Eve B. Allen, Adam T. Cross, Alan M. Berger, James Aronson
Previous studies have advanced the conceptual framing of a “supply chain” to describe and examine key steps, inputs, and flows related to the production and use of seed and plant material in ecological restoration. However, these studies have paid less attention to investigating interrelationships among social actors throughout the “supply chain” stages for ecological restoration and allied activities. We applied social network analysis metrics to evaluate the number, kind, and strength of relationships among 157 social actors in the nine‐state region of the Northeastern United States, where rapid growth in restoration activities is driving a demand surge for native seed and plant materials. Restoration supply chains are more complex than previous conceptualization suggests, and we argue that the term “restoration supply networks” is more illustrative of this complexity. Results highlighted interdependency among different sectors, marked variation in input and output flows across spatial–temporal scales, and interplay among linear and nonlinear supply chain steps. The restoration supply network in the study area had a core–periphery structure, with a core comprising end‐users such as government agencies, design and build contractors, and non‐profit organizations surrounded by a periphery of seed and plant material suppliers. It is important to avoid oversimplifying seed and plant material supply chains as linear systems with strong linkages. Understanding relationship patterns among supply network actors can enhance communication, coordination, and collaboration among actors in all key restoration supply chain steps, a prerequisite to overcoming seed and plant material bottlenecks and meeting global restoration goals in the coming decades.
{"title":"Restoration seed and plant material supply chains are complex social networks","authors":"Eve B. Allen, Adam T. Cross, Alan M. Berger, James Aronson","doi":"10.1111/rec.14279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.14279","url":null,"abstract":"Previous studies have advanced the conceptual framing of a “supply chain” to describe and examine key steps, inputs, and flows related to the production and use of seed and plant material in ecological restoration. However, these studies have paid less attention to investigating interrelationships among social actors throughout the “supply chain” stages for ecological restoration and allied activities. We applied social network analysis metrics to evaluate the number, kind, and strength of relationships among 157 social actors in the nine‐state region of the Northeastern United States, where rapid growth in restoration activities is driving a demand surge for native seed and plant materials. Restoration supply chains are more complex than previous conceptualization suggests, and we argue that the term “restoration supply networks” is more illustrative of this complexity. Results highlighted interdependency among different sectors, marked variation in input and output flows across spatial–temporal scales, and interplay among linear and nonlinear supply chain steps. The restoration supply network in the study area had a core–periphery structure, with a core comprising end‐users such as government agencies, design and build contractors, and non‐profit organizations surrounded by a periphery of seed and plant material suppliers. It is important to avoid oversimplifying seed and plant material supply chains as linear systems with strong linkages. Understanding relationship patterns among supply network actors can enhance communication, coordination, and collaboration among actors in all key restoration supply chain steps, a prerequisite to overcoming seed and plant material bottlenecks and meeting global restoration goals in the coming decades.","PeriodicalId":54487,"journal":{"name":"Restoration Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142203063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kerry E. Grimm, Jessica L. Archibald, E. Petter Axelsson, Kevin C. Grady
Restoration is effective for improving ecosystem health and protecting biodiversity. However, restoration initiatives often neglect socioeconomic dimensions that affect local communities. When these factors are included, they are often under the purview of managers whose perspectives of public engagement remain understudied. Here, we focused on mangroves and surveyed restoration project managers in Latin America and the Caribbean to explore if and how they have engaged in socioeconomic best practices such as including the community, local knowledge, and social monitoring. We also sought to understand how these activities related to perceptions of project outcomes. Most managers (n = 182) reported that they engaged in some best practices, such as community engagement in various project stages and incorporating local information. Differences existed as to which types of information were included, which project stages included the community, and how frequently the community was involved. Overall, managers, especially those who engaged the community more frequently and throughout the entire restoration process, believed projects were successful and provided numerous community benefits. However, despite the reported number of benefits, less than half of the respondents conducted social monitoring to assess the actualization of these benefits or other social indicators. We provide suggestions for how mangrove restoration projects, and restoration efforts more broadly, can increase the inclusion of communities, their knowledge, and social monitoring to better assess the achievement of project outcomes.
