{"title":"First Report of Japanese Andromeda (Pieris japonica, Ericaceae) Escaped from Cultivation in Massachusetts, U.S.A.","authors":"George M. LoCascio","doi":"10.3119/21-11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3119/21-11","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54454,"journal":{"name":"Rhodora","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45921674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Bertin, K. Searcy, G. Motzkin, M. Hickler, Peter P. Grima
ABSTRACT We examined changes in the native vascular flora of Franklin County, Massachusetts, a largely rural county with a long history of botanical investigation. The historical flora was documented using herbarium specimens and literature records, and the current flora was assessed in 10 years of field work starting in 2010. The county contains 26 towns, and apparent changes were based on town-level presence/absence. In total, 1205 species were recorded. Apparent losses from the historical flora totaled 5.6% of species, and apparent gains totaled 4.2%. Several families exhibited greater declines than the flora as a whole, including the Orchidaceae, Ophioglossaceae, Ranunculaceae, and Violaceae. Species dependent on fungi during at least part of their life cycle declined relative to other species, but were concentrated in a small group of families, including the Orchidaceae and Ophioglossaceae. Species with fleshy fruits increased relative to those with ant-dispersed seeds. Annuals increased relative to biennials and perennials, probably due to the increasing extent of ruderal habitats. Graminoids showed greater apparent increases than forbs, which may reflect undercollecting of the former taxa during the historical period. Species changes were related to habitat, with marked increases in plants of ruderal habitats, but other apparent changes may reflect sampling biases. Northern taxa appear to be declining relative to other species, particularly in towns at lower elevations. This study is one of several that have examined floristic changes in the northeastern United States and is part of a nascent literature suggesting that climate changes have altered the southern New England flora in the past century. Additional documentation of regional floras is needed to facilitate assessments of future floristic changes.
{"title":"Two Centuries of Change in the Native Flora of Franklin County, Massachusetts, U.S.A.","authors":"R. Bertin, K. Searcy, G. Motzkin, M. Hickler, Peter P. Grima","doi":"10.3119/21-18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3119/21-18","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT We examined changes in the native vascular flora of Franklin County, Massachusetts, a largely rural county with a long history of botanical investigation. The historical flora was documented using herbarium specimens and literature records, and the current flora was assessed in 10 years of field work starting in 2010. The county contains 26 towns, and apparent changes were based on town-level presence/absence. In total, 1205 species were recorded. Apparent losses from the historical flora totaled 5.6% of species, and apparent gains totaled 4.2%. Several families exhibited greater declines than the flora as a whole, including the Orchidaceae, Ophioglossaceae, Ranunculaceae, and Violaceae. Species dependent on fungi during at least part of their life cycle declined relative to other species, but were concentrated in a small group of families, including the Orchidaceae and Ophioglossaceae. Species with fleshy fruits increased relative to those with ant-dispersed seeds. Annuals increased relative to biennials and perennials, probably due to the increasing extent of ruderal habitats. Graminoids showed greater apparent increases than forbs, which may reflect undercollecting of the former taxa during the historical period. Species changes were related to habitat, with marked increases in plants of ruderal habitats, but other apparent changes may reflect sampling biases. Northern taxa appear to be declining relative to other species, particularly in towns at lower elevations. This study is one of several that have examined floristic changes in the northeastern United States and is part of a nascent literature suggesting that climate changes have altered the southern New England flora in the past century. Additional documentation of regional floras is needed to facilitate assessments of future floristic changes.","PeriodicalId":54454,"journal":{"name":"Rhodora","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46491305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-31DOI: 10.3119/0035-4902-123.994.233
