HOW BIRDS EVOLVE: WHAT SCIENCE REVEALS ABOUT THEIR ORIGIN, LIVES & DIVERSITY. Douglas J. Futuyma. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ. 2021: ix þ 269 pages, 24 color plates in one color signature, 57 figures, 3 tables. ISBN 978-0-6911-8262-9 (hardback).—Douglas J. Futuyma is a distinguished evolutionary biologist based at Stony Brook University, New York. A member of the National Academy of Sciences and recipient of numerous honors, he is perhaps most known for his widely used college level text Evolution as well as for other books dealing with evolutionary biology. He is not an ornithologist but most certainly qualifies as an avid birder who has traveled widely in the world specifically to enjoy birds, a point he makes throughout this book. How Birds Evolve is a concise but nonetheless sweeping review of much of what is presently known about avian evolution as it relates to almost all facets of avian natural history. The book breaks no new ground nor is it meant to as it is written for a general audience. What Futuyma accomplishes is a succinct but masterful account that fully engages the reader. Futuyma presents numerous questions that routinely occur to students of ornithology as well as astute birders when observing and thinking about why birds are what they are and do what they do. Examples used are well known to those of us who study and teach ornithology and Futuyma adeptly explains each of them. His choice of examples is admirable. Many examples include molecular and cladistic studies, all written with a clarity that should keep even the most ‘‘molecularly challenged’’ reader engaged. I admired how Futuyma explains complex topics such as the various models for sexual selection, life cycle evolution, what adaptation is, and how it is studied and measured. Each of the 12 chapters explains a particular facet of avian evolution: the avian tree of life, emergence of birds from dinosaurs, how bird populations change and adapt, variation within species, evolution of adaptations, life cycle evolution, sexual selection, avian social life, speciation, global avian diversity, and extinction possibilities in light of climate change and habitat alteration. Each chapter has numbered citations listed in chapter end notes and there is a thorough bibliography and index. The chapter titles are meant to engage the reader; ‘‘The Ruff and the Cuckoo’’ (chapter 5), ‘‘Hoatzin and Hummingbirds’’ (chapter 6), ‘‘Owls and Albatrosses’’ (chapter 7), but the chapter titles are a bit misleading as the named birds form only a part of each chapter with many more examples included. The chapter subtitles offer more clarity. For example, the Ruff and the cuckoo are discussed as examples of ‘‘Variation within Species,’’ along with other examples such as crossbills, Gouldian Finch, White-throated Sparrow, and buteo hawks. Chapter 9, ‘‘Anis, Swallows, and Bee-eaters,’’ is focused on ‘‘The Social Life of Birds.’’ Futuyma writes with a light touch and frequently inserts r
鸟类是如何进化的:科学揭示了它们的起源、生活和多样性。Douglas J. Futuyma。普林斯顿大学出版社，普林斯顿，新泽西2021年:269页，24个彩色版，57个数字，3个表格。ISBN 978-0-6911-8262-9(精装本)。douglas J. Futuyma是纽约石溪大学杰出的进化生物学家。作为美国国家科学院院士和众多荣誉的获得者，他最为人所知的可能是他广泛使用的大学水平教材《进化》以及其他有关进化生物学的书籍。他不是一名鸟类学家，但他绝对有资格成为一名狂热的观鸟者，他在世界各地旅行，就是为了欣赏鸟类，这一点他贯穿全书。鸟类是如何进化的是一个简洁的，但仍然是广泛的审查，目前已知的鸟类进化，因为它涉及鸟类自然历史的几乎所有方面。这本书没有突破，也不是它的本意，因为它是为普通读者写的。Futuyma所做的是一个简洁而娴熟的叙述，充分吸引了读者。Futuyma提出了许多问题，这些问题经常出现在鸟类学学生和精明的观鸟者身上，当他们观察和思考为什么鸟类是这样的，为什么它们会这样做。对于我们这些研究和教授鸟类学的人来说，所使用的例子是众所周知的，Futuyma熟练地解释了每一个例子。他选择的例子令人钦佩。许多例子包括分子和进化研究，所有这些都写得很清楚，即使是最“分子挑战”的读者也会参与其中。我欣赏Futuyma如何解释复杂的话题，比如性选择的各种模型，生命周期进化，什么是适应，以及如何研究和测量适应。12章中的每一章都解释了鸟类进化的一个特定方面:鸟类生命之树、鸟类从恐龙进化而来、鸟类种群如何变化和适应、物种内变异、适应进化、生命周期进化、性选择、鸟类社会生活、物种形成、全球鸟类多样性以及在气候变化和栖息地改变的情况下灭绝的可能性。每章都有编号的引文列在章末注释，并有一个全面的参考书目和索引。章节标题是为了吸引读者;“鲁夫和布谷鸟”(第5章)，“霍兹和蜂鸟”(第6章)，“猫头鹰和信天翁”(第7章)，但章节标题有点误导，因为命名的鸟类只是每一章的一部分，还有更多的例子。章节字幕提供了更清晰的内容。例如，鲁夫和杜鹃被作为“物种内变异”的例子，以及其他例子，如交叉鸟、高氏雀、白喉麻雀和金头鹰。第9章“Anis, Swallows, and Bee-eaters”的重点是“鸟类的社会生活”。Futuyma以轻松的笔触写作，并经常插入他自己的全球观鸟之旅，这是他明显庞大的生活清单中最喜欢的一些“蜱虫”。这本书以一种舒适的节奏向前推进，没有陷入鸟类学内部的争论。例如，书中没有提到关于鸟类起源的争论，也没有提到齿形兽或兽脚亚目恐龙。虽然兽脚亚目恐龙的起源现在被几乎所有的鸟类学家所接受，但读者得到的印象是，通往知识的道路绝非一帆风顺。这就引出了一个重要的问题:谁是这本书的读者?所讨论的主题在现存的鸟类学教科书中都有很好的涵盖，这些教科书在大学水平的鸟类学课程中占主导地位。令人怀疑的是，教授们是否会把《鸟类如何进化》作为他们课程的必备书，甚至作为补充读物。同时，我强烈地感觉到鸟类学家和他们的学生将从阅读这本书中获益。对于教师来说，它为组织课堂主题和例子提供了一个很好的入门和大纲。外行读者和业余鸟类学家显然会从了解进化在鸟类的各个方面是多么普遍中受益。Futuyma指出，查尔斯·达尔文在《人类的起源》中有241页关于鸟类的内容，在《自然选择》中有575页关于鸟类的例子
{"title":"Ornithological Literature","authors":"B. Beehler","doi":"10.1676/22-00035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1676/22-00035","url":null,"abstract":"HOW BIRDS EVOLVE: WHAT SCIENCE REVEALS ABOUT THEIR ORIGIN, LIVES & DIVERSITY. Douglas J. Futuyma. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ. 2021: ix þ 269 pages, 24 color plates in one color signature, 57 figures, 3 tables. ISBN 978-0-6911-8262-9 (hardback).