{"title":"Moving social‐ecological restoration forward: how mangrove project managers' perceptions of social monitoring and community engagement serve as a model for broader restoration efforts","authors":"Kerry E. Grimm, Jessica L. Archibald, E. Petter Axelsson, Kevin C. Grady","doi":"10.1111/rec.14273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.14273","url":null,"abstract":"Restoration is effective for improving ecosystem health and protecting biodiversity. However, restoration initiatives often neglect socioeconomic dimensions that affect local communities. When these factors are included, they are often under the purview of managers whose perspectives of public engagement remain understudied. Here, we focused on mangroves and surveyed restoration project managers in Latin America and the Caribbean to explore if and how they have engaged in socioeconomic best practices such as including the community, local knowledge, and social monitoring. We also sought to understand how these activities related to perceptions of project outcomes. Most managers (<jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 182) reported that they engaged in some best practices, such as community engagement in various project stages and incorporating local information. Differences existed as to which types of information were included, which project stages included the community, and how frequently the community was involved. Overall, managers, especially those who engaged the community more frequently and throughout the entire restoration process, believed projects were successful and provided numerous community benefits. However, despite the reported number of benefits, less than half of the respondents conducted social monitoring to assess the actualization of these benefits or other social indicators. We provide suggestions for how mangrove restoration projects, and restoration efforts more broadly, can increase the inclusion of communities, their knowledge, and social monitoring to better assess the achievement of project outcomes.","PeriodicalId":54487,"journal":{"name":"Restoration Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142226066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This opinion article presents arguments to sustain the inclusion of local actors in the governance and management of water resource restoration projects. There is a lack of knowledge regarding this issue, and we propose that governance and management must be adaptive because of the complexity and constant modification of the local systems. Our proposal has theoretical, methodological, and management impacts on the network governance of local projects. We present a matrix of variables to facilitate research and management plans.
{"title":"An opinion on adaptive governance and management in water resources restoration projects","authors":"Aline R. Lima, Ernesto M. Giglio","doi":"10.1111/rec.14281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.14281","url":null,"abstract":"This opinion article presents arguments to sustain the inclusion of local actors in the governance and management of water resource restoration projects. There is a lack of knowledge regarding this issue, and we propose that governance and management must be adaptive because of the complexity and constant modification of the local systems. Our proposal has theoretical, methodological, and management impacts on the network governance of local projects. We present a matrix of variables to facilitate research and management plans.","PeriodicalId":54487,"journal":{"name":"Restoration Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142226064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ecological restoration effectively improves the quality of the marine ecological environment and subsequently enhances the public's sense of enjoyment and well‐being. The main objective of this paper is to assess the public's preferences regarding ecological restoration attributes and quantify the extent to which ecological restoration meets the public's needs for coastal enjoyment in Jiaozhou Bay, China. The choice experiment (CE) method was used to obtain the public preferences. To correct for the potential bias caused by non‐compensatory choice behavior in CE, the study utilizes an independent availability logit (IAL) model. The results indicate that the attributes of bay ecological restoration, including nearshore water quality, coastal landscape, coastal space, and marine biodiversity, significantly and positively influence residents' utility levels. The public's willingness to pay (WTP) for improving water quality, restoring marine biological resources, increasing coastal space, and enhancing coastal landscapes in bay ecological restoration is 92.02 Chinese Yuan (CNY), 51.80 CNY, 36.60 CNY, and 31.89 CNY per household, respectively. Based on these findings, the total WTP for ecological restoration in Jiaozhou Bay is 1.54 billion CNY annually. Through comparative analysis of the estimation results between the IAL model and traditional choice models, it is found that the IAL model helps correct non‐compensatory choice bias in CE. The conclusions of this study can provide data support for the formulation of policies on bay ecological restoration and governance as well as a reference for improving the accuracy and validity of CE valuation.