Karen Hirschberg
New England Botanical Club President Jesse Bellemare welcomed participants to the 1151st meeting on Saturday, April 3, 2021. He introduced the 2021 NEBC Distinguished Speaker, Dr. Robert I. Bertin, Professor of Biology, Emeritus, College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, Massachusetts. Dr. Bertin is currently studying the effects of recent climate change on flowering phenology and changes in the floristic composition of New England over time. He coauthored the Flora of Worcester County and more recently, the Flora of Franklin County, and has made major contributions to the understanding of floristic change in our region. Dr. Bertin’s presentation was titled “Regional Floras and the Assessment of Regional Change.” Published floras and herbarium collections are vital sources of historic data on plant distributions. Most herbarium specimens held at New England institutions can be viewed in digital form on the Consortium of Northeastern Herbaria website. The NEBC Herbarium has the most extensive collection of New England specimens, going back 200 years. MassWildlife’s Natural Heritage and Endangered Species Program (NHESP) is another valuable source, providing town occurrences of rare (state-listed) species. Dr. Bertin worked on the Franklin County Flora Project with Dr. Karen Searcy, Matt Hickler, Glenn Motzkin, and Pete Grima, with contributions from other botanists. They logged 46,000 field records, collected 4300 specimens, and examined 16,000 herbarium specimens and thousands of literature records. The resulting Flora of Franklin County includes 1205 native species and 635 nonnative species, with 67 historic species not found and 50 species documented that had not been reported historically. The highest diversity was found in the towns of the Connecticut River Valley. Dr. Bertin briefly described three collaborative floristic projects in which he is currently involved: 1) analysis of changes in the flora of Franklin County, 2) analysis of changes in rare species in Massachusetts that have northern affinities, and 3) changes in abundance of orchids. Dr. Bertin and collaborators examined changes in Franklin County species using an index based on the number of towns in which a species was recorded recently (since 2010) and historically (pre-2010). The median change index was modestly positive (0.18) for native species, presumably reflecting the greater intensity of recent than historical sampling, but much higher (0.52) for nonnative species, reflecting their increasing frequency. This increase in nonnative taxa could cause problems for insect herbivores— such as moths and butterflies—since other studies have shown lower diversity and abundance of these insects on nonnative plants. Dr. Bertin and collaborators looked at changes in native species in different habitat types. A large apparent increase in species of aquatic habitats was probably an artifact of the more thorough sampling of these
新英格兰植物俱乐部主席Jesse Bellemare欢迎参加2021年4月3日星期六举行的第1151次会议的与会者。他介绍了2021年NEBC杰出演讲者Robert I. Bertin博士，马萨诸塞州伍斯特圣十字学院生物学名誉教授。Bertin博士目前正在研究近期气候变化对开花物候的影响，以及新英格兰植物区系组成随时间的变化。他是伍斯特县植物区系的合著者，最近，他是富兰克林县植物区系的合著者，对我们地区植物区系变化的理解做出了重大贡献。伯丁博士的演讲题目是“区域植物区系和区域变化评估”。已出版的植物区系和植物标本馆收藏是植物分布历史数据的重要来源。新英格兰各机构保存的大多数植物标本馆标本都可以在东北植物标本馆联合会网站上以数字形式查看。NEBC植物标本室拥有最广泛的新英格兰标本收藏，可以追溯到200年前。MassWildlife的自然遗产和濒危物种计划(NHESP)是另一个有价值的资源，提供城镇稀有物种(国家列出)的发生情况。Bertin博士与Karen Searcy博士、Matt Hickler博士、Glenn Motzkin博士和Pete Grima博士一起参与了富兰克林县植物项目，并得到了其他植物学家的贡献。他们记录了4.6万份野外记录，收集了4300份标本，检查了1.6万份植物标本和数千份文献记录。由此产生的富兰克林县植物区系包括1205种本地物种和635种非本地物种，67种历史上未发现的物种和50种历史上未报告的记录物种。在康涅狄格河谷的城镇中发现了最高的多样性。Bertin博士简要介绍了他目前参与的三个合作植物区系项目:1)分析富兰克林县植物区系的变化;2)分析马萨诸塞州与北方有亲缘关系的稀有物种的变化;3)兰花丰度的变化。伯廷博士及其合作者使用一种指数来研究富兰克林县物种的变化，该指数基于最近(2010年以来)和历史(2010年之前)记录过物种的城镇数量。本地物种的中位数变化指数为正(0.18)，可能反映了最近采样的强度大于历史采样，而非本地物种的中位数变化指数为高(0.52)，反映了其频率的增加。非本地分类群的增加可能会给昆虫食草动物带来问题——比如飞蛾和蝴蝶——因为其他研究表明，这些昆虫在非本地植物上的多样性和丰度都较低。伯廷博士和合作者研究了不同栖息地类型的本地物种的变化。水生栖息地物种的大量明显增加可能是对这些物种进行更彻底采样的产物