—Douglas J. Futuyma is a distinguished evolutionary biologist based at Stony Brook University, New York. A member of the National Academy of Sciences and recipient of numerous honors, he is perhaps most known for his widely used college level text Evolution as well as for other books dealing with evolutionary biology. He is not an ornithologist but most certainly qualifies as an avid birder who has traveled widely in the world specifically to enjoy birds, a point he makes throughout this book. How Birds Evolve is a concise but nonetheless sweeping review of much of what is presently known about avian evolution as it relates to almost all facets of avian natural history. The book breaks no new ground nor is it meant to as it is written for a general audience. What Futuyma accomplishes is a succinct but masterful account that fully engages the reader. Futuyma presents numerous questions that routinely occur to students of ornithology as well as astute birders when observing and thinking about why birds are what they are and do what they do. Examples used are well known to those of us who study and teach ornithology and Futuyma adeptly explains each of them. His choice of examples is admirable. Many examples include molecular and cladistic studies, all written with a clarity that should keep even the most ‘‘molecularly challenged’’ reader engaged. I admired how Futuyma explains complex topics such as the various models for sexual selection, life cycle evolution, what adaptation is, and how it is studied and measured. Each of the 12 chapters explains a particular facet of avian evolution: the avian tree of life, emergence of birds from dinosaurs, how bird populations change and adapt, variation within species, evolution of adaptations, life cycle evolution, sexual selection, avian social life, speciation, global avian diversity, and extinction possibilities in light of climate change and habitat alteration. Each chapter has numbered citations listed in chapter end notes and there is a thorough bibliography and index. The chapter titles are meant to engage the reader; ‘‘The Ruff and the Cuckoo’’ (chapter 5), ‘‘Hoatzin and Hummingbirds’’ (chapter 6), ‘‘Owls and Albatrosses’’ (chapter 7), but the chapter titles are a bit misleading as the named birds form only a part of each chapter with many more examples included. The chapter subtitles offer more clarity. For example, the Ruff and the cuckoo are discussed as examples of ‘‘Variation within Species,’’ along with other examples such as crossbills, Gouldian Finch, White-throated Sparrow, and buteo hawks. Chapter 9, ‘‘Anis, Swallows, and Bee-eaters,’’ is focused on ‘‘The Social Life of Birds.’’ Futuyma writes with a light touch and frequently inserts r","PeriodicalId":54404,"journal":{"name":"Wilson Journal Of Ornithology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43299049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT The young of some altricial bird species hatch asynchronously, which can lead to considerable size differences among siblings. Nestling traits such as body mass, moreover, can carry over and influence post-fledging survival. Despite the potential importance of nestling mass for reproductive outcomes, however, variation in nestling mass and relationships with brood size has been described and quantified rarely. We weighed 453 nestlings from 148 nests of 3 sympatric, sagebrush-associated songbird species in Wyoming, USA, to describe the range of intrabrood mass differences. Intrabrood differences in nestling mass were greatest for the largest species, the Sage Thrasher (Oreoscoptes montanus), for which the smallest nestling in a brood was on average 26.2% smaller than the largest. The smaller Vesper Sparrow (Pooecetes gramineus) and Brewer's Sparrow (Spizella breweri) exhibited similar intrabrood mass ratios, with the smallest nestling being 17.4% and 18.4% smaller on average than the largest for the 2 species, respectively. For each additional nestling within a brood, the smallest nestling was an additional 6.6–13.6% smaller than the largest nestling, depending on species. Understanding the extent of intrabrood variation in nestling traits has important implications for the productivity of species facing unpredictable environments. RESUMEN (Spanish) Los polluelos de algunas especies de aves altriciales eclosionan asincrónicamente, lo que puede tener como consecuencia diferencias considerables en el tamaño de los polluelos de una misma nidada. Las características de los polluelos, como la masa corporal, pueden además influenciar la sobrevivencia posemancipatoria. Pese a la importancia potencial de la masa de los polluelos en el resultado reproductivo, la variación en la masa de los polluelos y su relación con el tamaño de la nidada han sido raramente cuantificadas. Pesamos 453 polluelos de 148 nidos de 3 especies simpátricas de pájaros asociados al matorral de artemisa en Wyoming, EUA, para describir el rango de diferencias de masa al interior de cada nidada. Las diferencias al interior de cada nidada fueron más grandes para las especies más grandes. En el cuitlacoche Oreoscoptes montanus el polluelo más pequeño fue en promedio 26.2% menor que el más grande. El ligeramente más pequeño gorrión Pooecetes gramineus y el gorrión Spizella breweri mostraron proporciones de masa intranidada similares, con el polluelo más pequeño siendo 17.4% y 18.4% menor que el más grande para las 2 especies, respectivamente. Para cada polluelo adicional al interior de una nidada, el polluelo más pequeño fue 6.6–13.6% más pequeño que el polluelo más grande, dependiendo de la especie. Entender la cantidad de variación intranidada en las características de los polluelos tiene implicaciones importantes para la productividad de las especies en ambientes impredecibles. Palabras clave: aves canoras, masa, masa intranidada, matorral de aremisa, polluelo.