生态修复能有效改善海洋生态环境质量，进而提高公众的享受感和幸福感。本文的主要目的是评估公众对生态修复属性的偏好，并量化生态修复在多大程度上满足了公众对中国胶州湾海岸享受的需求。本文采用选择实验法（CE）获取公众偏好。为了纠正 CE 中非补偿性选择行为可能造成的偏差，研究采用了独立可得性对数（IAL）模型。结果表明，海湾生态修复的属性，包括近岸水质、海岸景观、海岸空间和海洋生物多样性，对居民的效用水平有显著的正向影响。公众对海湾生态修复中改善水质、恢复海洋生物资源、增加海岸空间和提升海岸景观的支付意愿（WTP）分别为每户 92.02 元人民币、51.80 元人民币、36.60 元人民币和 31.89 元人民币。根据上述结果，胶州湾生态修复的总 WTP 为每年 15.4 亿元人民币。通过对比分析 IAL 模型与传统选择模型的估计结果，发现 IAL 模型有助于纠正 CE 中的非补偿性选择偏差。本研究的结论可为海湾生态修复与治理政策的制定提供数据支持，也可为提高 CE 估值的准确性和有效性提供参考。
{"title":"Does ecological restoration meet the public's demand for proximity to the ocean? A nonmarket value evaluation based on choice experiment in China","authors":"Jingzhu Shan, Yanan Hao, Jingmei Li","doi":"10.1111/rec.14280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.14280","url":null,"abstract":"Ecological restoration effectively improves the quality of the marine ecological environment and subsequently enhances the public's sense of enjoyment and well‐being. The main objective of this paper is to assess the public's preferences regarding ecological restoration attributes and quantify the extent to which ecological restoration meets the public's needs for coastal enjoyment in Jiaozhou Bay, China. The choice experiment (CE) method was used to obtain the public preferences. To correct for the potential bias caused by non‐compensatory choice behavior in CE, the study utilizes an independent availability logit (IAL) model. The results indicate that the attributes of bay ecological restoration, including nearshore water quality, coastal landscape, coastal space, and marine biodiversity, significantly and positively influence residents' utility levels. The public's willingness to pay (WTP) for improving water quality, restoring marine biological resources, increasing coastal space, and enhancing coastal landscapes in bay ecological restoration is 92.02 Chinese Yuan (CNY), 51.80 CNY, 36.60 CNY, and 31.89 CNY per household, respectively. Based on these findings, the total WTP for ecological restoration in Jiaozhou Bay is 1.54 billion CNY annually. Through comparative analysis of the estimation results between the IAL model and traditional choice models, it is found that the IAL model helps correct non‐compensatory choice bias in CE. The conclusions of this study can provide data support for the formulation of policies on bay ecological restoration and governance as well as a reference for improving the accuracy and validity of CE valuation.","PeriodicalId":54487,"journal":{"name":"Restoration Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142203064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mayra F. Tavares, Patrícia Gallo, Nathália Nascimento, Jürgen Bauhus, Pedro H. S. Brancalion, Mélanie Feurer
Ecosystem restoration, recognized as a critical strategy for climate change adaptation and mitigation, faces significant challenges in achieving widespread implementation. A particular facet of this challenge lies in the active involvement of rural landowners. Our study aimed to understand rural landowners' perspectives, motivations, and characteristics that influence their participation in restoration projects in the Atlantic Forest of southeastern Brazil. Qualitative content analysis was conducted on 68 semi‐structured interviews with two groups of landowners: 36 who received support and 32 who did not receive project support from a local non‐governmental organization to restore native forests on their landholdings. Approximately three‐quarters of the sample are classified as smallholders (<80 ha). The main difference between the two groups is the dependence on agricultural production as the main source of income, with 22% of farmers in the supported group and 72% in the unsupported group. This socio‐economic characteristic appeared to influence the decision to restore native forest. Farmers' focus tends to be linked to rural production, and the main obstacle to restoration was the loss of productive land. They usually allow natural forest regeneration to establish on slopes. The other type of landowner (lifestylers) mainly restored land through planting of seedlings, with the main barrier being the cost of restoration. Both groups had water conservation as their main motivation for restoration. Our study shows that understanding the perspectives and motivations of the diversity of rural landowners is crucial to effectively engage them and address the socio‐economic feasibility of different restoration approaches.
