ABSTRACT Foraging behaviors of animals that promote efficiency can be explained by optimal foraging theory. Previous research suggests that factors associated with nutrition (e.g., oil content) or size (e.g., seed weight and depth) influence the foraging behaviors of Black-capped Chickadees (Poecile atricapillus). In February and March 2020 we examined seed selection in Black-capped Chickadees. Specifically, we collected black oil sunflower seeds discarded from a tube bird feeder by Black-capped Chickadees and compared them with seeds selected at random from the feeder. We measured the depth, length, width, and weight of 180 sunflower seeds. We found that the size and weight of the seeds were both important factors for chickadees in seed selection. In addition, chickadees preferred seeds that were significantly heavier when adjusted for seed size. These findings suggest that Black-capped Chickadees select seeds based on their size and weight to maximize the nutritional content they intake. Chickadees therefore must also be able to distinguish small differences in seed weight, which may maximize their acquired energy while decreasing the risks of predation when individuals are exposed during foraging. RESUMEN (Spanish) Los comportamientos de forrajeo de animales que promueven la eficiencia pueden ser explicados por la teoría del forrajeo óptimo. Investigaciones previas sugieren que factores asociados a la nutrición (ej., contenido de aceites) o tamaño (ej., espesor y peso de las semillas) influyen en los comportamientos de forrajeo del carbonero cabecinegro (Poecile atricapillus). En febrero y marzo del 2020 examinamos la selección de semillas del carbonero cabecinegro. Específicamente, colectamos semillas de girasol de aceite negro descartadas de un comedero de tubo para aves por el carbonero cabecinegro y las comparamos con semillas seleccionadas al azar del comedero. Medimos el espesor, largo, ancho y peso de 180 semillas de girasol. Encontramos que el tamaño y el peso de las semillas eran factores importantes para los carboneros al seleccionar las semillas. Además, los carboneros prefirieron semillas que eran significativamente más pesadas al ajustar las medidas por tamaño de semilla. Estos hallazgos sugieren que los carboneros cabecinegros seleccionan las semillas con base en el tamaño y el peso para maximizar el contenido nutricional que ingieren. Los carboneros deben entonces poder distinguir pequeñas diferencias de peso de las semillas, lo que podría maximizar su energía adquirida y a la vez disminuiría los riesgos de depredación a los que se someten los individuos durante el forrajeo. Palabras clave: aceite negro, comedero de aves, forrajeo óptimo, semilla de girasol.
动物的觅食行为可以用最优觅食理论来解释。先前的研究表明，与营养(如含油量)或大小(如种子重量和深度)相关的因素会影响黑冠山雀(Poecile atricapillus)的觅食行为。在2020年2月和3月，我们研究了黑顶山雀的种子选择。具体而言，我们收集了黑冠山雀从管状喂食器中丢弃的黑油葵花籽，并与从喂食器中随机选择的种子进行了比较。我们测量了180颗葵花籽的深度、长度、宽度和重量。我们发现种子的大小和重量都是山雀选择种子的重要因素。此外，山雀偏好的种子，当调整种子大小明显较重。这些发现表明，黑冠山雀根据它们的大小和重量选择种子，以最大限度地提高它们摄入的营养成分。因此，山雀还必须能够区分种子重量的微小差异，这可以最大限度地提高它们获得的能量，同时降低个体在觅食过程中暴露的被捕食的风险。RESUMEN(西班牙语)Los comportamientos de forrajeo de animales que promueven la efficiency pucicia puedidicados poror la teoría del forrajeo óptimo。调查以往的相关因素nutrición (j)。) o tamaño (ej.;(a)代表大会主席(拉丁美洲国家主席)对非洲国家发展和发展的影响(非洲国家)。2020年2月1日至3月1日，examinamos la selección de semillas del cabecinegro。网址:Específicamente，通过比较，我们可以了解到，美国黑人的选情是如何发展的，美国黑人的选情是如何发展的。媒体发言人，大，锚定比索180 semillas de girasol。墨西哥墨西哥墨西哥墨西哥墨西哥墨西哥墨西哥墨西哥墨西哥墨西哥墨西哥墨西哥墨西哥墨西哥墨西哥墨西哥Además, los carboneros preferred semillas que eran significativamente más pesadas al justar las medidas por tamaño de semilla。大豆的主要营养成分是大豆，大豆的主要营养成分是大豆，大豆的主要营养成分是大豆。Los carboneros deben entonces poder distinguir pequeñas差异de peso de las semillas, lo que podría maximizar su energía adquiquida a la vez disminuiría Los riesgos de depredación a Los que se sometimes Los individuos durante el forrajeo。Palabras clave:黑人，comdero de aves, forrajeo óptimo, semilla de girasol。
{"title":"Seed size selection in Black-capped Chickadees (Poecile atricapillus)","authors":"Justice A. Wysinger, Ejun J. Dean, C. Briggs","doi":"10.1676/20-00122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1676/20-00122","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Foraging behaviors of animals that promote efficiency can be explained by optimal foraging theory. Previous research suggests that factors associated with nutrition (e.g., oil content) or size (e.g., seed weight and depth) influence the foraging behaviors of Black-capped Chickadees (Poecile atricapillus). In February and March 2020 we examined seed selection in Black-capped Chickadees. Specifically, we collected black oil sunflower seeds discarded from a tube bird feeder by Black-capped Chickadees and compared them with seeds selected at random from the feeder. We measured the depth, length, width, and weight of 180 sunflower seeds. We found that the size and weight of the seeds were both important factors for chickadees in seed selection. In addition, chickadees preferred seeds that were significantly heavier when adjusted for seed size. These findings suggest that Black-capped Chickadees select seeds based on their size and weight to maximize the nutritional content they intake. Chickadees therefore must also be able to distinguish small differences in seed weight, which may maximize their acquired energy while decreasing the risks of predation when individuals are exposed during foraging. RESUMEN (Spanish) Los comportamientos de forrajeo de animales que promueven la eficiencia pueden ser explicados por la teoría del forrajeo óptimo. Investigaciones previas sugieren que factores asociados a la nutrición (ej., contenido de aceites) o tamaño (ej., espesor y peso de las semillas) influyen en los comportamientos de forrajeo del carbonero cabecinegro (Poecile atricapillus). En febrero y marzo del 2020 examinamos la selección de semillas del carbonero cabecinegro. Específicamente, colectamos semillas de girasol de aceite negro descartadas de un comedero de tubo para aves por el carbonero cabecinegro y las comparamos con semillas seleccionadas al azar del comedero. Medimos el espesor, largo, ancho y peso de 180 semillas de girasol. Encontramos que el tamaño y el peso de las semillas eran factores importantes para los carboneros al seleccionar las semillas. Además, los carboneros prefirieron semillas que eran significativamente más pesadas al ajustar las medidas por tamaño de semilla. Estos hallazgos sugieren que los carboneros cabecinegros seleccionan las semillas con base en el tamaño y el peso para maximizar el contenido nutricional que ingieren. Los carboneros deben entonces poder distinguir pequeñas diferencias de peso de las semillas, lo que podría maximizar su