{"title":"NEBC Meeting News","authors":"Karen Hirschberg","doi":"10.3119/0035-4902-123.994.233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3119/0035-4902-123.994.233","url":null,"abstract":"New England Botanical Club President Jesse Bellemare welcomed participants to the 1151st meeting on Saturday, April 3, 2021. He introduced the 2021 NEBC Distinguished Speaker, Dr. Robert I. Bertin, Professor of Biology, Emeritus, College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, Massachusetts. Dr. Bertin is currently studying the effects of recent climate change on flowering phenology and changes in the floristic composition of New England over time. He coauthored the Flora of Worcester County and more recently, the Flora of Franklin County, and has made major contributions to the understanding of floristic change in our region. Dr. Bertin’s presentation was titled “Regional Floras and the Assessment of Regional Change.” Published floras and herbarium collections are vital sources of historic data on plant distributions. Most herbarium specimens held at New England institutions can be viewed in digital form on the Consortium of Northeastern Herbaria website. The NEBC Herbarium has the most extensive collection of New England specimens, going back 200 years. MassWildlife’s Natural Heritage and Endangered Species Program (NHESP) is another valuable source, providing town occurrences of rare (state-listed) species. Dr. Bertin worked on the Franklin County Flora Project with Dr. Karen Searcy, Matt Hickler, Glenn Motzkin, and Pete Grima, with contributions from other botanists. They logged 46,000 field records, collected 4300 specimens, and examined 16,000 herbarium specimens and thousands of literature records. The resulting Flora of Franklin County includes 1205 native species and 635 nonnative species, with 67 historic species not found and 50 species documented that had not been reported historically. The highest diversity was found in the towns of the Connecticut River Valley. Dr. Bertin briefly described three collaborative floristic projects in which he is currently involved: 1) analysis of changes in the flora of Franklin County, 2) analysis of changes in rare species in Massachusetts that have northern affinities, and 3) changes in abundance of orchids. Dr. Bertin and collaborators examined changes in Franklin County species using an index based on the number of towns in which a species was recorded recently (since 2010) and historically (pre-2010). The median change index was modestly positive (0.18) for native species, presumably reflecting the greater intensity of recent than historical sampling, but much higher (0.52) for nonnative species, reflecting their increasing frequency. This increase in nonnative taxa could cause problems for insect herbivores— such as moths and butterflies—since other studies have shown lower diversity and abundance of these insects on nonnative plants. Dr. Bertin and collaborators looked at changes in native species in different habitat types. A large apparent increase in species of aquatic habitats was probably an artifact of the more thorough sampling of these","PeriodicalId":54454,"journal":{"name":"Rhodora","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48381521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We report the presence of Eupatorium cannabinum L. (hemp agrimony) growing spontaneously in Dukes County, Massachusetts, in Edgartown on Martha’s Vineyard. This species has not been documented previously in New England (Angelo and Boufford 2020). The native range of E. cannabinum is Europe to central Asia and northwestern Africa (Plants of the World Online 2019). Considered a garden escapee in the United States, it has been