{"title":"Smallholders' perspectives, motivations, and incentives for restoring the Brazilian Atlantic Forest","authors":"Mayra F. Tavares, Patrícia Gallo, Nathália Nascimento, Jürgen Bauhus, Pedro H. S. Brancalion, Mélanie Feurer","doi":"10.1111/rec.14270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.14270","url":null,"abstract":"Ecosystem restoration, recognized as a critical strategy for climate change adaptation and mitigation, faces significant challenges in achieving widespread implementation. A particular facet of this challenge lies in the active involvement of rural landowners. Our study aimed to understand rural landowners' perspectives, motivations, and characteristics that influence their participation in restoration projects in the Atlantic Forest of southeastern Brazil. Qualitative content analysis was conducted on 68 semi‐structured interviews with two groups of landowners: 36 who received support and 32 who did not receive project support from a local non‐governmental organization to restore native forests on their landholdings. Approximately three‐quarters of the sample are classified as smallholders (<80 ha). The main difference between the two groups is the dependence on agricultural production as the main source of income, with 22% of <jats:italic>farmers</jats:italic> in the supported group and 72% in the unsupported group. This socio‐economic characteristic appeared to influence the decision to restore native forest. <jats:italic>Farmers'</jats:italic> focus tends to be linked to rural production, and the main obstacle to restoration was the loss of productive land. They usually allow natural forest regeneration to establish on slopes. The other type of landowner (lifestylers) mainly restored land through planting of seedlings, with the main barrier being the cost of restoration. Both groups had water conservation as their main motivation for restoration. Our study shows that understanding the perspectives and motivations of the diversity of rural landowners is crucial to effectively engage them and address the socio‐economic feasibility of different restoration approaches.","PeriodicalId":54487,"journal":{"name":"Restoration Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142203080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Karen D. Holl, J. Leighton Reid, Rakan A. Zahawi, Ludmila P. de Siqueira, Pedro H. S. Brancalion
Applied nucleation and other spatially patterned restoration methods are promising approaches for scaling up projects to meet ambitious international restoration commitments in an ecologically and economically sound manner. Much of the corresponding literature to date, however, has centered around theoretical discussions and small‐scale studies that are largely divorced from constraints faced by restoration practitioners. We briefly review recent academic literature about applied nucleation and other spatially patterned restoration methods and discuss practical challenges to their implementation. We offer several recommendations to move spatially patterned restoration from an academic conversation to scalable application, including: (1) comparing different planting designs and natural regeneration within the same system at an appropriate scale; (2) monitoring ecological outcomes throughout the restored area over sufficient time to evaluate recovery; (3) quantifying costs and documenting other logistical constraints to implementation; and (4) exploring methods for using unplanted areas to provide benefits to landholders until planted vegetation establishes.
{"title":"A call for practical spatially patterned forest restoration methods","authors":"Karen D. Holl, J. Leighton Reid, Rakan A. Zahawi, Ludmila P. de Siqueira, Pedro H. S. Brancalion","doi":"10.1111/rec.14266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.14266","url":null,"abstract":"Applied nucleation and other spatially patterned restoration methods are promising approaches for scaling up projects to meet ambitious international restoration commitments in an ecologically and economically sound manner. Much of the corresponding literature to date, however, has centered around theoretical discussions and small‐scale studies that are largely divorced from constraints faced by restoration practitioners. We briefly review recent academic literature about applied nucleation and other spatially patterned restoration methods and discuss practical challenges to their implementation. We offer several recommendations to move spatially patterned restoration from an academic conversation to scalable application, including: (1) comparing different planting designs and natural regeneration within the same system at an appropriate scale; (2) monitoring ecological outcomes throughout the restored area over sufficient time to evaluate recovery; (3) quantifying costs and documenting other logistical constraints to implementation; and (4) exploring methods for using unplanted areas to provide benefits to landholders until planted vegetation establishes.","PeriodicalId":54487,"journal":{"name":"Restoration Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142203079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Melissa M. Baustian, Hoonshin Jung, Bingqing Liu, Leland C. Moss, Madeline Foster‐Martinez, Christopher R. Esposito, Ioannis Y. Georgiou, Martijn C. Bregman, Diana R. Di Leonardo, Brett McMann, Scott A. Hemmerling, Michael D. Miner