energía adquirida y a la vez disminuiría los riesgos de depredación a los que se someten los individuos durante el forrajeo. Palabras clave: aceite negro, comedero de aves, forrajeo óptimo, semilla de girasol.","PeriodicalId":54404,"journal":{"name":"Wilson Journal Of Ornithology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48490214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT A subspecies of the Black-crowned Night-Heron (‘Auku‘u; Nycticorax nycticorax hoactli) inhabits wetlands throughout the Hawaiian Islands. The global population of Black-crowned Night-Herons primarily forages at night, extending foraging hours during the breeding season. No studies have examined Black-crowned Night-Heron foraging activity in the Hawaiian Islands, but the population has been described as diurnal, based on anecdotal observations. The goal of our study was to compare foraging activity of the Black-crowned Night-Heron in Hawai‘i during the day and at night. Surveys were conducted during daytime and nighttime to compare the number of strikes for prey made by focal individuals. In a brackish marsh, the number of strikes per focal individual was similar between daytime and nighttime, and no individuals were observed striking during surveys in a freshwater marsh, although individuals were present and presumably foraging. Black-crowned Night-Herons in this study appeared to have a broader temporal niche, perhaps due to minimal competition from diurnal wading birds, energy needs during breeding, or abundance of prey due to seasonal conditions. RESUMEN (Spanish) Una subespecie del martinete común (‘Auku‘u; Nycticorax nycticorax hoactli) habita los humedales de las Islas Hawaianas. La población global de martinete común principalmente se alimenta de noche, extendiendo sus horas de forrajeo durante la temporada reproductiva. No hay estudios del forrajeo del martinete común en las Islas Hawaianas, aunque la población ha sido descrita como diurna, con base en observaciones anecdóticas. El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue comparar la actividad de forrajeo del martinete común en Hawaii durante el día y durante la noche. Se realizaron muestreos durante el día y durante la noche para comparar el número de ataques para buscar presas que hicieron los individuos. En una charca salobre, el número de ataques por individuo focal fue similar entre horas del día y de la noche y no hubo individuos haciendo ataques durante los muestreos en charcas de agua dulce, aunque sí había presencia de individuos y presuntamente podrían estar forrajeando. Los martinetes comunes de este estudio parecen tener un nicho temporal más amplio, posiblemente debido a la competencia mínima con aves vadeadoras, por requerimientos energéticos durante el apareamiento o abundancia de presas debido a las condiciones estacionales. Palabras clave: ataques, ave acuática, diurno, islas, nocturno, presa, nicho temporal.
黑冠夜鹭的一个亚种(' Auku ' u;夜蛾(Nycticorax hoactli)栖息在整个夏威夷群岛的湿地。黑冠夜鹭的全球种群主要在夜间觅食，在繁殖季节延长觅食时间。没有研究调查过黑冠夜鹭在夏威夷群岛的觅食活动，但根据轶事观察，黑冠夜鹭的数量被描述为昼夜活动。我们的研究目的是比较夏威夷黑冠夜鹭在白天和晚上的觅食活动。调查在白天和夜间进行，以比较焦点个体对猎物的攻击次数。在咸淡沼泽中，每个焦点个体的攻击次数在白天和夜间是相似的，在淡水沼泽的调查中没有观察到个体的攻击，尽管个体存在并且可能正在觅食。在这项研究中，黑冠夜鹭似乎有更广泛的时间生态位，可能是由于来自日间涉水鸟类的竞争最小，繁殖期间的能量需求，或者由于季节性条件导致的猎物丰富。resume(西班牙语)Una subespecie del martinete común (' Auku ' u;产于夏威夷群岛的山茱萸。población全球生育研究中心común儿童营养原则、儿童生育研究中心、儿童生育研究中心、儿童生育研究中心。No hay studios del forrajeo del martinete común和las Islas Hawaianas, unque la población, hado do描述como diurna, con base en observaciones anecdóticas。El objtitivo de nuestro estustudio的比较活动，为forrajeo del martinete común和夏威夷durante El día y durante la noche。我们实现的目标是durante el día通过durante la noche para比较el número de ataques para buscar presas que hicieron los individuo。En una charca salobre, el número de ataques贫穷的个人焦点相似的中心horas del día y de la noche y no hubo个人中心horas durente los muestreos En charcas de aguagudulce, unique sí había preuntamente de individual存在podrían estar forrajeando。Los martinez comcomes de estestestudio para - tentener unnicho temporal amplio，可能的债务和能力mínima conaves vadeadoras，较差的要求，能源的过渡期限和大量的债务和其他条件的建立。Palabras clave: ataques, ave acuática, diurno, islas, nocturno, presa, nicho temporal。
{"title":"Foraging behavior of the Black-crowned Night-Heron (‘Auku‘u; Nycticorax nycticorax hoactli) in wetlands on O‘ahu, Hawai‘i","authors":"Kristen C. Harmon, Pawl A. Awo, Melissa R Price","doi":"10.1676/21-00019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1676/21-00019","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT A subspecies of the Black-crowned Night-Heron (‘Auku‘u; Nycticorax nycticorax hoactli) inhabits wetlands throughout the Hawaiian Islands. The global population of Black-crowned Night-Herons primarily forages at night, extending foraging hours during the breeding season. No studies have examined Black-crowned Night-Heron foraging activity in the Hawaiian Islands, but the population has been described as diurnal, based on anecdotal observations. The goal of our study was to compare foraging activity of the Black-crowned Night-Heron in Hawai‘i during the day and at night. Surveys were conducted during daytime and nighttime to compare the number of strikes for prey made by focal individuals. In a brackish marsh, the number of strikes per focal individual was similar between daytime and nighttime, and no individuals were observed striking during surveys in a freshwater marsh, although individuals were present and presumably foraging. Black-crowned Night-Herons in this study appeared to have a broader temporal niche, perhaps due to minimal competition from diurnal wading birds, energy needs during breeding, or abundance of prey due to seasonal conditions. RESUMEN (Spanish) Una subespecie del martinete común (‘Auku‘u; Nycticorax nycticorax hoactli) habita los humedales de las Islas Hawaianas. La población global de martinete común principalmente se alimenta de noche, extendiendo sus horas de forrajeo durante la temporada reproductiva. No hay estudios del forrajeo del martinete común en las Islas Hawaianas, aunque la población ha sido descrita como diurna, con base en observaciones anecdóticas. El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue comparar la actividad de forrajeo del martinete común en Hawaii durante el día y durante la noche. Se realizaron muestreos durante el día y durante la noche para comparar el número de ataques para buscar presas que hicieron los individuos. En una charca salobre, el número de ataques por individuo focal fue similar entre horas del día y de la noche y no hubo individuos haciendo ataques durante los muestreos en charcas de agua dulce, aunque sí había presencia de individuos y presuntamente podrían estar forrajeando. Los martinetes comunes de este estudio parecen tener un nicho temporal más amplio, posiblemente debido a la competencia mínima con aves vadeadoras, por requerimientos energéticos durante el apareamiento o abundancia de presas debido a las condiciones estacionales. Palabras clave: ataques, ave acuática, diurno, islas, nocturno, presa, nicho temporal.","PeriodicalId":54404,"journal":{"name":"Wilson Journal Of Ornithology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67461929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Theresa A. Higgins, R. Wilcox, Ryan R. Germain, C. Tarwater