documented in New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia in the United States, and is possibly naturalized in British Columbia in Canada (National Resources Conservation Service 2021). In New Zealand, E. cannabinum has been reported to be invasive (Global Invasive Species Database 2021). Eupatorium cannabinum is a perennial herb that grows to 1.5 m tall (Siripun and Schilling 2006). It is typically found in disturbed (Siripun and Schilling 2006) and wet sites (Global Invasive Species Database 2021). We found the plants on conservation land within 60 m of a freshwater pond. Hundreds of flowering stems were present in a lightly shaded thicket at the base of a slope and extending a short distance upslope. They occupied an area measuring approximately 16 × 13 m. A single plant in occasionally mowed trailside brush in light shade was located 40 m distant. Accompanying plants included Acer rubrum L., Ampelopsis glandulosa (Wall.) Momiy. var. brevipedunculata (Maxim.) Momiy., Artemisia vulgaris L., Calystegia sepium (L.) R. Br. subsp. americana (Sims) Brummitt, Clethra alnifolia L., Eupatorium perfoliatum L., Euthamia graminifolia (L.) Nutt., Hedera helix L., Holcus lanatus L., Juncus pylaei Laharpe, Lonicera japonica Thunb., Prunus serotina Ehrh., Quercus velutina Lam., Solidago rugosa Mill., Symphyotrichum novi-belgii (L.) G.L. Nesom, Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze, and Viburnum dentatum L. We identified our plants as Eupatorium cannabinum using the key of Siripun and Schilling (2006): leaves (at least larger proximal) palmately 3(–5)-lobed; the lobes relatively broad (20–40 mm); margins serrate; corollas usually pinkish. Other notable features
我们报告的存在大麻泽兰(大麻草)自发生长在杜克县，马萨诸塞州，在埃德加敦玛莎葡萄园。这个物种以前在新英格兰没有被记录过(Angelo and Boufford 2020)。大麻大麻的原产于欧洲到中亚和非洲西北部(世界植物在线2019)。它被认为是美国的花园逃犯，在美国的纽约州、宾夕法尼亚州、马里兰州和弗吉尼亚州都有记录，并可能在加拿大的不列颠哥伦比亚省归化(国家资源保护局2021年)。据报道，在新西兰，大麻杆菌具有入侵性(2021年全球入侵物种数据库)。大麻泽兰是一种多年生草本植物，可长到1.5米高(Siripun and Schilling 2006)。它通常发现于受干扰(Siripun and Schilling 2006)和潮湿的地点(全球入侵物种数据库2021)。我们在保育用地上发现了这些植物，它们距离一个淡水池塘不到60米。数百个开花茎存在于斜坡底部的浅荫灌木丛中，并向上坡延伸了一小段距离。他们占据了大约16 × 13米的面积。在40米远的地方，有一株植物位于偶尔修剪过的路旁灌木丛中。伴生植物有红槭、甘露葡萄等。Momiy。短柄草变种Momiy。黄花蒿，黄花蒿(L.)r . Br。无性系种群。美洲属(Sims) Brummitt，全叶草属(Clethra alnifolia L.)，百叶泽兰属(Eupatorium perfoliatum L.)，禾草属(Euthamia graminifolia L.)纳特。金银花，金银花，金银花，金银花。李子树(Prunus servtina Ehrh)、白栎。，一枝黄花。(1)比利时红唇虱(L.)G.L. Nesom，毒刺(L.)我们使用Siripun和Schilling(2006)的关键鉴定了我们的植物为大麻泽兰(Eupatorium cannabinum):叶子(至少较大的近端)掌状3(-5)裂;裂片相对宽(20-40毫米);边缘锯齿状的;花冠通常带粉红色。其他值得注意的功能
{"title":"Eupatorium cannabinum (Asteraceae), a New Species for New England","authors":"G. Palermo, Margaret Curtin, Kristen Geagan","doi":"10.3119/21-05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3119/21-05","url":null,"abstract":"We report the presence of Eupatorium cannabinum L. (hemp agrimony) growing spontaneously in Dukes County, Massachusetts, in Edgartown on Martha’s Vineyard. This species has not been documented previously in New England (Angelo and Boufford 2020). The native range of E. cannabinum is Europe to central Asia and northwestern Africa (Plants of the World Online 2019). Considered a garden escapee in the United States, it has been documented in New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia in the United States, and is possibly naturalized in British Columbia in Canada (National Resources Conservation Service 2021). In New Zealand, E. cannabinum has been reported to be invasive (Global Invasive Species Database 2021). Eupatorium cannabinum is a perennial herb that grows to 1.5 m tall (Siripun and Schilling 2006). It is typically found in disturbed (Siripun and Schilling 2006) and wet sites (Global Invasive Species Database 2021). We found the plants on conservation land within 60 m of a freshwater pond. Hundreds of flowering stems were present in a lightly shaded thicket at the base of a slope and extending a short distance upslope. They occupied an area measuring approximately 16 × 13 m. A single plant in occasionally mowed trailside brush in light shade was located 40 m distant. Accompanying plants included Acer rubrum L., Ampelopsis