Marsh and mangrove forest habitats are productive at capturing and storing carbon, thus actions to protect and create coastal blue carbon sinks could help mitigate global warming. Dredged material is often used to create coastal habitats and evaluating the carbon impact of placement alternatives (PA) could help inform restoration and climate policies. Output from a Delft3D‐FM morphodynamics and hydrodynamics model informed a Coastal Wetlands Carbon Model at years 2020, 2025, 2030, and 2050. Three model simulations were used and included (1) no restoration (PA1), (2) restoration dominated with mangroves (PA2), and (3) restoration dominated with marshes (PA3) at a different location. Habitats of brackish marsh, saline marsh, mangrove forest, and saline open water that surround Port Fourchon, Louisiana, U.S.A., were evaluated to estimate the net greenhouse gas (GHG) flux of the study area with and without restoration. In years 2020 and 2025, the study area was estimated to be a net GHG sink (−1.1 ± 0.2 MMT CO2e) with or without mangrove and marsh‐dominated restoration. At years 2030 and 2050, even with habitat loss due to sea‐level rise, the study area for all simulations was projected to remain a net GHG sink. At year 2050, +0.1 ± 0.04 MMT CO2e could be avoided with restoration. At the restoration project scale, mangrove‐dominated restoration (PA2) had net GHG sinks (−0.07 to −0.09 MMT CO2e) near the marsh‐dominated restoration (PA3, −0.09 to −0.13 MMT CO2e). Thus, these modeled results could help inform future restoration planning and climate policies.
{"title":"Current and future potential net greenhouse gas sinks of existing, converted, and restored marsh and mangrove forest habitats","authors":"Melissa M. Baustian, Hoonshin Jung, Bingqing Liu, Leland C. Moss, Madeline Foster‐Martinez, Christopher R. Esposito, Ioannis Y. Georgiou, Martijn C. Bregman, Diana R. Di Leonardo, Brett McMann, Scott A. Hemmerling, Michael D. Miner","doi":"10.1111/rec.14259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.14259","url":null,"abstract":"Marsh and mangrove forest habitats are productive at capturing and storing carbon, thus actions to protect and create coastal blue carbon sinks could help mitigate global warming. Dredged material is often used to create coastal habitats and evaluating the carbon impact of placement alternatives (PA) could help inform restoration and climate policies. Output from a Delft3D‐FM morphodynamics and hydrodynamics model informed a Coastal Wetlands Carbon Model at years 2020, 2025, 2030, and 2050. Three model simulations were used and included (1) no restoration (PA1), (2) restoration dominated with mangroves (PA2), and (3) restoration dominated with marshes (PA3) at a different location. Habitats of brackish marsh, saline marsh, mangrove forest, and saline open water that surround Port Fourchon, Louisiana, U.S.A., were evaluated to estimate the net greenhouse gas (GHG) flux of the study area with and without restoration. In years 2020 and 2025, the study area was estimated to be a net GHG sink (−1.1 ± 0.2 MMT CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>e) with or without mangrove and marsh‐dominated restoration. At years 2030 and 2050, even with habitat loss due to sea‐level rise, the study area for all simulations was projected to remain a net GHG sink. At year 2050, +0.1 ± 0.04 MMT CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>e could be avoided with restoration. At the restoration project scale, mangrove‐dominated restoration (PA2) had net GHG sinks (−0.07 to −0.09 MMT CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>e) near the marsh‐dominated restoration (PA3, −0.09 to −0.13 MMT CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>e). Thus, these modeled results could help inform future restoration planning and climate policies.","PeriodicalId":54487,"journal":{"name":"Restoration Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142203081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Harold Rusbelth Quispe‐Melgar, L. David Huayta‐Hinojosa, Yashira Stefani Llacua‐Tineo, Fressia N. Ames‐Martínez, Katherine L. Lagones Poma, Ginette Ticse‐Otarola, Mario Tomazello‐Filho, Daniel Renison
The use of high‐quality seeds is essential for reforestation and ecosystem restoration; however, few Andean species have been assessed to determine factors influencing seed quality. Most Andean native tree species used for restoration are propagated from naturally regenerated seedlings or cuttings. We evaluated the seed quality (germination, viability, vigor, and physical characteristics) of a central Peruvian population of the keystone high Andean tree species Polylepis incana (quinual) in relation to the mother tree and microsite characteristics. Our analysis, using 12,912 seeds categorized by weight, included germination tests in incubator, tetrazolium tests, and vigor test (germination in nursery conditions). Results showed a mean germination rate of 30.9 ± 22.4%, with a significant proportion of damaged (38.7%), empty (19.1%), and non‐viable (12.7%) seeds. Heavier seeds exhibited the highest germination, while dasometric variables of the mother tree were not related to seed performance. However, solar incidence and slope negatively impacted germination. We conclude that seed quality may be higher than previously estimated, supporting the need to re‐evaluate and promote the use of seeds for propagating P. incana. Furthermore, since the characteristics of mother trees seem not to be relevant for this species and only solar incidence and terrain slope seem to negatively affect seed quality, we consider it important to change the paradigm from identifying individual seed trees to identifying seed forests. Conservation of natural forests as primary seed sources should be the foundation of future reforestation and restoration efforts in the high Andes.