ABSTRACT Food acquisition is critical for individual fitness. Recent work has highlighted the importance of behavioral traits, such as boldness, for explaining variation in foraging abilities within populations. Greater flexibility in these behavioral traits might help populations persist in the face of environmental change; this may be particularly important for small populations that are more susceptible to local extirpation. We performed a winter-feeding experiment in an extensively studied island population of Song Sparrows (Melospiza melodia) to examine if intrinsic factors (age, sex, and inbreeding) explain variation in behavioral traits (neophobia, boldness toward predators, boldness toward competitors, and aggression) and how behavioral traits influence the probability of local survival for adults and of no dispersal and survival for juveniles. Our results showed that adults were less neophobic and bolder toward competitors than juveniles. This suggests that juvenile Song Sparrows might be more vulnerable to environmental changes than adults and may help explain why juvenile survival has been more strongly impacted by a new competitor on the island. Females were less neophobic than males, indicating that the sexes vary in their behaviors associated with resource acquisition, potentially due to constraints associated with reproduction in females. We found that the individual inbreeding coefficient did not appear to influence any of the behavioral traits examined here. Lastly, more neophobic adults were found to be more likely to survive to hold a territory the following breeding season, demonstrating the consequences of behavior on future fitness. These findings highlight that behavioral traits impact resource acquisition and fitness, and, thus, variation in these behaviors may play a critical role in understanding and predicting how populations respond to environmental change. RESUMEN (Spanish) La adquisición de alimento es crítica para la sobrevivencia individual. Trabajos recientes han destacado la importancia de características conductuales, como la osadía, para explicar la variación en capacidades de forrajeo al interior de poblaciones. Una mayor flexibilidad en características conductuales podría ayudar a las poblaciones a persistir de cara al cambio ambiental y esto podría ser particularmente importante para poblaciones pequeñas que son más susceptibles a extinciones locales. Llevamos a cabo un experimento de alimentación invernal en una población del gorrión Melospiza melodia que ha sido extensamente estudiada para examinar si factores intrínsecos (edad, sexo y endogamia) explican la variación en las características conductuales (neofobia, osadía ante depredadores, osadía ante competidores y agresión) y cómo las características conductuales influencian la probabilidad de sobrevivencia local para los adultos, y la nodispersión y sobrevivencia para juveniles. Nuestros resultados muestran que los adultos fueron menos neofóbicos y más
{"title":"Behavioral traits vary with intrinsic factors and impact local survival in Song Sparrows (Melospiza melodia)","authors":"Theresa A. Higgins, R. Wilcox, Ryan R. Germain, C. Tarwater","doi":"10.1676/21-00085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1676/21-00085","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Food acquisition is critical for individual fitness. Recent work has highlighted the importance of behavioral traits, such as boldness, for explaining variation in foraging abilities within populations. Greater flexibility in these behavioral traits might help populations persist in the face of environmental change; this may be particularly important for small populations that are more susceptible to local extirpation. We performed a winter-feeding experiment in an extensively studied island population of Song Sparrows (Melospiza melodia) to examine if intrinsic factors (age, sex, and inbreeding) explain variation in behavioral traits (neophobia, boldness toward predators, boldness toward competitors, and aggression) and how behavioral traits influence the probability of local survival for adults and of no dispersal and survival for juveniles. Our results showed that adults were less neophobic and bolder toward competitors than juveniles. This suggests that juvenile Song Sparrows might be more vulnerable to environmental changes than adults and may help explain why juvenile survival has been more strongly impacted by a new competitor on the island. Females were less neophobic than males, indicating that the sexes vary in their behaviors associated with resource acquisition, potentially due to constraints associated with reproduction in females. We found that the individual inbreeding coefficient did not appear to influence any of the behavioral traits examined here. Lastly, more neophobic adults were found to be more likely to survive to hold a territory the following breeding season, demonstrating the consequences of behavior on future fitness. These findings highlight that behavioral traits impact resource acquisition and fitness, and, thus, variation in these behaviors may play a critical role in understanding and predicting how populations respond to environmental change. RESUMEN (Spanish) La adquisición de alimento es crítica para la sobrevivencia individual. Trabajos recientes han destacado la importancia de características conductuales, como la osadía, para explicar la variación en capacidades de forrajeo al interior de poblaciones. Una mayor flexibilidad en características conductuales podría ayudar a las poblaciones a persistir de cara al cambio ambiental y esto podría ser particularmente importante para poblaciones pequeñas que son más susceptibles a extinciones locales. Llevamos a cabo un experimento de alimentación invernal en una población del gorrión Melospiza melodia que ha sido extensamente estudiada para examinar si factores intrínsecos (edad, sexo y endogamia) explican la variación en las características conductuales (neofobia, osadía ante depredadores, osadía ante competidores y agresión) y cómo las características conductuales influencian la probabilidad de sobrevivencia local para los adultos, y la nodispersión y sobrevivencia para juveniles. Nuestros resultados muestran que los adultos fueron menos neofóbicos y más ","PeriodicalId":54404,"journal":{"name":"Wilson Journal Of Ornithology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47195876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Musmeci, L. Bala, A. Tschopp, M. A. Hernández, M. Coscarella