一些晚熟鸟类的幼鸟是不同步孵化的，这可能导致兄弟姐妹之间的体型差异很大。此外，雏鸟的体重等特征可以延续并影响雏鸟后的生存。尽管雏鸟质量对繁殖结果具有潜在的重要性，但雏鸟质量的变化及其与育雏规模的关系很少被描述和量化。在美国怀俄明州，我们对3种同域的山艾树相关鸣禽的148个巢中的453个雏鸟进行了称重，以描述巢内质量差异的范围。巢内雏鸟质量的差异以最大的种长尾沙鼠(Oreoscoptes montanus)最大，巢内最小的雏鸟比最大的雏鸟平均小26.2%。小麻雀(Pooecetes gramineus)和小麻雀(Spizella breweri)的巢内质量比相似，最小的雏鸟比最大的雏鸟平均小17.4%和18.4%。每增加一个雏鸟，最小的雏鸟比最大的雏鸟小6.6-13.6%，具体取决于物种。了解雏鸟性状的居内变异程度对面临不可预测环境的物种的生产力具有重要意义。RESUMEN(西班牙语)Los polluelos de algunas species de aves altriciciales eclosionan asincrónicamente, lo que puede tener como consecuenccia differentiia en tamaño de Los polluelos de una misma nidada。Las características de los polluelos, como la masa corporal, pueden además influenar la sobrevivencia posemancipatoria。这是一项非常重要的研究，研究了污染监测的潜力和生殖结果，研究了variación污染监测的潜力和生殖结果，研究了relación和tamaño污染监测的潜力和生殖结果。Pesamos 453污染物，148个物种，3个物种simpátricas de pájaros美国怀俄明州的野生动物，para description el rango，物种差异，物种内部，加拿大。加拿大植物内部的不同之处más grandes para as species más grandes。enel cuitlacoche Oreoscoptes montanes el polluelo más pequeño fueenpromedio 26.2% menmenque el más grande。El ligeramente más pequeño gorrión Pooecetes gramineus y El gorrión Spizella breweri mostraron proporciones de masa intranidada similares, con El polluelo más pequeño siendo 17.4%和18.4% menor que El más grande para分别为2种。Para cada polluelo adional de una nidada, el polluelo más pequeño fue 6.6-13.6% más pequeño que el polluelo más grande, dependentdo de la especie。endender la cantidad de variación inidada和las características de los pollueles的影响，重要的是对生产力的影响，以及在环境中不可思议的变化。菜花:菜花、菜花、菜花、菜花、菜花、菜花。
{"title":"Intrabrood variation in nestling mass among three sagebrush-associated songbirds","authors":"Ashleigh M. Rhea, J. Carlisle, A. Chalfoun","doi":"10.1676/21-00047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1676/21-00047","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The young of some altricial bird species hatch asynchronously, which can lead to considerable size differences among siblings. Nestling traits such as body mass, moreover, can carry over and influence post-fledging survival. Despite the potential importance of nestling mass for reproductive outcomes, however, variation in nestling mass and relationships with brood size has been described and quantified rarely. We weighed 453 nestlings from 148 nests of 3 sympatric, sagebrush-associated songbird species in Wyoming, USA, to describe the range of intrabrood mass differences. Intrabrood differences in nestling mass were greatest for the largest species, the Sage Thrasher (Oreoscoptes montanus), for which the smallest nestling in a brood was on average 26.2% smaller than the largest. The smaller Vesper Sparrow (Pooecetes gramineus) and Brewer's Sparrow (Spizella breweri) exhibited similar intrabrood mass ratios, with the smallest nestling being 17.4% and 18.4% smaller on average than the largest for the 2 species, respectively. For each additional nestling within a brood, the smallest nestling was an additional 6.6–13.6% smaller than the largest nestling, depending on species. Understanding the extent of intrabrood variation in nestling traits has important implications for the productivity of species facing unpredictable environments. RESUMEN (Spanish) Los polluelos de algunas especies de aves altriciales eclosionan asincrónicamente, lo que puede tener como consecuencia diferencias considerables en el tamaño de los polluelos de una misma nidada. Las características de los polluelos, como la masa corporal, pueden además influenciar la sobrevivencia posemancipatoria. Pese a la importancia potencial de la masa de los polluelos en el resultado reproductivo, la variación en la masa de los polluelos y su relación con el tamaño de la nidada han sido raramente cuantificadas. Pesamos 453 polluelos de 148 nidos de 3 especies simpátricas de pájaros asociados al matorral de artemisa en Wyoming, EUA, para describir el rango de diferencias de masa al interior de cada nidada. Las diferencias al interior de cada nidada fueron más grandes para las especies más grandes. En el cuitlacoche Oreoscoptes montanus el polluelo más pequeño fue en promedio 26.2% menor que el más grande. El ligeramente más pequeño gorrión Pooecetes gramineus y el gorrión Spizella breweri mostraron proporciones de masa intranidada similares, con el polluelo más pequeño siendo 17.4% y 18.4% menor que el más grande para las 2 especies, respectivamente. Para cada polluelo adicional al interior de una nidada, el polluelo más pequeño fue 6.6–13.6% más pequeño que el polluelo más grande, dependiendo de la especie. Entender la cantidad de variación intranidada en las características de los polluelos tiene implicaciones importantes para la productividad de las especies en ambientes impredecibles. Palabras clave: aves canoras, masa, masa intranidada, matorral de aremisa, polluelo.","PeriodicalId":54404,"journal":{"name":"Wilson Journal Of Ornithology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49021991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT Breeding ecology plays a crucial role in avian fitness and evolution, yet basic life history is understudied for many species. Species with large distributions over a breadth of latitudes may have different strategies regarding reproduction in the northern or southern extents of their range, but those differences could be overlooked due to a sparsity of published information. Rock Wrens (Salpinctes obsoletus) are migratory in the northern part of their range, territorial, and monogamous songbirds with populations thought to be in decline. We collected natural history information on 21 mated pairs from a migratory population in northern Colorado to describe nesting ecology and reproductive success. We evaluated nesting life-history traits and parental care throughout the breeding season at 12 monitored nests. Results indicated that 42.9% of nests fledged at least 1 chick, with means (±SD) of 5.63 ± 1 eggs per clutch, 3.44 ± 0.53 hatchlings per nest, and 2.67 ± 0.5 fledglings per nest. Mean duration of egg incubation was 15.10 ± 0.32 d with 29.11 ± 1.27 total days of eggs and chicks in the nest. Camera trapping revealed male Rock Wrens did the majority of prey delivery to chicks in the first 5 d post-hatching and fed chicks a range of prey species. The population reproductive success was mostly affected by nest predation, where predators included bullsnakes (Pituophis catenifer) and prairie rattlesnakes (Crotalus viridis). Outcomes provide the first estimates of sex-specific parental feeding behavior for this species, and document new nest predation threats. Breeding biology metrics of the studied migratory population were similar to those of sedentary populations, suggesting that knowledge gained from local studies will have relevance across the range of this widely distributed species. RÉSUMÉ (French) L'écologie de la reproduction joue un rôle crucial dans l'aptitude à survivre et l'évolution des oiseaux, mais l'histoire de la vie de base est sous-étudiée pour de nombreuses espèces. Les espèces ayant une large répartition sur une large gamme de latitudes peuvent avoir des stratégies différentes en ce qui concerne la reproduction dans les limites nord et sud de leur aire de répartition, mais ces différences pourraient être négligées en raison de la rareté des informations publiées. L'espèce Salpinctes obsoletus est un oiseau chanteur migrateur au nord de leur repartition, territorial, et monogame dont les populations seraient en déclin. Nous avons collecté des informations sur l'histoire naturelle de 21 couples accouplés d'une population du nord du Colorado pour décrire l'écologie de la nidification et le succès de reproduction. Nous avons évalué les traits d'histoire de vie de nidification et les soins parentaux tout au long de la saison de reproduction pour 12 nids surveillés. Les résultats ont indiqué que 42,9% des nids avaient au moins un poussin, avec des moyennes (±SD) de 5,63 ± 1 œufs par couvée, 3,44 ± 0,53 nouveau-nés par nid et