{"title":"Evaluating the performance of Polylepis incana seeds: reassessing their potential for restoration and conservation of high Andean forests","authors":"Harold Rusbelth Quispe‐Melgar, L. David Huayta‐Hinojosa, Yashira Stefani Llacua‐Tineo, Fressia N. Ames‐Martínez, Katherine L. Lagones Poma, Ginette Ticse‐Otarola, Mario Tomazello‐Filho, Daniel Renison","doi":"10.1111/rec.14276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.14276","url":null,"abstract":"The use of high‐quality seeds is essential for reforestation and ecosystem restoration; however, few Andean species have been assessed to determine factors influencing seed quality. Most Andean native tree species used for restoration are propagated from naturally regenerated seedlings or cuttings. We evaluated the seed quality (germination, viability, vigor, and physical characteristics) of a central Peruvian population of the keystone high Andean tree species <jats:italic>Polylepis incana</jats:italic> (quinual) in relation to the mother tree and microsite characteristics. Our analysis, using 12,912 seeds categorized by weight, included germination tests in incubator, tetrazolium tests, and vigor test (germination in nursery conditions). Results showed a mean germination rate of 30.9 ± 22.4%, with a significant proportion of damaged (38.7%), empty (19.1%), and non‐viable (12.7%) seeds. Heavier seeds exhibited the highest germination, while dasometric variables of the mother tree were not related to seed performance. However, solar incidence and slope negatively impacted germination. We conclude that seed quality may be higher than previously estimated, supporting the need to re‐evaluate and promote the use of seeds for propagating <jats:italic>P. incana</jats:italic>. Furthermore, since the characteristics of mother trees seem not to be relevant for this species and only solar incidence and terrain slope seem to negatively affect seed quality, we consider it important to change the paradigm from identifying individual seed trees to identifying seed forests. Conservation of natural forests as primary seed sources should be the foundation of future reforestation and restoration efforts in the high Andes.","PeriodicalId":54487,"journal":{"name":"Restoration Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142203082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rizqi A. Maulidiyah, Marion L. Cambridge, Rachel Austin, Gary A. Kendrick
Seagrass seed‐based restoration has been developed in several places worldwide, but disturbance at the vulnerable initial stages of seedling recruitment has proved to be a major bottleneck to successful restoration. A detailed investigation of seagrass seedling survival and growth at the earliest stages of seedling development is an important contribution to developing techniques to improve seedling establishment and survival. Here, we investigated the early seedling development of Posidonia australis and P. sinuosa as well as quantifying the variation in seedling survival and development under different seed‐based restoration methods. Early seedling development was documented in indoor aquaria during the first month after fruit dehiscence. In the second ex situ experiment, we determined the effects of three different restoration methods (surface sowing, seedling planting, and planting inside a hessian bag) on seedling survival and development over the first 2 months of life. In the first experiment, a primary root with the first root hairs developed after 7 days. After 1 month, roots were 20–60 mm in length, firmly establishing the seedling into the sediment. Compared to surface sowing, seedling planting and hessian bag restoration treatments did not significantly affect survival for P. australis but increased seedling mortality in P. sinuosa, although growth was greater (shoot and root lengths were approximately 50 and 40% longer, respectively). These aquarium‐scale experiments suggest that planting methods would enhance seedling establishment at larger scales in some species, promoting restoration of damaged seagrass habitats.