ABSTRACT Red Knots (Calidris canutus rufa) are long-distance migratory shorebirds that fly from the Arctic to the southern tip of South America. They stop over in a few places with high concentrations of trophic resources that act like population bottlenecks. At a population level, unavailable resources during a stopover can have catastrophic consequences. Because of their importance, these sites must be managed and conserved. On their northward migration, Red Knots stop over on Península Valdés (Patagonian Argentina) between March and May, during which we surveyed them every year between 2006 and 2013. This peninsula is surrounded by 2 gulfs where the Blancas, Fracasso, Conos, and Sarmiento Beaches were monitored (in the San José Gulf), and the Colombo Beach (in the Nuevo Gulf). We recorded encounter–reencounter data of individually tagged Red Knots through telescopes. To evaluate Red Knot site fidelity, we used the Standardized Site Fidelity Index, which was calculated for individual beaches and grouping the beaches by gulf. In order of importance, Red Knots were more faithful to Blancas, Fracasso, and Colombo Beaches. When we grouped beaches, site fidelity was greater in the San José Gulf, which can be linked to reports of its greater food supply. The use of this index is a useful and powerful tool to make decisions or propose management strategies. RESUMEN (Spanish) Los playeros rojizos son aves playeras migradoras de larga distancia, que vuelan desde el Ártico hasta el sur de Sudamérica. Realizan paradas migratorias en escasos sitios con elevada oferta trófica, los cuales actúan como cuellos de botella poblacionales. Se han registrado consecuencias catastróficas a nivel poblacional cuando los recursos no estuvieron disponibles durante una parada migratoria, por lo que dichos sitios deben ser manejados y conservados. En su migración al norte, entre los meses de marzo–mayo se detienen en Península Valdés (Patagonia Argentina), donde se realizaron monitoreos todos los años entre 2006–2013. La península está rodeada por 2 golfos donde las playas Blancas, Fracasso, Conos y Sarmiento fueron monitoreadas en el Golfo San José y playa Colombo en el golfo Nuevo. Se tomaron datos de encuentro-reencuentro de playeros rojizos anillados individualmente en todas las playas utilizando telescopios. Para evaluar la fidelidad al sitio por parte de los playeros rojizos, se utilizó el Índice Estandarizado de Fidelidad al Sitio. Este índice se calculó para cada playa y agrupando las playas según el golfo donde se ubican. En orden decreciente, los playeros rojizos fueron más fieles a las playas de Blancas, Fracasso y Colombo. Cuando las playas se agruparon por golfo, la fidelidad al sitio fue mayor en el golfo San José que en el golfo Nuevo, la cual puede estar relacionada con la reportada mayor oferta trófica en este golfo. La aplicación de este índice es una herramienta útil y poderosa para tomar decisiones o proponer estrategias para su manejo. Palabras clave:
摘要红结（Calidris canutus rufa）是从北极飞往南美南端的长途迁徙滨鸟。他们在一些营养资源高度集中的地方停了下来，这些地方就像人口瓶颈一样。在人口水平上，暴风雪期间无法获得的资源可能会产生灾难性后果。由于它们的重要性，这些地点必须得到管理和保存。在他们的向北移民中，红结在3月至5月期间在阿根廷巴塔哥尼亚的巴尔德斯半岛停留，在此期间，我们每年在2006年至2013年期间对他们进行调查。这个半岛周围有2个海湾，在那里监测了Blancas、Fracaso、Conos和Sarmiento Beaches（在圣何塞湾）和Colombo海滩（在新海湾）。我们记录了相遇-通过望远镜重新计数器个人标记的红色结的数据。为了评估Red Knot Site Fidelity，我们使用了标准化的Site Fidelity指数，该指数是为单个海滩计算的，并按海湾对海滩进行分组。重要的是，红结对布兰卡、弗拉卡索和科伦坡海滩更忠诚。当我们分组海滩时，圣何塞湾的网站忠诚度更高，这可以与报告其更大的粮食供应联系起来。使用该指数是作出决定或提出管理战略的有用和有力的工具。摘要（西班牙语）红色海滩鸟是从北极飞往南美洲南部的长途迁徙海滩鸟类。他们在食物供应量高的少数地方进行移民停留，这些地方是人口瓶颈。当资源在移民停留期间不可用时，在人口层面造成了灾难性后果，因此必须管理和保护这些地点。在他们向北移民的过程中，他们于3月至5月在阿根廷巴塔哥尼亚的巴尔德斯半岛停留，2006年至2013年期间每年在那里进行监测。半岛被两个海湾包围，在那里，圣何塞湾的白色海滩、弗拉卡索海滩、锥体和萨米恩托海滩以及新海湾的科伦坡海滩都受到了监测。收集了使用望远镜在所有海滩上分别环成红色的游泳者的相遇数据。为了评估红色球员对网站的忠诚度，使用了标准化的网站忠诚度指数。该指数是为每个海滩计算的，并根据海滩所在的海湾对海滩进行分组。按降序排列，红色海滩的人更忠于布兰卡、弗拉卡索和科伦坡的海滩。当海滩按海湾分组时，圣何塞湾对该地点的忠诚度高于新海湾，这可能与该海湾报告的最高营养供应有关。该指数的应用是作出决定或提出管理战略的有用和强大的工具。关键词：滨鸟，保护，相遇与重逢，迁徙规模，管理。
{"title":"Red Knot (Calidris canutus rufa) site fidelity at Península Valdés, Argentina","authors":"L. Musmeci, L. Bala, A. Tschopp, M. A. Hernández, M. Coscarella","doi":"10.1676/19-00108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1676/19-00108","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Red Knots (Calidris canutus rufa) are long-distance migratory shorebirds that fly from the Arctic to the southern tip of South America. They stop over in a few places with high concentrations of trophic resources that act like population bottlenecks. At a population level, unavailable resources during a stopover can have catastrophic consequences. Because of their importance, these sites must be managed and conserved. On their northward migration, Red Knots stop over on Península Valdés (Patagonian Argentina) between March and May, during which we surveyed them every year between 2006 and 2013. This peninsula is surrounded by 2 gulfs where the Blancas, Fracasso, Conos, and Sarmiento Beaches were monitored (in the San José Gulf), and the Colombo Beach (in the Nuevo Gulf). We recorded encounter–reencounter data of individually tagged Red Knots through telescopes. To evaluate Red Knot site fidelity, we used the Standardized Site Fidelity Index, which was calculated for individual beaches and grouping the beaches by gulf. In order of importance, Red Knots were more faithful to Blancas, Fracasso, and Colombo Beaches. When we grouped beaches, site fidelity was greater in the San José Gulf, which can be linked to reports of its greater food supply. The use of this index is a useful and powerful tool to make decisions or propose management strategies. RESUMEN (Spanish) Los playeros rojizos son aves playeras migradoras de larga distancia, que vuelan desde el Ártico hasta el sur de Sudamérica. Realizan paradas migratorias en escasos sitios con elevada oferta trófica, los cuales actúan como cuellos de botella poblacionales. Se han registrado consecuencias catastróficas a nivel poblacional cuando los recursos no estuvieron disponibles durante una parada migratoria, por lo que dichos sitios deben ser manejados y conservados. En su migración al norte, entre los meses de marzo–mayo se detienen en Península Valdés (Patagonia Argentina), donde se realizaron monitoreos todos los años entre 2006–2013. La península está rodeada por 2 golfos donde las playas Blancas, Fracasso, Conos y Sarmiento fueron monitoreadas