glandulosa (Wall.) Momiy. var. brevipedunculata (Maxim.) Momiy., Artemisia vulgaris L., Calystegia sepium (L.) R. Br. subsp. americana (Sims) Brummitt, Clethra alnifolia L., Eupatorium perfoliatum L., Euthamia graminifolia (L.) Nutt., Hedera helix L., Holcus lanatus L., Juncus pylaei Laharpe, Lonicera japonica Thunb., Prunus serotina Ehrh., Quercus velutina Lam., Solidago rugosa Mill., Symphyotrichum novi-belgii (L.) G.L. Nesom, Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze, and Viburnum dentatum L. We identified our plants as Eupatorium cannabinum using the key of Siripun and Schilling (2006): leaves (at least larger proximal) palmately 3(–5)-lobed; the lobes relatively broad (20–40 mm); margins serrate; corollas usually pinkish. Other notable features","PeriodicalId":54454,"journal":{"name":"Rhodora","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45940148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tomáš Závada, K. Omand, Rondy J. Malik, Dina Tsirelson, R. Kesseli
ABSTRACT Spotted knapweed (Centaurea stoebe) and brown knapweed (Centaurea jacea) are members of the Asteraceae and natives of Eurasia. Centaurea stoebe is a major invasive species in North America, dominating large stretches of grassland. It also is known to form hybrids in North America with closely related naturalized Centaurea spp., including C. jacea. Both species were introduced on Nantucket Island, a coastal island 44 km south of Cape Cod, Massachusetts, and morphologically unusual, possible hybrid populations have been reported. The aim of this study was to test for hybridization between these weeds in an isolated setting. Chloroplast marker sequences revealed that all the hybrid-like plants shared the same haplotype with C. jacea populations. The analysis of nuclear markers with microsatellite markers showed surprisingly little intra- and inter-specific gene flow between populations and no evidence of hybridization between C. stoebe and C. jacea. Two populations with hybrid-like morphology are most likely environmental plastic morphs of C. jacea.
{"title":"Testing for Hybridization between Centaurea stoebe and Centaurea jacea (Asteraceae) in the Isolated Island Setting of Nantucket, Massachusetts, U.S.A.","authors":"Tomáš Závada, K. Omand, Rondy J. Malik, Dina Tsirelson, R. Kesseli","doi":"10.3119/20-19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3119/20-19","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Spotted knapweed (Centaurea stoebe) and brown knapweed (Centaurea jacea) are members of the Asteraceae and natives of Eurasia. Centaurea stoebe is a major invasive species in North America, dominating large stretches of grassland. It also is known to form hybrids in North America with closely related naturalized Centaurea spp., including C. jacea. Both species were introduced on Nantucket Island, a coastal island 44 km south of Cape Cod, Massachusetts, and morphologically unusual, possible hybrid populations have been reported. The aim of this study was to test for hybridization between these weeds in an isolated setting. Chloroplast marker sequences revealed that all the hybrid-like plants shared the same haplotype with C. jacea populations. The analysis of nuclear markers with microsatellite markers showed surprisingly little intra- and inter-specific gene flow between populations and no evidence of hybridization between C. stoebe and C. jacea. Two populations with hybrid-like morphology are most likely environmental plastic morphs of C. jacea.","PeriodicalId":54454,"journal":{"name":"Rhodora","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42878718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT A new hybrid of the autumnal daffodils Narcissus serotinus and N. deficiens is described for the first time from Seville Province (southern Spain). Seven qualitative characters and 21 quantitative measurements were taken from the hybrid and progenitors. Intermediate and uniparental characteristics were detected. The description of N. ×hispalensis enlarges the list of wild hybrid daffodils in the Iberian Peninsula, the center of speciation for Narcissus.