{"title":"Breeding biology and reproductive success of Rock Wrens (Salpinctes obsoletus) in northern Colorado","authors":"Steph Pitt, Lauryn Benedict","doi":"10.1676/21-00077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1676/21-00077","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Breeding ecology plays a crucial role in avian fitness and evolution, yet basic life history is understudied for many species. Species with large distributions over a breadth of latitudes may have different strategies regarding reproduction in the northern or southern extents of their range, but those differences could be overlooked due to a sparsity of published information. Rock Wrens (Salpinctes obsoletus) are migratory in the northern part of their range, territorial, and monogamous songbirds with populations thought to be in decline. We collected natural history information on 21 mated pairs from a migratory population in northern Colorado to describe nesting ecology and reproductive success. We evaluated nesting life-history traits and parental care throughout the breeding season at 12 monitored nests. Results indicated that 42.9% of nests fledged at least 1 chick, with means (±SD) of 5.63 ± 1 eggs per clutch, 3.44 ± 0.53 hatchlings per nest, and 2.67 ± 0.5 fledglings per nest. Mean duration of egg incubation was 15.10 ± 0.32 d with 29.11 ± 1.27 total days of eggs and chicks in the nest. Camera trapping revealed male Rock Wrens did the majority of prey delivery to chicks in the first 5 d post-hatching and fed chicks a range of prey species. The population reproductive success was mostly affected by nest predation, where predators included bullsnakes (Pituophis catenifer) and prairie rattlesnakes (Crotalus viridis). Outcomes provide the first estimates of sex-specific parental feeding behavior for this species, and document new nest predation threats. Breeding biology metrics of the studied migratory population were similar to those of sedentary populations, suggesting that knowledge gained from local studies will have relevance across the range of this widely distributed species. RÉSUMÉ (French) L'écologie de la reproduction joue un rôle crucial dans l'aptitude à survivre et l'évolution des oiseaux, mais l'histoire de la vie de base est sous-étudiée pour de nombreuses espèces. Les espèces ayant une large répartition sur une large gamme de latitudes peuvent avoir des stratégies différentes en ce qui concerne la reproduction dans les limites nord et sud de leur aire de répartition, mais ces différences pourraient être négligées en raison de la rareté des informations publiées. L'espèce Salpinctes obsoletus est un oiseau chanteur migrateur au nord de leur repartition, territorial, et monogame dont les populations seraient en déclin. Nous avons collecté des informations sur l'histoire naturelle de 21 couples accouplés d'une population du nord du Colorado pour décrire l'écologie de la nidification et le succès de reproduction. Nous avons évalué les traits d'histoire de vie de nidification et les soins parentaux tout au long de la saison de reproduction pour 12 nids surveillés. Les résultats ont indiqué que 42,9% des nids avaient au moins un poussin, avec des moyennes (±SD) de 5,63 ± 1 œufs par couvée, 3,44 ± 0,53 nouveau-nés par nid et ","PeriodicalId":54404,"journal":{"name":"Wilson Journal Of Ornithology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49638628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Aves de Peninsula Valdés/Birds of Peninsula Valdés. 2021.","authors":"Augustin Esmoris","doi":"10.1676/22-00033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1676/22-00033","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54404,"journal":{"name":"Wilson Journal Of Ornithology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46108573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Vagrancy in Birds.","authors":"Daniel S. Cooper","doi":"10.1676/22-00032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1676/22-00032","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54404,"journal":{"name":"Wilson Journal Of Ornithology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46089565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT Molt migration is an annual movement from the breeding grounds to a different, distant molting area often north of the breeding grounds. Such movements are only completed by a segment of a population, typically nonbreeding individuals or failed breeders. Although molt migration is common among waterfowl, especially large-bodied species such as geese, it remains unknown whether the Trumpeter Swan (Cygnus buccinator), a species whose population is rapidly growing and expanding throughout the mid-continental United States, engages in molt migration. Here, we provide the first empirical description of an apparent molt migration of a nonbreeding male Trumpeter Swan using location data collected by a GPS-GSM collar. The swan departed its natal wetland in north-central Iowa, USA, on 1 June 2019 and arrived at a complex of small wetlands near Great Slave Lake in the Northwest Territories, Canada, on 4 July 2019, a straight-line distance of 2,420 km. For the next 43 d, the swan restricted its movements to a small wetland with a mean distance between sequential points of 126.15 m (range = 0.33–2,910.72 m), suggesting it was flightless during this time period. Both the timing and duration of this presumed flightless period coincide with the second prebasic molt in swans. RESUMEN (Spanish) La muda durante la migración es un movimiento anual del área de reproducción a una diferente área para la muda, frecuentemente al norte de sus áreas reproductivas. Dichos movimientos solamente son completados por un segmento de la población, típicamente individuos no-reproductivos o anidantes fallidos. Aunque la muda durante la migración es común entre aves acuáticas, especialmente especies de tamaño grande como los gansos, aún desconocemos si el cisne Cygnus buccinator, una especie cuya población está creciendo rápidamente y expandiéndose a lo largo de la región continental media de los Estados Unidos, tiene muda de migración. Aquí damos la primera descripción empírica de una aparente muda de migración en un macho no-reproductivo de este cisne, usando datos de localidades colectadas por medio de un collar GPS-GSM. El cisne partió de su humedal natal en Iowa norcentral, EUA, el 1 de junio de 2019 y llegó a un complejo de pequeños humedales cerca del lago Great Slave en Northwest Territories, Canadá, el 4 de julio de 2019, una distancia lineal de 2,420 km. Por los próximos 43 d, el cisne limitó sus movimientos a un pequeño humedal con una distancia lineal entre puntos secuenciales de 126.15 m (rango = 0.33–2,910.72 m), lo que sugiere que no podía volar durante este periodo. Ambos, la temporalidad y duración de este periodo presumiblemente sin volar coinciden con la segunda muda prebásica en cisnes. Palabras clave: aves acuáticas, Iowa, movimiento, reintroducción, transmisor GPS-GSM.