en el Golfo San José y playa Colombo en el golfo Nuevo. Se tomaron datos de encuentro-reencuentro de playeros rojizos anillados individualmente en todas las playas utilizando telescopios. Para evaluar la fidelidad al sitio por parte de los playeros rojizos, se utilizó el Índice Estandarizado de Fidelidad al Sitio. Este índice se calculó para cada playa y agrupando las playas según el golfo donde se ubican. En orden decreciente, los playeros rojizos fueron más fieles a las playas de Blancas, Fracasso y Colombo. Cuando las playas se agruparon por golfo, la fidelidad al sitio fue mayor en el golfo San José que en el golfo Nuevo, la cual puede estar relacionada con la reportada mayor oferta trófica en este golfo. La aplicación de este índice es una herramienta útil y poderosa para tomar decisiones o proponer estrategias para su manejo. Palabras clave: ","PeriodicalId":54404,"journal":{"name":"Wilson Journal Of Ornithology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46716137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. R. Rodríguez-Ruíz, H. A. Garza-Torres, Elena A. Flores, Armando Ramos Flores, Oscar Fabián García Verdines
ABSTRACT We report 5 cases of progressive graying on the Great-tailed Grackle (Quiscalus mexicanus) and 1 case of white feathers, most likely due to injury, from northeastern Mexico and southern Texas, USA. The cases we report showed different degrees of intensity. The causes of graying in bird feathers are not clear; we discuss possible causes and external factors associated with it and highlight the importance of documenting cases of pigmentary abnormalities. RESUMEN (Spanish) Reportamos 5 casos de encanecimiento progresivo en el zanate mayor (Quiscalus mexicanus) y un caso de plumas blancas, posiblemente por lesión, en el noreste de México y el sur de Texas, EE. UU. Los casos que reportamos muestran diferentes grados de intensidad. Las causas del encanecimiento de las plumas de las aves no están claras; discutimos las posibles causas y factores externos asociados con ella, y enfatizamos la importancia de documentar casos de anomalías pigmentarias. Palabras clave: aberraciones cromáticas, albinismo, canoso progresivo, leucismo.
{"title":"Pigmentary abnormalities in Great-tailed Grackles (Quiscalus mexicanus) from northeastern Mexico and southern Texas","authors":"E. R. Rodríguez-Ruíz, H. A. Garza-Torres, Elena A. Flores, Armando Ramos Flores, Oscar Fabián García Verdines","doi":"10.1676/20-00043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1676/20-00043","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT We report 5 cases of progressive graying on the Great-tailed Grackle (Quiscalus mexicanus) and 1 case of white feathers, most likely due to injury, from northeastern Mexico and southern Texas, USA. The cases we report showed different degrees of intensity. The causes of graying in bird feathers are not clear; we discuss possible causes and external factors associated with it and highlight the importance of documenting cases of pigmentary abnormalities. RESUMEN (Spanish) Reportamos 5 casos de encanecimiento progresivo en el zanate mayor (Quiscalus mexicanus) y un caso de plumas blancas, posiblemente por lesión, en el noreste de México y el sur de Texas, EE. UU. Los casos que reportamos muestran diferentes grados de intensidad. Las causas del encanecimiento de las plumas de las aves no están claras; discutimos las posibles causas y factores externos asociados con ella, y enfatizamos la importancia de documentar casos de anomalías pigmentarias. Palabras clave: aberraciones cromáticas, albinismo, canoso progresivo, leucismo.","PeriodicalId":54404,"journal":{"name":"Wilson Journal Of Ornithology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46439175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kaitlyn M Reintsma, Megan M. Delamont, Lorelle I. Berkeley, Victoria J. Dreitz
ABSTRACT The Thick-billed Longspur (Rhynchophanes mccownii) is a bird species of conservation concern that relies on shortgrass prairies and steppes of western North America. These habitats have been greatly altered from expansive and diverse ecosystems into small patches of homogeneous pastures interspersed with agricultural lands, yet little information exists on how land use affects Thick-billed Longspur demography. This study evaluates the benefits of an incentivized private land conservation-based program (CBP) on Thick-billed Longspur reproduction. We compared Thick-billed Longspur nest success and density on data collected on pastures enrolled in CBP with pastures not enrolled. CBP pastures experienced a rest–rotation specified grazing regime, while there were no requirements for the pastures outside the program. We use a time-to-event state-space superpopulation model that accounts for the availability of nests when estimating detection. We detected and monitored 74 Thick-billed Longspur nests over 2 breeding seasons, including 28 nests in CBP pastures. Our results suggest similar estimates of nest success and nest density between nests in CBP pastures and nests in pastures not participating in the conservation program. Our estimates of nest success and nest density advance our understanding of the influence of an incentivized conservation program on songbirds and give insight into 2 metrics of Thick-billed Longspur reproduction. RESUMEN (Spanish) El escribano Rhynchophanes mccownii es una especie con estatus de conservación preocupante que depende de praderas bajas y estepas del occidente de Norteamérica. Estos hábitats han sido grandemente alterados de ser ecosistemas dominantes y diversos a pequeños parches de pasturas homogéneas mezcladas con tierras agrícolas. Sin embargo, existe poca información de cómo el uso del suelo afecta la demografía de estos escribanos. Este estudio evalúa los beneficios de un programa que incentiva la conservación de tierras privadas (CBP) en la reproducción del escribano. Comparamos el éxito de anidación y densidad según datos colectados en pasturas que se inscribieron en un CBP con aquellas de pasturas que no formaban parte del programa. Las pasturas en el CBP experimentaron un régimen específico de pastoreo de descanso-rotación, mientras que no hubo requisitos para las pasturas que no formaban parte del programa. Usamos un modelo de superpoblación de estado-espacio que cuantifica la disponibilidad de nidos mientras estima su detección. Detectamos y monitoreamos 74 nidos de escribano a lo largo de 2 temporadas reproductivas, incluyendo 28 nidos en pasturas en el CBP. Nuestros resultados sugieren estimaciones similares de éxito de anidación y densidad de nidos entre nidos de pasturas en el CBP y los nidos en pasturas que no participaban en el programa de conservación. Nuestras estimaciones de éxito de anidación y densidad de nidos avanzan nuestro entendimiento de la influencia de un programa de conservació
