harbour 14 conserved protein-coding genes (PCGs), two ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) and 24 transfer RNAs (tRNAs). Notably, the overall ratio of Ka/Ks for all PCGs was found to be less than 1.0, indicating that these genes have undergone purifying selection during evolution. Intriguingly, the mitogenomic comparison revealed two instances of gene re-arrangement, which were directly linked to the geographical distribution of the Strobilomyces species. The concatenated mitochondrial PCGs (mtPCGs) and nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) phylogenies displayed a robust congruent topology at the family level. Specifically, the Strobilomyces species clustered together and formed sister relationship with other Boletaceae species in the mtPCGs tree. In contrast, the Strobilomyces species grouped at the base of the nrDNA tree when concerning Boletaceae. This study represents the first report on the mitogenomes of the Strobilomyces genus, providing valuable insights into fungal evolution within Boletales.

Fungi are a highly diverse group of organisms, of which only a small subset has been taken into cultivation for application in biotechnology and food industry. Accordingly, outside of a few model species, there is a lack of knowledge about the isolation and cultivation of fungi. In this study, we isolated 17 wild strains of 14 different species of edible, mushroom-forming fungi growing in Swedish nature. We documented their growth rates under different temperatures, investigated their fruiting characteristics, and compared the results to data obtained from common laboratory strains. Our results show that the strains from commercially cultivated species have a higher mycelial growth rate and tend to grow faster at higher temperatures than strains from less frequently cultivated species. The fruiting experiments led to successful fruiting of four newly collected wild strains, belonging to the species Hericiumcoralloides, Pleurotuspulmonarius, and Schizophyllumcommune. Although some strains fruited on potato dextrose agar (PDA), more specific substrates such as straw or birch pellets indicated more potential for mushroom production. All newly isolated strains of this study have been deposited at the Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute (CBS) collection and are thereby made available for further studies and/or use in application in the food industry or biotechnology. Two species isolated in this study are entirely novel to widely used culture collections, and for nine species no Swedish strain has been deposited previously. The description of the mycelial growth and fruiting of the isolated strains in this study is a first step on their way to further use.