{"title":"First documented molt migration of a wild Trumpeter Swan (Cygnus buccinator)","authors":"Tyler M. Harms, S. Dinsmore","doi":"10.1676/21-00055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1676/21-00055","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Molt migration is an annual movement from the breeding grounds to a different, distant molting area often north of the breeding grounds. Such movements are only completed by a segment of a population, typically nonbreeding individuals or failed breeders. Although molt migration is common among waterfowl, especially large-bodied species such as geese, it remains unknown whether the Trumpeter Swan (Cygnus buccinator), a species whose population is rapidly growing and expanding throughout the mid-continental United States, engages in molt migration. Here, we provide the first empirical description of an apparent molt migration of a nonbreeding male Trumpeter Swan using location data collected by a GPS-GSM collar. The swan departed its natal wetland in north-central Iowa, USA, on 1 June 2019 and arrived at a complex of small wetlands near Great Slave Lake in the Northwest Territories, Canada, on 4 July 2019, a straight-line distance of 2,420 km. For the next 43 d, the swan restricted its movements to a small wetland with a mean distance between sequential points of 126.15 m (range = 0.33–2,910.72 m), suggesting it was flightless during this time period. Both the timing and duration of this presumed flightless period coincide with the second prebasic molt in swans. RESUMEN (Spanish) La muda durante la migración es un movimiento anual del área de reproducción a una diferente área para la muda, frecuentemente al norte de sus áreas reproductivas. Dichos movimientos solamente son completados por un segmento de la población, típicamente individuos no-reproductivos o anidantes fallidos. Aunque la muda durante la migración es común entre aves acuáticas, especialmente especies de tamaño grande como los gansos, aún desconocemos si el cisne Cygnus buccinator, una especie cuya población está creciendo rápidamente y expandiéndose a lo largo de la región continental media de los Estados Unidos, tiene muda de migración. Aquí damos la primera descripción empírica de una aparente muda de migración en un macho no-reproductivo de este cisne, usando datos de localidades colectadas por medio de un collar GPS-GSM. El cisne partió de su humedal natal en Iowa norcentral, EUA, el 1 de junio de 2019 y llegó a un complejo de pequeños humedales cerca del lago Great Slave en Northwest Territories, Canadá, el 4 de julio de 2019, una distancia lineal de 2,420 km. Por los próximos 43 d, el cisne limitó sus movimientos a un pequeño humedal con una distancia lineal entre puntos secuenciales de 126.15 m (rango = 0.33–2,910.72 m), lo que sugiere que no podía volar durante este periodo. Ambos, la temporalidad y duración de este periodo presumiblemente sin volar coinciden con la segunda muda prebásica en cisnes. Palabras clave: aves acuáticas, Iowa, movimiento, reintroducción, transmisor GPS-GSM.","PeriodicalId":54404,"journal":{"name":"Wilson Journal Of Ornithology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49459571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT Colonial nesting is associated with numerous costs and benefits that may either increase or decrease fitness of individuals in colonies. Fitness can vary as a function of the location within colonies and individuals may attempt to improve their fitness by changing their nesting location between years. We used a 24 year data set on nest locations within the Tutakoke River Black Brant (Branta bernicla nigricans) colony on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta in western Alaska and multi-state capture-mark-recapture models to study the movement of individuals between 2 spatial strata in the colony separated by the Tutakoke River. We found that individuals nesting in a stratum that experienced higher levels of predation by arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus) were 3 times more likely to move to the other stratum than vice versa, despite slightly higher risk of tidal flooding in the second stratum. These results suggest that Black Brant changed nest locations in an attempt to maximize reproductive fitness and they are consistent with a long-term shift in nest density over the course of the study. RESUMEN (Spanish) La anidación en colonias está asociada con numerosos costos y beneficios que pueden aumentar o reducir la sobrevivencia de individuos en colonias. La sobrevivencia puede variar en función de la localización del nido al interior de la colonia y los individuos pueden intentar mejoras en su sobrevivencia mediante el cambio de sitio de anidación en diferentes años. Usamos un juego de datos de localización de nidos de 24 años en la colonia de gansos Branta bernicla nigricans del río Tutakoke en el delta del Yukon-Kuskokwin en el occidente de Alaska y modelos multiestado de capura-marcado-recaptura para estudiar el movimiento de individuos entre 2 estratos espaciales en la colonia separados por el río Tutakoke. Encontramos que los individuos anidando en un estrato que experimentó mayores niveles de depredación por zorros del Ártico (Vulpes lagopus) tenían una probabilidad 3 veces mayor de moverse al otro estrato que viceversa, aún pese a un ligeramente mayor riesgo de inundación por mareas en el segundo estrato. Estos resultados sugieren que estos gansos cambiaron la ubicación de sus nidos para intentar maximizar su sobrevivencia reproductiva y son consistentes con un cambio a largo plazo en la densidad de nidos a largo plazo a lo largo del periodo de este estudio. Palabras clave: ártico, colonialidad, dispersión, ganso, información privada, información pública, multi-estado.