厚嘴长刺(Rhynchophanes mccownii)是一种依赖于北美西部短草草原和草原的鸟类，具有重要的保护意义。这些栖息地已经从广阔多样的生态系统转变为散布在农业用地上的小块同质牧场，但关于土地利用如何影响厚嘴龙的人口统计的信息很少。本研究评估了激励私人土地保护计划(CBP)对厚嘴长刺繁殖的好处。我们比较了在加入CBP和未加入CBP的牧场上收集的厚嘴长刺巢成功率和密度数据。CBP牧场经历了一个休息轮作的特定放牧制度，而对计划外的牧场没有要求。我们使用时间到事件状态空间超种群模型，该模型在估计检测时考虑了巢穴的可用性。在2个繁殖季节共检测和监测了74个厚嘴长刺巢，其中28个巢位于CBP牧场。我们的研究结果表明，在CBP牧场和未参与保护计划牧场的巢穴之间，巢成功率和巢密度的估计值相似。我们对巢成功和巢密度的估计促进了我们对激励保护计划对鸣禽的影响的理解，并深入了解了厚嘴长刺繁殖的两个指标。RESUMEN(西班牙语)西班牙裔美国人特别同意conservación的先决条件，并根据与西方国家有关的条件来决定是否与西方国家有关。Estos hábitats han sido grandemente alterados de ser ecosistemas dominantes y divertes and pequeños pastches de pasturas homoneas mezcladas contierras agrícolas。在禁运期间，存在poca información de cómo el uso del suvelo影响和demografía de estos escribanos。Este estudio evalúa los beneficios de un programos que incentive la conservación de tierras privadas (CBP) en la reproducción del escribano。比较通讯通讯条例(通讯通讯条例)和según数据收集条例(放牧条例)与CBP条例(放牧条例)的关系。在墨西哥的牧场和海关总署的实验中，在墨西哥的牧场和海关总署的实验中，在墨西哥的牧场和海关总署的牧场实验中，在墨西哥的牧场和海关总署的牧场实验中，在墨西哥的牧场和海关的牧场实验中，在墨西哥的牧场和海关的牧场实验中。Usamos un modelo de superpoblación de estado- space que quantitica la disabilidad de nidos minentras estima su detección。监测到74只野生动物和2只大型野生动物，其中28只野生动物和牧场。新结果表明，类似的估计是通过通讯通讯条例条例(anidación)、通过牧场管理条例(CBP)、通过牧场管理条例(conservación)和牧场管理条例(no participababen en programa conservación)进行的。3 .新估计的电子数据交换系统(anidación)和新估计的电子数据交换系统(conservación - pájaros)对方案的影响的电子数据交换系统(conservación - pájaros)和对电子数据交换系统(visión)的电子数据交换系统(reproducción -萨尔瓦多)的电子数据交换系统。Palabras clave: canoras, densidad de nidos, escribano， ，加纳，帕斯托雷奥处方，reproducción。
{"title":"Thick-billed Longspur (Rhynchophanes mccownii) reproduction shows minimal short-term response to conservation-based program","authors":"Kaitlyn M Reintsma, Megan M. Delamont, Lorelle I. Berkeley, Victoria J. Dreitz","doi":"10.1676/21-00074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1676/21-00074","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The Thick-billed Longspur (Rhynchophanes mccownii) is a bird species of conservation concern that relies on shortgrass prairies and steppes of western North America. These habitats have been greatly altered from expansive and diverse ecosystems into small patches of homogeneous pastures interspersed with agricultural lands, yet little information exists on how land use affects Thick-billed Longspur demography. This study evaluates the benefits of an incentivized private land conservation-based program (CBP) on Thick-billed Longspur reproduction. We compared Thick-billed Longspur nest success and density on data collected on pastures enrolled in CBP with pastures not enrolled. CBP pastures experienced a rest–rotation specified grazing regime, while there were no requirements for the pastures outside the program. We use a time-to-event state-space superpopulation model that accounts for the availability of nests when estimating detection. We detected and monitored 74 Thick-billed Longspur nests over 2 breeding seasons, including 28 nests in CBP pastures. Our results suggest similar estimates of nest success and nest density between nests in CBP pastures and nests in pastures not participating in the conservation program. Our estimates of nest success and nest density advance our understanding of the influence of an incentivized conservation program on songbirds and give insight into 2 metrics of Thick-billed Longspur reproduction. RESUMEN (Spanish) El escribano Rhynchophanes mccownii es una especie con estatus de conservación preocupante que depende de praderas bajas y estepas del occidente de Norteamérica. Estos hábitats han sido grandemente alterados de ser ecosistemas dominantes y diversos a pequeños parches de pasturas homogéneas mezcladas con tierras agrícolas. Sin embargo, existe poca información de cómo el uso del suelo afecta la demografía de estos escribanos. Este estudio evalúa los beneficios de un programa que incentiva la conservación de tierras privadas (CBP) en la reproducción del escribano. Comparamos el éxito de anidación y densidad según datos colectados en pasturas que se inscribieron en un CBP con aquellas de pasturas que no formaban parte del programa. Las pasturas en el CBP experimentaron un régimen específico de pastoreo de descanso-rotación, mientras que no hubo requisitos para las pasturas que no formaban parte del programa. Usamos un modelo de superpoblación de estado-espacio que cuantifica la disponibilidad de nidos mientras estima su detección. Detectamos y monitoreamos 74 nidos de escribano a lo largo de 2 temporadas reproductivas, incluyendo 28 nidos en pasturas en el CBP. Nuestros resultados sugieren estimaciones similares de éxito de anidación y densidad de nidos entre nidos de pasturas en el CBP y los nidos en pasturas que no participaban en el programa de conservación. Nuestras estimaciones de éxito de anidación y densidad de nidos avanzan nuestro entendimiento de la influencia de un programa de conservació","PeriodicalId":54404,"journal":{"name":"Wilson Journal Of Ornithology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41532542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT Initial descriptions of avian subspecies were based on expert opinions of geographic variation in phenotypes and were inherently subjective. Although best practices for subspecies delimitation continue to be debated, reassessing subspecies limits with current, quantitative methods is important toward refining and improving taxonomic treatments. Plumage coloration is the basis of many subspecies diagnoses, but is potentially problematic because of the historical lack of quantitative methods to measure color. Recently developed methods, such as colorimetry, provide repeatable measurements of color variation that can be used to reassess subspecies limits. In this study, we reassess color variation among subspecies of the Oregon Dark-eyed Junco (Junco hyemalis [oreganus]) group, in which differences in back and hood color were established as diagnostic characters. We measured back and hood brightness and hue in 206 museum specimens among 5 Oregon Dark-eyed Junco subspecies using a colorimeter. We then compared mean measurements among subspecies and conducted a discriminant function analysis to assess how well dorsal color predicted subspecies. Our data correctly classified only 67.9% of males and 82.5% of females to their presumed subspecies. Furthermore, no adjacent subspecies pairs passed the “75% rule” due to extensive overlap in plumage characters. Thus, back color alone is not as effective in diagnosing Oregon Dark-eyed Junco subspecies as originally described, suggesting the need for a taxonomic revision. Specifically, similarity