{"title":"A New Contribution to the Wild Daffodils of the Iberian Peninsula: Description of the Autumnal Narcissus ×Hispalensis (Amaryllidaceae)","authors":"J. López-Tirado","doi":"10.3119/20-25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3119/20-25","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT A new hybrid of the autumnal daffodils Narcissus serotinus and N. deficiens is described for the first time from Seville Province (southern Spain). Seven qualitative characters and 21 quantitative measurements were taken from the hybrid and progenitors. Intermediate and uniparental characteristics were detected. The description of N. ×hispalensis enlarges the list of wild hybrid daffodils in the Iberian Peninsula, the center of speciation for Narcissus.","PeriodicalId":54454,"journal":{"name":"Rhodora","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45611860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT Hiking trails provide the opportunity for people to access, experience, and appreciate natural areas, but they also pose the risk of damage by converting vegetated areas to trail, providing the opportunity for off-trail hiking, and increasing soil compaction. To assess the impact of hiking trails on the plant community of a northeastern forest ecosystem, trail width was measured, and understory vegetation was documented at the trail edge, 3 m from the trail, and 5 m from the trail every 4 km along the Northville–Placid Trail from Benson to Averyville Road in the Adirondack State Park of New York State in August 2018. Soil compaction, canopy cover, and the tree species in the canopy were documented, including from the trail itself. The mean trail width was 65.18 ± 6.06 cm. Within the 183.39 km of trail sampled, 119,533.60 ± 11,113.43 m2 of forest were replaced with trail. Soil compaction was greatest in the trail and significantly lower off the trail. None of the canopies of the tree species was more likely to occur away from the trail than adjacent to or directly above the trail. Canopy cover did not differ significantly among sample locations. Cover of understory species was not significantly different near to or away from the trail. Species richness in the understory was significantly higher adjacent to the trail than 5 m from the trail, but trail width, canopy openness above the trail, canopy openness adjacent to the trail, and soil compaction were not significantly related to species richness adjacent to the trail. Understory community composition was more similar among plots within a sample location than between plots 5 m from the trail at adjacent sample locations. Collectively, the plant community outside of the trail itself is not significantly affected by the presence of the trail. The major impact of the trail is the loss of the plant community at its margins as the trail width increases. Hikers should be further educated and encouraged to use trails in ways that minimize the width of the trail to protect the ecosystem, along with trail managers continuing to increase the sustainability of the trail design.
{"title":"Minimal Impact of a Long-Distance Hiking Trail on the Plant Community in the Adirondack Park, New York State, U.S.A.","authors":"Jack T. Tessier","doi":"10.3119/21-07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3119/21-07","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Hiking trails provide the opportunity for people to access, experience, and appreciate natural areas, but they also pose the risk of damage by converting vegetated areas to trail, providing the opportunity for off-trail hiking, and increasing soil compaction. To assess the impact of hiking trails on the plant community of a northeastern forest ecosystem, trail width was measured, and understory vegetation was documented at the trail edge, 3 m from the trail, and 5 m from the trail every 4 km along the Northville–Placid Trail from Benson to Averyville Road in the Adirondack State Park of New York State in August 2018. Soil compaction, canopy cover, and the tree species in the canopy were documented, including from the trail itself. The mean trail width was 65.18 ± 6.06 cm. Within the 183.39 km of trail sampled, 119,533.60 ± 11,113.43 m2 of forest were replaced with trail. Soil compaction was greatest in the trail and significantly lower off the trail. None of the canopies of the tree species was more likely to occur away from the trail than adjacent to or directly above the trail. Canopy cover did not differ significantly among sample locations. Cover of understory species was not significantly different near to or away from the trail. Species richness in the understory was significantly higher adjacent to the trail than 5 m from the trail, but trail width, canopy openness above the trail, canopy openness adjacent to the trail, and soil compaction were not significantly related to species richness adjacent to the trail. Understory community composition was more similar among plots within a sample location than between plots 5 m from the trail at adjacent sample locations. Collectively, the plant community outside of the trail itself is not significantly affected by the presence of the trail. The major impact of the trail is the loss of the plant community at its margins as the trail width increases. Hikers should be further educated and encouraged