{"title":"Predation risk and settlement decisions by colonially nesting Black Brant (Branta bernicla nigricans)","authors":"Amanda W. Van Dellen, J. S. Sedinger","doi":"10.1676/21-00060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1676/21-00060","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Colonial nesting is associated with numerous costs and benefits that may either increase or decrease fitness of individuals in colonies. Fitness can vary as a function of the location within colonies and individuals may attempt to improve their fitness by changing their nesting location between years. We used a 24 year data set on nest locations within the Tutakoke River Black Brant (Branta bernicla nigricans) colony on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta in western Alaska and multi-state capture-mark-recapture models to study the movement of individuals between 2 spatial strata in the colony separated by the Tutakoke River. We found that individuals nesting in a stratum that experienced higher levels of predation by arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus) were 3 times more likely to move to the other stratum than vice versa, despite slightly higher risk of tidal flooding in the second stratum. These results suggest that Black Brant changed nest locations in an attempt to maximize reproductive fitness and they are consistent with a long-term shift in nest density over the course of the study. RESUMEN (Spanish) La anidación en colonias está asociada con numerosos costos y beneficios que pueden aumentar o reducir la sobrevivencia de individuos en colonias. La sobrevivencia puede variar en función de la localización del nido al interior de la colonia y los individuos pueden intentar mejoras en su sobrevivencia mediante el cambio de sitio de anidación en diferentes años. Usamos un juego de datos de localización de nidos de 24 años en la colonia de gansos Branta bernicla nigricans del río Tutakoke en el delta del Yukon-Kuskokwin en el occidente de Alaska y modelos multiestado de capura-marcado-recaptura para estudiar el movimiento de individuos entre 2 estratos espaciales en la colonia separados por el río Tutakoke. Encontramos que los individuos anidando en un estrato que experimentó mayores niveles de depredación por zorros del Ártico (Vulpes lagopus) tenían una probabilidad 3 veces mayor de moverse al otro estrato que viceversa, aún pese a un ligeramente mayor riesgo de inundación por mareas en el segundo estrato. Estos resultados sugieren que estos gansos cambiaron la ubicación de sus nidos para intentar maximizar su sobrevivencia reproductiva y son consistentes con un cambio a largo plazo en la densidad de nidos a largo plazo a lo largo del periodo de este estudio. Palabras clave: ártico, colonialidad, dispersión, ganso, información privada, información pública, multi-estado.","PeriodicalId":54404,"journal":{"name":"Wilson Journal Of Ornithology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45581708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sifiso M. Lukhele, C. Widdows, Alexander N. G. Kirschel
ABSTRACT Most bird species learn their songs by copying those of their parents or those they hear from their natal surroundings. Most non-oscine birds, however, lack the forebrain structure implicated in song learning and are thought to develop songs innately. Yet, evidence of early song development in non-oscines is scant. Here we report on vocalizations emitted by a nestling Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird (Pogoniulus bilineatus) that were recorded by camera trap at a nest cavity in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. We obtained 32 video recordings of a nestling singing, from which we measured temporal and spectral characters and compared them with those of adult song. Rudimentary nestling song was remarkably similar to adult song, differing slightly in frequency and the temporal patterning between songs, but with the same temporal patterning within songs. Tinkerbirds thus can sing within 2 weeks post-hatching, supporting the premise that songs develop early and innately in a piciform. RESUMEN (Spanish) La mayoría de las especies de aves aprenden sus cantos copiando los de sus padres o los que escuchan en su entorno. La mayoría de las aves no-oscinas, sin embargo, carecen de la estructura anterior del cerebro implicada en el aprendizaje del canto y se cree que lo desarrollan de forma innata. Aún así, la evidencia del desarrollo prematuro de la canción en aves no-oscinas es escasa. Aquí informamos sobre las vocalizaciones emitidas por un polluelo de barbudo de frente amarilla (Pogoniulus bilineatus) que fueron grabadas por una cámara-trampa en la cavidad de un nido en KwaZulu-Natal, Sudáfrica. Obtuvimos 32 grabaciones de video del canto del polluelo, de las cuales medimos caracteres temporales y espectrales, y los hemos comparado con los del canto de los individuos adultos. El canto rudimentario de los polluelos fue notablemente similar al canto de los adultos, difiriendo levemente en la frecuencia y patrón temporal entre cantos, pero con el mismo patrón temporal dentro de los cantos. Los barbudos, por lo tanto, pueden cantar dentro de las 2 semanas posteriores a la eclosión, lo que respalda la premisa de que las canciones se desarrollan temprano y innatamente en un piciforme. Palabras clave: aprendizaje del canto, barbudos, no-oscinas, ontogenia.