in phenotypic and genetic data suggests that some combination of thurberi, montanus, and shufeldti may be lumped to recognize broad, clinal variation in dorsal color alongside clinal variation in other phenotypes and extensive gene flow. RESUMEN (Spanish) Las descripciones iniciales de las subespecies de aves se basaban en opiniones expertas de variación geográfica de los fenotipos y son inherentemente subjetivas. Si bien las mejores prácticas para la delimitación de subespecies siguen debatiéndose, la redeterminación de los límites entre subespecies con métodos actuales y cuantitativos es importante hacia el refinamiento y mejora de los tratamientos taxonómicos. La coloración del plumaje es la base de la diagnosis de muchas subespecies, si bien es potencialmente problemática por la histórica carencia de métodos cuantitativos para medir el color. Métodos desarrollados recientemente, como la colorimetría, proveen mediciones repetibles de variación de color que pueden ser utilizadas para redeterminar límites entre subespecies. En este estudio, redeterminamos la variación de color entre subespecies del complejo Oregon del junco Junco hyemalis oreganus, en el cual las diferencias en el color del dorso y la capucha fueron establecidas como caracteres diagnósticos. Hicimos mediciones del brillo y el tono del dorso y la capucha en 206 especímenes de museo entre 5 subespecies del grupo Oregon usando un colorímetro. A
{"title":"Dorsal Color Variation Among Subspecies of the Oregon Dark-Eyed Junco (Junco hyemalis [oreganus]) Group","authors":"Elisa T. Yang, P. Unitt, Nicholas A. Mason","doi":"10.1676/20-00136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1676/20-00136","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Initial descriptions of avian subspecies were based on expert opinions of geographic variation in phenotypes and were inherently subjective. Although best practices for subspecies delimitation continue to be debated, reassessing subspecies limits with current, quantitative methods is important toward refining and improving taxonomic treatments. Plumage coloration is the basis of many subspecies diagnoses, but is potentially problematic because of the historical lack of quantitative methods to measure color. Recently developed methods, such as colorimetry, provide repeatable measurements of color variation that can be used to reassess subspecies limits. In this study, we reassess color variation among subspecies of the Oregon Dark-eyed Junco (Junco hyemalis [oreganus]) group, in which differences in back and hood color were established as diagnostic characters. We measured back and hood brightness and hue in 206 museum specimens among 5 Oregon Dark-eyed Junco subspecies using a colorimeter. We then compared mean measurements among subspecies and conducted a discriminant function analysis to assess how well dorsal color predicted subspecies. Our data correctly classified only 67.9% of males and 82.5% of females to their presumed subspecies. Furthermore, no adjacent subspecies pairs passed the “75% rule” due to extensive overlap in plumage characters. Thus, back color alone is not as effective in diagnosing Oregon Dark-eyed Junco subspecies as originally described, suggesting the need for a taxonomic revision. Specifically, similarity in phenotypic and genetic data suggests that some combination of thurberi, montanus, and shufeldti may be lumped to recognize broad, clinal variation in dorsal color alongside clinal variation in other phenotypes and extensive gene flow. RESUMEN (Spanish) Las descripciones iniciales de las subespecies de aves se basaban en opiniones expertas de variación geográfica de los fenotipos y son inherentemente subjetivas. Si bien las mejores prácticas para la delimitación de subespecies siguen debatiéndose, la redeterminación de los límites entre subespecies con métodos actuales y cuantitativos es importante hacia el refinamiento y mejora de los tratamientos taxonómicos. La coloración del plumaje es la base de la diagnosis de muchas subespecies, si bien es potencialmente problemática por la histórica carencia de métodos cuantitativos para medir el color. Métodos desarrollados recientemente, como la colorimetría, proveen mediciones repetibles de variación de color que pueden ser utilizadas para redeterminar límites entre subespecies. En este estudio, redeterminamos la variación de color entre subespecies del complejo Oregon del junco Junco hyemalis oreganus, en el cual las diferencias en el color del dorso y la capucha fueron establecidas como caracteres diagnósticos. Hicimos mediciones del brillo y el tono del dorso y la capucha en 206 especímenes de museo entre 5 subespecies del grupo Oregon usando un colorímetro. A ","PeriodicalId":54404,"journal":{"name":"Wilson Journal Of Ornithology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45225484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT Blue Jays (Cyanocitta cristata) are known to have large vocal repertoires, although no peer-reviewed study had thoroughly overviewed what vocalizations comprise such repertoires. Using 7,153 vocalizations, most of them recorded in central Kentucky, I document 36 Blue Jay vocalization types, provide spectrographs of 31 of them, and present their relative frequency of use. I suggest a hierarchical nomenclature that can be used to classify Blue Jay vocalizations and that can also be used to classify the vocalizations of other corvids. My depiction of the vocalizations of Blue Jays, and suggestion for a generalizable approach to nomenclature establishment, could help advance our knowledge of the functions of Blue Jay vocalizations and of the evolutionary history of them, especially in relation to the New World jay group. RESUMEN (Spanish) la chara Cyanocitta cristata son conocidas por tener amplios repertorios vocales, si bien no hay un estudio arbitrado que haga una reseña exhaustiva de qué vocalizaciones componen dichos repertorios. Usando 7,153 vocalizaciones, la mayoría grabadas en Kentucky central, documento 36 tipos de vocalizaciones de esta chara, presento espectrogramas de 31 de éstas y presento su frecuencia relativa de uso. Sugiero una nomenclatura jerárquica que puede ser usada para clasificar las vocalizaciones de esta chara y que también puede ser usada para clasificar las vocalizaciones de otros córvidos. Mi caracterización de las vocalizaciones de esta chara, y la sugerencia de un enfoque generalizable para establecer su nomenclatura, podrían ayudarnos a avanzar nuestro conocimiento de las funciones y la historia evolutiva de las vocalizaciones de esta chara, especialmente en relación al grupo de charas del Nuevo Mundo. Palabras clave: aves, aviar, comunicación, llamados, vocalización.