to use trails in ways that minimize the width of the trail to protect the ecosystem, along with trail managers continuing to increase the sustainability of the trail design.","PeriodicalId":54454,"journal":{"name":"Rhodora","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48979119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In 2019, the first naturalized population of pawpaw, Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal, in Massachusetts was found by Barbara Katzenberg (Standley and Katzenberg 2019) in Lexington, Massachusetts. In October 2020, Russ Cohen located a second population approximately 1.5 km west of the original, in the Town of Lexington’s Parker Meadow Conservation Area. This population extends across almost 0.8 ha, with stem densities reaching 30 per square meter. Numerous trees are 8 to 10 cm in diameter and 6 to 7 m tall. Ripening fruits were present on the larger trees and on the ground. There are several disjunct clusters of stems, separated by up to 15 m of woods and trails. These discrete clusters are likely to represent separate clones resulting from independent seedling establishment. Plants were observed in undisturbed woods, open wet woods, and on a linear dredge spoil pile. The character of this newly discovered naturalized pawpaw patch, in terms of the size, density, and distribution of the plants present, growing underneath a canopy of taller trees, compares very favorably to naturally occurring populations of this species Cohen has observed in its native range further south (e.g., the Ohio River Valley). The origin of this naturalized population more than 200 miles from the natural range limit in western New York and northern Pennsylvania (Kral 1997) is unknown, likely human-mediated seed or seedling establishment from a cultivated source. Pawpaw has been cultivated at the Arnold Arboretum since 1880 (Arnold Arboretum 2021) and is known to us to be cultivated at other locations in Middlesex County. The presence of multiple clones of different ages at this location suggests successful sexual reproduction and short-distance seed dispersal by natural agents, perhaps coyotes, as documented by Cypher and Cypher (1999). The extensive spread and apparent recruitment from seed of pawpaw at this suburban Boston location suggests that increasingly temperate conditions brought on by climate change are favorable to vegetative and sexual reproduction of more southerly species such as Asimina triloba and allow them to occupy New England habitats, including natural woodlands (see also Bellemare and Deeg 2015). Using bioclimatic modelling,
{"title":"Another Successful Establishment of Pawpaw (Asimina triloba, Annonaceae) in Massachusetts","authors":"L. Standley, R. Cohen","doi":"10.3119/20-36","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3119/20-36","url":null,"abstract":"In 2019, the first naturalized population of pawpaw, Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal, in Massachusetts was found by Barbara Katzenberg (Standley and Katzenberg 2019) in Lexington, Massachusetts. In October 2020, Russ Cohen located a second population approximately 1.5 km west of the original, in the Town of Lexington’s Parker Meadow Conservation Area. This population extends across almost 0.8 ha, with stem densities reaching 30 per square meter. Numerous trees are 8 to 10 cm in diameter and 6 to 7 m tall. Ripening fruits were present on the larger trees and on the ground. There are several disjunct clusters of stems, separated by up to 15 m of woods and trails. These discrete clusters are likely to represent separate clones resulting from independent seedling establishment. Plants were observed in undisturbed woods, open wet woods, and on a linear dredge spoil pile. The character of this newly discovered naturalized pawpaw patch, in terms of the size, density, and distribution of the plants present, growing underneath a canopy of taller trees, compares very favorably to naturally occurring populations of this species Cohen has observed in its native range further south (e.g., the Ohio River Valley). The origin of this naturalized population more than 200 miles from the natural range limit in western New York and northern Pennsylvania (Kral 1997) is unknown, likely human-mediated seed or seedling establishment from a cultivated source. Pawpaw has been cultivated at the Arnold Arboretum since 1880 (Arnold Arboretum 2021) and is known to us to be cultivated at other locations in Middlesex County. The presence of multiple clones of different ages at this location suggests successful sexual reproduction and short-distance seed dispersal by natural agents, perhaps coyotes, as documented by Cypher and Cypher (1999). The extensive spread and apparent recruitment from seed of pawpaw at this suburban Boston location suggests that increasingly temperate conditions brought on by climate change are favorable to vegetative and sexual reproduction of more southerly species such as Asimina triloba and allow them to occupy New England habitats, including natural woodlands (see also Bellemare and Deeg 2015). Using bioclimatic modelling,","PeriodicalId":54454,"journal":{"name":"Rhodora","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43277874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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