大多数鸟类通过模仿父母的歌声或从出生环境中听到的歌声来学习鸣叫。然而，大多数非听觉鸟类缺乏与鸣叫学习有关的前脑结构，人们认为它们天生就会鸣叫。然而，在非电影中早期歌曲发展的证据很少。在这里，我们报告了在南非夸祖鲁-纳塔尔省的一个巢腔中用摄像机捕捉到的一只雏鸟(Pogoniulus bilineatus)的发声。我们获得了32段雏鸟唱歌的录像，测量了它们的时间和频谱特征，并与成年鸟的歌声进行了比较。初级雏鸟的鸣声与成年鸟的鸣声非常相似，在频率和鸣声的时间模式上略有不同，但在鸣声中的时间模式是相同的。因此，修补匠鸟在孵化后的两周内就能唱歌，这支持了歌曲在很早的时候就形成的前提。resume(西班牙语)La mayoría de las especies de aves aprenden sus cantos copiando los de sus padres o los que escuchan en su entorno。La mayoría de las aves no-oscinas, sin - forbidden, carrecen de La structforderderimplicadada和el aprendizaje del canto的用法和样例:Aún así， la evidence del desarrollo prematuro de la canción en aves no-oscinas es escasa。Aquí informamos sorbre las vocalizacones emitidas pundpolluelo de barbudo de frente amarilla (Pogoniulus bilineatus) que fueron grabadas punda cámara-trampa enla cavidad de unido en KwaZulu-Natal, Sudáfrica。显而易见的是，有32种不同的人，他们有不同的性格，他们有不同的性格，他们有不同的性格，他们有不同的性格和不同的性格。El canto rudimentario de los polluelos futetablementes相似的所有canto de los adultos，不同的水平和频率由patrón时间中心cantos, pero conel mismo patrón时间中心cantos。2 .从字面上看，我们的意思是说，我们的意思是说，我们的意思是说，我们的意思是说，我们的意思是说，我们的意思是说，我们的意思是说，我们的意思是说，我们的意思是说，我们的意思是说，我们的意思是说，我们的意思是说，我们的意思是说，我们的意思是说，我们的意思是说，我们的意思是说，我们的意思是说，我们的意思是说。Palabras clave: aprendizaje del canto, barbudos, no-oscinas, ontogenia。
{"title":"Video evidence of song in a nestling Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird (Pogoniulus bilineatus) supports innate song development in Piciformes","authors":"Sifiso M. Lukhele, C. Widdows, Alexander N. G. Kirschel","doi":"10.1676/21-00072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1676/21-00072","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Most bird species learn their songs by copying those of their parents or those they hear from their natal surroundings. Most non-oscine birds, however, lack the forebrain structure implicated in song learning and are thought to develop songs innately. Yet, evidence of early song development in non-oscines is scant. Here we report on vocalizations emitted by a nestling Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird (Pogoniulus bilineatus) that were recorded by camera trap at a nest cavity in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. We obtained 32 video recordings of a nestling singing, from which we measured temporal and spectral characters and compared them with those of adult song. Rudimentary nestling song was remarkably similar to adult song, differing slightly in frequency and the temporal patterning between songs, but with the same temporal patterning within songs. Tinkerbirds thus can sing within 2 weeks post-hatching, supporting the premise that songs develop early and innately in a piciform. RESUMEN (Spanish) La mayoría de las especies de aves aprenden sus cantos copiando los de sus padres o los que escuchan en su entorno. La mayoría de las aves no-oscinas, sin embargo, carecen de la estructura anterior del cerebro implicada en el aprendizaje del canto y se cree que lo desarrollan de forma innata. Aún así, la evidencia del desarrollo prematuro de la canción en aves no-oscinas es escasa. Aquí informamos sobre las vocalizaciones emitidas por un polluelo de barbudo de frente amarilla (Pogoniulus bilineatus) que fueron grabadas por una cámara-trampa en la cavidad de un nido en KwaZulu-Natal, Sudáfrica. Obtuvimos 32 grabaciones de video del canto del polluelo, de las cuales medimos caracteres temporales y espectrales, y los hemos comparado con los del canto de los individuos adultos. El canto rudimentario de los polluelos fue notablemente similar al canto de los adultos, difiriendo levemente en la frecuencia y patrón temporal entre cantos, pero con el mismo patrón temporal dentro de los cantos. Los barbudos, por lo tanto, pueden cantar dentro de las 2 semanas posteriores a la eclosión, lo que respalda la premisa de que las canciones se desarrollan temprano y innatamente en un piciforme. Palabras clave: aprendizaje del canto, barbudos, no-oscinas, ontogenia.","PeriodicalId":54404,"journal":{"name":"Wilson Journal Of Ornithology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45752828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Elisa Casado Henderson, Zoe K. Osborne, J. Chaves-Campos
ABSTRACT Specific factors that determine whether hummingbirds feed from flowers matching their bill morphology are not well understood. Here, we asked whether long-billed hummingbirds at tropical mid-elevations visit flowers that match their bill morphology more often when those flowers are more energetically profitable in terms of nectar concentration compared to short-corolla flowers. We measured visitation rates by hummingbirds in 3 experiments involving feeders with 5 flower morphologies and 2 nectar concentrations in the mountains of Costa Rica. Not surprisingly, all species tended to prefer higher nectar concentration when given the choice across all available flower morphologies. When nectar concentration was the same across all flower morphologies, hummingbirds with bills shorter than 28 mm generally avoided long-corolla flowers (30 mm) and fed more frequently from short-corolla flowers (10 mm), while species with longer bills did not show a preference. When nectar concentration was higher in long-corolla flowers compared to short-corolla flowers (30% vs 10% m/v), short-billed species showed the same visitation rates as above, but long-billed species (>28 mm) changed their visitation patterns and visited long-corolla flowers significantly more often than short-corolla flowers. Our results suggest that visitation rates of long-billed hummingbirds to long-corolla flowers might be influenced more by nectar properties than by flower morphology at mid-elevations in the tropics. RESUMEN (Spanish) Los factores específicos que determinan si los colibríes se alimentan de flores que se ajustan a la morfología de su pico no se conocen bien. Aquí, nos preguntamos si los colibríes de pico largo en elevaciones medias tropicales visitan más frecuentemente las flores que se ajustan a su morfología de pico cuando éstas son energéticamente mas rentables en términos de concentración de néctar comparadas con flores de corola corta. Medimos la tasa de visitación de colibríes en 3 experimentos que