世界上已有多个地方开展了以海草种子为基础的恢复工作，但事实证明，在幼苗招募的脆弱初始阶段的干扰是成功恢复的主要瓶颈。详细调查海草幼苗最初阶段的存活和生长情况，对开发改善幼苗建立和存活的技术具有重要贡献。在此，我们调查了 Posidonia australis 和 P. sinuosa 的早期幼苗发育情况，并量化了不同种子修复方法下幼苗存活和发育的变化。果实开裂后的第一个月，在室内水族箱中记录了幼苗的早期发育情况。在第二个异地实验中，我们确定了三种不同的恢复方法（表面播种、幼苗种植和在麻袋内种植）对幼苗头两个月存活和发育的影响。在第一个实验中，7 天后就长出了带有第一根根毛的主根。1 个月后，根长达 20-60 毫米，使幼苗牢固地扎根于沉积物中。与表面播种相比，幼苗种植和麻袋恢复处理对 P. australis 的存活率没有显著影响，但增加了 P. sinuosa 的幼苗死亡率，尽管其生长速度更快（芽和根的长度分别长了约 50% 和 40%）。这些水族箱规模的实验表明，种植方法可以提高某些物种的幼苗成活率，促进受损海草栖息地的恢复。
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Audrey Bowe, Zachary Simek, Andrea Dávalos, Bernd Blossey
Introduced Phragmites australis represents a widespread threat to North American wetlands. Management agencies invest millions of dollars annually to manage the species, mostly by applying herbicides, to mitigate and prevent negative impacts. The often temporary reduction of P. australis rarely increases native diversity, and long‐term legacy effects of P. australis and repeat herbicide treatments are unknown. We used a coordinated management program targeting mostly small P. australis populations in the Adirondack Park in New York State, United States, to assess the potential for such legacy effects. We planted individuals of three native species as sentinels into treated and untreated, uninvaded reference wetlands after unassisted succession had occurred in treatment areas. Sentinel plants survived and grew in treated areas, suggesting legacy of P. australis and its management did not permanently limit establishment of native plants. However, responses were variable among sentinel species, with negative or neutral impacts on survival rates and neutral or positive effects on growth. Species‐specific responses and large variation in survival rates between sites and sentinels indicate that site factors are a dominant influence on survival and growth. Importantly, as treatment frequency increased, survival of one sentinel species decreased significantly, indicating a potential for long‐term negative impacts of repeated herbicide applications. Additional replanting after P. australis treatment and initial unassisted plant succession may enable more diverse plant communities to return, including species not able to recruit from local seed banks or seed sources. However, it remains unclear if active transplanting will enable more long‐term suppression of P. australis.
引入的葭藻对北美湿地构成了广泛的威胁。管理机构每年投入数百万美元来管理该物种，主要是通过施用除草剂来减轻和防止负面影响。P. australis 的减少往往是暂时的，很少会增加本地多样性，而且 P. australis 和重复除草剂处理的长期遗留影响尚不清楚。我们在美国纽约州阿迪朗达克公园（Adirondack Park）实施了一项协调管理计划，主要针对小规模的 P. australis 种群，以评估这种遗留影响的可能性。我们将三种本地物种的个体作为哨兵种植到经过处理和未经过处理、未被侵占的参照湿地中，然后在处理区域进行无助演替。哨兵植物在处理过的区域存活并生长，这表明 P. australis 的遗留影响及其管理并没有永久性地限制本地植物的建立。不过，哨兵物种之间的反应各不相同，对存活率的影响是负面或中性的，对生长的影响是中性或正面的。特定物种的反应以及不同地点和哨兵之间存活率的巨大差异表明，地点因素是影响存活和生长的主要因素。重要的是，随着处理频率的增加，一种哨兵物种的存活率显著下降，这表明重复施用除草剂可能会产生长期负面影响。在 P. australis 处理和最初的无助植物演替之后进行更多的重新种植，可能会使植物群落恢复更多样化，包括无法从当地种子库或种子源招募的物种。不过，目前还不清楚积极移植是否能更长期地抑制 P. australis。
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