{"title":"The vocal repertoire of Blue Jays (Cyanocitta cristata): Spectrographic snapshots and suggested nomenclature","authors":"Dustin E. Brewer","doi":"10.1676/19-00027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1676/19-00027","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Blue Jays (Cyanocitta cristata) are known to have large vocal repertoires, although no peer-reviewed study had thoroughly overviewed what vocalizations comprise such repertoires. Using 7,153 vocalizations, most of them recorded in central Kentucky, I document 36 Blue Jay vocalization types, provide spectrographs of 31 of them, and present their relative frequency of use. I suggest a hierarchical nomenclature that can be used to classify Blue Jay vocalizations and that can also be used to classify the vocalizations of other corvids. My depiction of the vocalizations of Blue Jays, and suggestion for a generalizable approach to nomenclature establishment, could help advance our knowledge of the functions of Blue Jay vocalizations and of the evolutionary history of them, especially in relation to the New World jay group. RESUMEN (Spanish) la chara Cyanocitta cristata son conocidas por tener amplios repertorios vocales, si bien no hay un estudio arbitrado que haga una reseña exhaustiva de qué vocalizaciones componen dichos repertorios. Usando 7,153 vocalizaciones, la mayoría grabadas en Kentucky central, documento 36 tipos de vocalizaciones de esta chara, presento espectrogramas de 31 de éstas y presento su frecuencia relativa de uso. Sugiero una nomenclatura jerárquica que puede ser usada para clasificar las vocalizaciones de esta chara y que también puede ser usada para clasificar las vocalizaciones de otros córvidos. Mi caracterización de las vocalizaciones de esta chara, y la sugerencia de un enfoque generalizable para establecer su nomenclatura, podrían ayudarnos a avanzar nuestro conocimiento de las funciones y la historia evolutiva de las vocalizaciones de esta chara, especialmente en relación al grupo de charas del Nuevo Mundo. Palabras clave: aves, aviar, comunicación, llamados, vocalización.","PeriodicalId":54404,"journal":{"name":"Wilson Journal Of Ornithology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48005953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT The Eurasian Scops-Owl (Otus scops) is a protected species whose successful reproduction is critical for the maintenance of its population. However, due to the scarcity of information on its breeding habits and nest-site selection, we conducted a study using artificial nest boxes in the Zuojia Nature Reserve, Jilin Province, China, from 2007 to 2019. The mean clutch size was 3.85 ± 0.53 (n = 35 nests), mean hatching rate was 98.84%, and mean survival rate of nestlings was 96%. A logistic equation fitting the increase in nestlings' mass showed an S-type growth curve. The key ecological factors in nest-site selection included the canopy over the nesting site, nearby shrub species, and shrub canopy density.
{"title":"Breeding and nest-site selection of Eurasian Scops-Owl (Otus scops) in northeast China","authors":"Nanyi Zhang, Changlei Cao, Zuojiao Zhang, Qiuxiang Deng, Keqin Zhang, Wei Gao, Hai-tao Wang, Yun-lei Jiang, Tong Zhou","doi":"10.1676/21-00030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1676/21-00030","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The Eurasian Scops-Owl (Otus scops) is a protected species whose successful reproduction is critical for the maintenance of its population. However, due to the scarcity of information on its breeding habits and nest-site selection, we conducted a study using artificial nest boxes in the Zuojia Nature Reserve, Jilin Province, China, from 2007 to 2019. The mean clutch size was 3.85 ± 0.53 (n = 35 nests), mean hatching rate was 98.84%, and mean survival rate of nestlings was 96%. A logistic equation fitting the increase in nestlings' mass showed an S-type growth curve. The key ecological factors in nest-site selection included the canopy over the nesting site, nearby shrub species, and shrub canopy density.","PeriodicalId":54404,"journal":{"name":"Wilson Journal Of Ornithology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43372049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nehafta Bibi, Jiangping Yu, Ye Gong, Thae Su Mo, Muhammad Zubair, Haitao Wang
ABSTRACT Neophobia may offer benefits to animals by reducing their exposure to unknown dangers, but it can also limit their exploration of potential resources. Neophobia is a personality trait and individuals vary consistently in their behavioral response to novel and challenging situations. Personality researchers typically test subjects in isolation, which ignores the potential effects of the social environment. Using a model social species, the Cinereous Tit (Parus cinereus), we compared individual neophobic behavioral responses in asocial and social contexts. Further, we tested the influence of conspecifics with the same and opposite personality types on the focal individual's behavior. We found that social context influences the neophobic behavior of Cinereous Tits based on the personality of their conspecifics: the focal individual became bolder in the presence of bold conspecifics, the shy remained significantly shy when paired with shy conspecifics, and the shy became bold when paired with bold conspecifics. Our results showed in a social context individuals took shorter latency and spent maximum time at the feeder, which could be interpreted as the influence of conspecifics' personality types. Our results demonstrate that social context can mediate the expression of an individual personality. However, in order to better understand the functional role of personality in a social context, we recommend investigating interaction dynamics in larger social groups and assessing the costs and benefits of some of their activities (e.g., foraging, collective defense, or predator avoidance).
{"title":"Influence of social context on Cinereous Tit (Parus cinereus) neophobic behavior","authors":"Nehafta Bibi, Jiangping Yu, Ye Gong, Thae Su Mo, Muhammad Zubair, Haitao Wang","doi":"10.1676/21-00007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1676/21-00007","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Neophobia may offer benefits to animals by reducing their exposure to unknown dangers, but it can also limit their exploration of potential resources. Neophobia is a personality trait and individuals vary consistently in their behavioral response to novel and challenging situations. Personality researchers typically test subjects in isolation, which ignores the potential effects of the social environment. Using a model social species, the Cinereous Tit (Parus cinereus), we compared individual neophobic behavioral responses in asocial and social contexts. Further, we tested the influence of conspecifics with the same and opposite personality types on the focal individual's behavior. We found that social context influences the neophobic behavior of Cinereous Tits based on the personality of their conspecifics: the focal individual became bolder in the presence of bold conspecifics, the shy remained significantly shy when paired with shy conspecifics, and the shy became bold when paired with bold conspecifics. Our results showed in a social context individuals took shorter latency and spent maximum time at the feeder, which could be interpreted as the influence of conspecifics' personality types. Our results demonstrate that social context can mediate the expression of an individual personality. However, in order to better understand the functional role of personality in a social context, we recommend investigating interaction dynamics in larger social groups and assessing the costs and benefits of some of their activities (e.g., foraging, collective defense, or predator avoidance).","PeriodicalId":54404,"journal":{"name":"Wilson Journal Of Ornithology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41261735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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