involucraron comederos con 5 morfologías florales y 2 concentraciones de néctar en las montañas de Costa Rica. Sin que resultara sorprendente, todas las especies prefirieron concentraciones de néctar mas altas en todas las morfologías florales cuando se les dio la opción. Cuando la concentración de néctar fue la misma en todas las morfologías florales, los colibríes con picos mas cortos que 28 mm generalmente evitaron flores de corola larga (30 mm) y se alimentaron mas frecuentemente de flores de corola corta (10 mm), mientras que colibríes de pico mas largo no mostraron preferencia. Cuando la concentración de néctar fue mas alta en flores de corola larga comparada con flores de corola corta (30 vs 10% m/v), las especies de pico corto mostraron los mismos patrones de visitación mencionados arriba, pero las especies de pico largo (>28 mm) cambiaron los patrones de visitación y visitaron las flores de corola larga significativamente con mas frecuencia que las flores de
摘要决定蜂鸟是否以与其喙形态相匹配的花朵为食的具体因素尚不清楚。在这里，我们询问热带中海拔地区的长喙蜂鸟是否会访问与其喙形态相匹配的花，而这些花在花蜜浓度方面比短花冠花更有活力。我们在哥斯达黎加山区进行了3次涉及5种花形态和2种蜜腺浓度的饲养员的实验，测量了蜂鸟的访问率。不足为奇的是，当在所有可用的花卉形态中做出选择时，所有物种都倾向于更高的花蜜浓度。当所有花形态中的花蜜浓度相同时，喙短于28毫米的蜂鸟通常避免长花冠花（30毫米），更经常食用短花冠花（10毫米），而喙长的物种则没有表现出偏好。当长花冠花的花蜜浓度高于短花冠花（30%对10%m/v）时，短冠物种的访问率与上述相同，但长冠物种（>28毫米）改变了它们的访问模式，访问长花冠花的次数明显多于短花冠花。我们的结果表明，热带地区中海拔地区长嘴蜂鸟对长花冠花的访问率可能更多地受到花蜜特性的影响，而不是花朵形态的影响。摘要（西班牙语）决定蜂鸟是否以符合其喙形态的花为食的具体因素尚不清楚。在这里，我们想知道，与短花冠花相比，热带中海拔地区的长喙蜂鸟在花蜜浓度方面更节能时，是否更频繁地访问符合其喙形态的花朵。我们在哥斯达黎加山区的3个实验中测量了蜂鸟的访问率，这些实验涉及5种花卉形态和2种花蜜浓度的喂食器。毫不奇怪，所有物种在选择时都更喜欢所有花卉形态中较高浓度的花蜜。当所有花形态的花蜜浓度相同时，喙短于28毫米的蜂鸟通常会避开长花冠（30毫米）的花，更频繁地以短花冠（10毫米）的花为食，而喙长的蜂鸟则没有表现出偏好。当长花冠花的花蜜浓度高于短花冠花（30 vs 10%m/v）时，短喙物种表现出与上述相同的参观模式，但长喙物种（>28 mm）改变了参观模式，参观长花冠花的频率明显高于短花冠花。我们的结果表明，在中热带海拔地区，长喙蜂鸟对长花冠花朵的访问率更多地受到花蜜特性的影响，而不是花形态的影响。关键词：蜂鸟觅食，共同进化，花蜜浓度，人工花，花形，授粉综合征。
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J. P. Tavares-Damasceno, J.L.S. Dantas, J. A. Mobley, R. D. Araújo, M. C. Rodrigues, J. Almeida, M. Pichorim
ABSTRACT The Wilson's Plover (Charadrius wilsonia) has a broad distribution, occurring in a variety of Atlantic and Pacific coastal and island habitats from North America to Peru and Brazil. This shorebird is considered “Vulnerable” in Brazil, but there is little knowledge regarding the species’ reproductive status, abundance, and distribution in South America. We conducted monthly censuses September 2011–September 2012 and January 2016–December 2017 in different habitats of a 10 km beach transect in the Bacia Potiguar region of northeastern Brazil to address this lack of basic information about the species. Our results indicate considerable variation in abundance, with 1–53 individuals/survey, a greater tendency to be found in mudflat habitats, and breeding in June–December. This information will help to recognize the Bacia Potiguar as an important breeding area for Wilson's Plover in Brazil, provide essential baseline knowledge regarding seasonal abundance and reproductive status of this vulnerable shorebird species, and inform conservation planning for this species in the region. RESUMO (Portuguese) A batuíra-bicuda (Charadrius wilsonia) tem uma ampla distribuição, ocorrendo em uma variedade de habitats costeiros e insulares da Costa do Atlântico e do Pacífico, da América do Norte ao Peru e Brasil. Esta ave limícola é considerada “Vulnerável” no Brasil, e existe pouco conhecimento sobre o status reprodutivo, abundância e distribuição da espécie na América do Sul. Realizamos censos mensais de setembro de 2011 a setembro de 2012 e janeiro de 2016 a dezembro de 2017 em diferentes habitats de um transecto de praia de 10 km na região da Bacia Potiguar, no nordeste do Brasil, para suprir essa falta de informações básicas sobre a espécie. Nossos resultados indicam uma variação considerável na abundância, com 1–53 indivíduos/levantamento, com uma maior tendência a ser encontrada em habitats de lama e um período de nidificação entre junho-dezembro. Essas informações ajudará a reconhecer a Bacia Potiguar como uma importante área de reprodução da batuíra-bicuda no Brasil, fornece um conhecimento básico essencial sobre a abundância sazonal e o status reprodutivo dessa espécie vulnerável de ave limícola, e informa sobre o planejamento da conservação dessa espécie na região. Palavras-chave: abundância, espécie vulnerável, reprodução.
威尔逊鸻(Charadrius wilsonia)分布广泛，分布在从北美到秘鲁和巴西的大西洋和太平洋沿岸和岛屿栖息地。这种滨鸟在巴西被认为是“脆弱的”，但人们对该物种在南美洲的繁殖状况、丰度和分布知之甚少。我们于2011年9月至2012年9月和2016年1月至2017年12月在巴西东北部巴基亚波蒂瓜尔地区10公里海滩样带的不同栖息地进行了月度普查，以解决该物种缺乏基本信息的问题。结果表明，黄鳝的丰度变化较大，1 ~ 53只/次，在泥滩生境有较大的分布趋势，6 ~ 12月为繁殖期。这些信息将有助于认识到Bacia Potiguar是巴西威尔逊鸻的重要繁殖区，为这种脆弱的滨鸟物种的季节性丰度和繁殖状况提供必要的基线知识，并为该地区的该物种保护规划提供信息。resume(葡萄牙语)A batuíra-bicuda (Charadrius wilsonia) tem uma ampla distribuial o, ocorrendo em uma varedade de habitats costiros和insulares da Costa do atlantico e do Pacífico, da amacriica do north ao Peru和Brasil。Esta ave limícola考虑到“Vulnerável”在巴西，我们存在一个关于生殖状况的法律框架，在巴西和巴西之间，我们有一个完整的通讯通讯系统，在巴西和巴西之间。2011年9月、2012年9月、2016年1月和2017年3月在巴西北部的巴西巴基亚波提瓜尔地区的10公里范围内的不同生境中，对不同的生境进行了实地调查，并对informações básicas sobre和espacei进行了分析。Nossos resulttados indicam uma variaal o considerável na ncia, com 1-53 indivíduos/levantamento, com uma major tendência a ser encontrada em habitats de lama e um período de nidificaal o entre junho-dezembro。Essas informações ajudaricao . cn . cn . cn . cn . cn . cn . cn . cn . cn . cn . cn . cn . cn . cn . cn . cn . cn . cn . cn . cn . cn . cn . cn . cn . cn . cn . cn . cn . cn . cn . cn . cn . cn . cn . cn . cn . cn .巴西，cn . cn . cn . cn . cn . cn . cn .巴西，cn . cn . cn . cn . cn . cn . cn . cn . cn . cn . cn . cn . cn . cn . cn . cn . cn . cn . cn . cn . cn . cn . cn . cn . cn . cn . cn . cn . cn . cn . cn . cn . cn . cn . cn . cn . cn。palavras - have: abundance ncia, espcie vulnerável, reproduction o。
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